Social:ʼPhags-pa script

Short description: Mongolian writing system

Phagspa script Template:PhagspaTemplate:PhagspaTemplate:Phagspa ḥPTemplate:Aynags-pa
Christian tombstone from Quanzhou dated 1314, with inscription in the ʼPhags-pa script ꞏung shė yang shi mu taw 'tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe'
Type	Alphabet
Languages	Chinese Mongolian Persian Sanskrit Tibetan Uyghur
Creator	Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
Time period	1269 – c. 1660
Parent systems	Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Brahmi Gupta Tibetan Phagspa script
Child systems	Zanabazar's square, Hangul?
Sister systems	Lepcha, Meitei, Khema, Marchen
Direction	Top-to-bottom
ISO 15924	Phag, 331
Unicode alias	Phags-pa
Unicode range	U+A840–U+A87F
The theorised Semitic origins of the Brahmi script are not universally agreed upon.

The Phagspa script or ʼPhags-pa script is an alphabet designed by the Tibetan monk and State Preceptor (later Imperial Preceptor) Drogön Chögyal Phagpa for Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of the Ming dynasty.

It was used to write and transcribe varieties of Chinese, the Tibetic languages, Mongolian, the Uyghur language, Sanskrit, probably Persian, and other neighboring languages during the Yuan era. For historical linguists, the documentation of its use provides clues about the changes in these languages.

Its descendant systems include Horizontal square script, used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. There is a theory that the Korean Hangul alphabet had a limited influence from ʼPhags-pa (see Origin of Hangul). During the Pax Mongolica the script has even made numerous appearances in western medieval art.

Nomenclature

The 'Phags-pa script is natively called Template:Phagspa Template:Phagspa Template:Phagspa mongxol tshi, meaning literally 'Mongolian script.' In Mongolian, it is called дөрвөлжин үсэг dörvöljin üseg (traditional script: ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ dörbelǰin üsüg), meaning 'square script,' or дөрвөлжин бичиг dörvöljin bichig (ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ dörbelǰin bičig), meaning 'square writing.' In Tibetan the script is called ཧོར་ཡིག་གསར་པ་ (Wylie: hor yig gsar pa), meaning 'new Mongolian script.' During the Yuan dynasty the script was often called 蒙古新字 měnggǔ xīn zì: 'new Mongolian letters,' or 國字 guózì, meaning 'national script.' Today, it is most often called 八思巴字 bāsībā zì 'Phagspa letters.'

In English, it is also written as ḥPTemplate:Aynags-pa, Phaspa, Paspa, Baschpah, and Pa-sse-pa.

History

During the Mongol Empire, the Mongol rulers wanted a universal script to write down the languages of the people they subjugated. The Uyghur-based Mongolian alphabet is not a perfect fit for the Middle Mongol language, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese. Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty (c. 1269), Kublai Khan asked the Tibetan monk ʼPhags-pa to design a new alphabet for use by the whole empire. ʼPhags-pa extended his native Tibetan alphabet to encompass Mongol and Chinese, evidently Central Plains Mandarin. The resulting 38 letters have been known by several descriptive names, such as "square script", based on their shape, but today, are primarily known as the ʼPhags-pa alphabet.

Descending from Tibetan script, it is part of the Brahmic family of scripts, which includes Devanagari and scripts used throughout Southeast Asia and Central Asia. It is unique among Brahmic scripts in that it is written from top to bottom, like how classical Chinese used to be written; and like the Manchu alphabet or later Mongolian alphabet is still written.

It did not receive wide acceptance and was not a popular script even among the elite Mongols themselves, although it was used as an official script of the Yuan dynasty until the early 1350s, when the Red Turban Rebellion started. After this, it was mainly used as a phonetic gloss for Mongols learning Chinese characters. In the 20th century, it was also used as one of the scripts on Tibetan currency, as a script for Tibetan seal inscriptions from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century, and for inscriptions on the entrance doors of Tibetan monasteries.

Syllable formation

Although it is an alphabet, phagspa is written like a syllabary or abugida, with letters forming a single syllable glued or 'ligated' together.

An imperial edict in ʼPhags-pa

The ʼPhags-pa script, with consonants arranged according to Chinese phonology. At the far left are vowels and medial consonants.

Top: Approximate values in Middle Chinese. (Values in parentheses were not used for Chinese.)
Second: Standard letter forms.
Third: Seal script forms. (A few letters, marked by hyphens, are not distinct from the preceding letter.)

Bottom: The "Tibetan" forms. (Several letters have alternate forms, separated here by a • bullet.)

Example of the Chinese poem Hundred Family Surnames written in Phagspa script, from Shilin Guangji written by Chen Yuanjing in the Yuan dynasty

Unlike the ancestral Tibetan script, all ʼPhags-pa letters are written in temporal order (that is, /CV/ is written in the order C–V for all vowels) and in-line (that is, the vowels are not diacritics). However, vowel letters retain distinct initial forms, and short /a/ is not written except initially, making ʼPhags-pa transitional between an abugida, a syllabary, and a full alphabet. The letters of a ʼPhags-pa syllable are linked together so that they form syllabic blocks.

Typographic forms

ʼPhags-pa was written in a variety of graphic forms. The standard form (top, at right) was blocky, but a "Tibetan" form (bottom) was even more so, consisting almost entirely of straight orthogonal lines and right angles. A "seal script" form (Chinese: 蒙古篆字; pinyin: měnggǔ zhuànzì ; "Mongolian Seal Script"), used for imperial seals and the like, was more elaborate, with squared sinusoidal lines and spirals. This 'Phags-pa script is different from the 'Phags-pa script, or 八思巴字 in Chinese, that shares the same name but its earliest usage can be traced back to the late 16th century, the early reign of Wanli Emperor. According to Professor Junast 照那斯图 of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the later 'Phags-pa script is actually a seal script of Tibetan.

Korean records state that hangul was based on an "Old Seal Script" (古篆字), which may be ʼPhags-pa and a reference to its Chinese name 蒙古篆字 měnggǔ zhuànzì (see origin of hangul). However, it is the simpler standard form of ʼPhags-pa that is the closer graphic match to hangul.

Letters

Basic letters

The following 41 are the basic ʼPhags-pa letters.

Letters 1-30 and 35-38 are base consonants. The order of Letters 1-30 is the same as the traditional order of the thirty basic letters of the Tibetan script, to which they correspond. Letters 35-38 represent sounds that do not occur in Tibetan, and are either derived from an existing Tibetan base consonant (e.g. Letters 2 and 35 are both derived from the simple Tibetan letter KHA, but are graphically distinct from each other) or from a combination of an existing Tibetan base consonant and the semi-vowel (subjoined) letter WA (e.g. Letter 36 is derived from the complex Tibetan letter KHWA).

As is the case with Tibetan, these letters have an inherent [a] vowel sound attached to them in non-final positions when no other vowel sign is present (e.g. the letter KA with no attached vowel represents the syllable ka, but with an appended vowel i represents the syllable ki).

Letters 31-34 and 39 are vowels. Letters 31-34 follow the traditional order of the corresponding Tibetan vowels. Letter 39 represents a vowel quality that does not occur in Tibetan, and may be derived from the Tibetan double-E vowel sign.

Unlike Tibetan, in which vowels signs may not occur in isolation but must always be attached to a base consonant to form a valid syllable, in the ʼPhags-pa script initial vowels other than a may occur without a base consonant when they are not the first element in a diphthong (e.g. ue) or a digraph (e.g. eeu and eeo). Thus in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllables u 吾 wú, on 刓 wán and o 訛 é occur, and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the words ong qo chas "boats", u su nu (gen.) "water", e du -ee "now" and i hee -een "protection" occur. These are all examples of where 'o, 'u, 'e, 'i etc. would be expected if the Tibetan model had been followed exactly. An exception to this rule is the Mongolian word 'er di nis "jewels", where a single vowel sign is attached to a null base consonant. Note that the letter EE is never found in an initial position in any language written in the ʼPhags-pa script (for example, in Tao Zongyi's description of the Old Uighur script, he glosses all instances of Uighur e with the ʼPhags-pa letter EE, except for when it is found in the initial position, when he glosses it with the ʼPhags-pa letter E instead).

However, initial semi-vowels, diphthongs and digraphs must be attached to the null base consonant 'A (Letter 30). So in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllables 'wen 元 yuán, 'ue 危 wēi and 'eeu 魚 yú occur; and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the words 'eeu lu "not" and 'eeog bee.e "gave" occur. As there is no sign for the vowel a, which is implicit in an initial base consonant with no attached vowel sign, then words that start with an a vowel must also use the null base consonant letter 'A (e.g. Mongolian 'a mi than "living beings"). In Chinese, and rarely Mongolian, another null base consonant -A (Letter 23) may be found before initial vowels (see "Letter 23" below).

No.	ʼPhags-pa letter	Derivation	Letter Name	Transcription	IPA	Mongolian Examples	Chinese Examples
1	TIBETAN LETTER KA ཀ [U+0F40]	KA	k	/ka/	Only used for words of foreign origin, such as (gen. pl.) from Sanskrit kalpa "aeon" [cf. Mongolian ᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪ ], with the single exception of the common Mongolian word "large, great" [cf. Mongolian ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ]	kiw 裘 qiú kue 夔 kuí
2	TIBETAN LETTER KHA ཁ [U+0F41]	KHA	kh	/kʰa/	"who" [cf. Mongolian ᠬᠡᠨ ]	khang 康 kāng kheeu 屈 qū
3	TIBETAN LETTER GA ག [U+0F42]	GA	g	/ɡa/	"written document, book" [cf. Mongolian ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ]	ging 荊 jīng gu 古 gǔ
4	TIBETAN LETTER NGA ང [U+0F44]	NGA	ng	/ŋa/	"heaven" [cf. Mongolian ᠲᠡᠩᠷᠢ ]	ngiw 牛 niú ngem 嚴 yán ding 丁 dīng
5	TIBETAN LETTER CA ཅ [U+0F45]	CA	c	/tʃa/		cay 柴 chái ci 池 chí
6	TIBETAN LETTER CHA ཆ [U+0F46]	CHA	ch	/tʃʰa/	"white" [cf. Mongolian ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ]	chang 昌 chāng cheeu 褚 chǔ
7	TIBETAN LETTER JA ཇ [U+0F47]	JA	j	/dʒa/	"year" [cf. Mongolian ᠵᠢᠯ ]	jim 針 zhēn
8	TIBETAN LETTER NYA ཉ [U+0F49]	NYA	ny	/ɲa/		nyiw 鈕 niǔ
9	TIBETAN LETTER TA ཏ [U+0F4F]	TA	t	/ta/	Mostly used in words of foreign origin, such as (also ) "jewels" [cf. Mongolian ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠰ ] and "sea, ocean" [cf. Mongolian ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ]	ten 田 tián tung 童 tóng
10	TIBETAN LETTER THA ཐ [U+0F50]	THA	th	/tʰa/	"each, all" [cf. Mongolian ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠮ ]	thang 湯 tāng thung 通 tōng
11	TIBETAN LETTER DA ད [U+0F51]	DA	d	/da/	(gen.) "former, previous" [cf. Mongolian ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ ]	dung 東 dōng du 都 dū
12	TIBETAN LETTER NA ན [U+0F53]	NA	n	/na/	"our" [cf. Mongolian ᠮᠠᠨᠤ ]	nee 聶 niè nung 農 nóng gon 管 guǎn
13	TIBETAN LETTER PA པ [U+0F54]	PA	p	/pa/	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ]	pang 龐 páng pay 白 bái
14	TIBETAN LETTER PHA ཕ [U+0F55]	PHA	ph	/pʰa/		phon 潘 pān phu 浦 pǔ
15	TIBETAN LETTER BA བ [U+0F56]	BA	b	/ba/	"then, still, also" [cf. Mongolian ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ]	ban 班 bān been 邊 biān
16	TIBETAN LETTER MA མ [U+0F58]	MA	m	/ma/	"living beings" [cf. Mongolian ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨ ]	min 閔 mǐn mew 苗 miáo gim 金 jīn
17	TIBETAN LETTER TSA ཙ [U+0F59]	TSA	ts	/tsa/		tsaw 曹 cáo tsin 秦 qín
18	TIBETAN LETTER TSHA ཚ [U+0F5A]	TSHA	tsh	/tsʰa/	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as "religion"	tshay 蔡 cài tshiw 秋 qiū
19	TIBETAN LETTER DZA ཛ [U+0F5B]	DZA	dz	/dza/		dzam 昝 zǎn dzew 焦 jiāo
20	TIBETAN LETTER WA ཝ [U+0F5D]	WA	w	/wa/	Only used in words of foreign origin, such as "Vajrapāṇi"	wan 萬 wàn wu 武 wǔ xiw 侯 hóu gaw 高 gāo
21	TIBETAN LETTER ZHA ཞ [U+0F5E]	ZHA	zh	/ʒa/		zheeu 茹 rú zhew 饒 ráo
22	TIBETAN LETTER ZA ཟ [U+0F5F]	ZA	z	/za/	Only found in the single word "month" [cf. Mongolian ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ]	zin 陳 chén zeeu 徐 xú zi 席 xí
23	TIBETAN LETTER -A འ [U+0F60]	-A	-	/'a/	This letter is found rarely initially, e.g. (dat./loc.) "people" [cf. Mongolian ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ], but frequently medially between vowels where it serves to separate a syllable that starts with a vowel from a preceding syllable that ends in a vowel, e.g. "Christians" and "emperor, khan" [cf. Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠨ ] (where is a contraction for the hypothetical )	-an 安 ān -ing 應 yīng -eeu 郁 yù
24	TIBETAN LETTER YA ཡ [U+0F61]	YA	y	/ja/	"eighty" [cf. Mongolian ᠨᠠᠶᠠᠨ ]	yi 伊 yī yang 羊 yáng day 戴 dài hyay 解 xiè
25	TIBETAN LETTER RA ར [U+0F62]	RA	r	/ra/	"army" [cf. Mongolian ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ]
26	TIBETAN LETTER LA ལ [U+0F63]	LA	l	/la/	"tax, tribute" [cf. Mongolian ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ]	leeu 呂 lǚ lim 林 lín
27	TIBETAN LETTER SHA ཤ [U+0F64]	SHA	sh	/ʃa/	"new" [cf. Mongolian ᠱᠢᠨᠡ ]	shi 石 shí shwang 雙 shuāng
28	TIBETAN LETTER SA ས [U+0F66]	SA	s	/sa/	"end, goal" [cf. Mongolian ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ]	su 蘇 sū syang 相 xiàng
29	TIBETAN LETTER HA ཧ [U+0F67]	HA	h	/ha/	Initially in words that now have null initials, such as "ten" [cf. Mongolian ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ], and medially only in the single word (or ) "protector, guardian"	hwa 花 huā sh.hi 史 shǐ l.hing 冷 lěng j.hang 莊 zhuāng
30	TIBETAN LETTER A ཨ [U+0F68]	'A	'	/a/	"not" [cf. Mongolian ᠦᠯᠦ ]	'wang 王 wáng 'eeu 虞 yú
31	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN I ི [U+0F72]	I	i		(or -i h-een) "protection"	li 李 lǐ n.hing 能 néng heei 奚 xī
32	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN U ུ [U+0F74]	U	u		(gen.) "water" [cf. Mongolian ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ]	u 吳 wú mue 梅 méi
33	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN E ེ [U+0F7A]	E	e		"now" [cf. Mongolian ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ]	ze 謝 xiè jem 詹 zhān gue 國 guó
34	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN O ོ [U+0F7C]	O	o		"boats" [cf. Mongolian ᠣᠩᠭᠣᠴᠠᠰ ]	no 那 nā mon 滿 mǎn
35	TIBETAN LETTER KHA ཁ [U+0F41]	QA	q		"all" [cf. Mongolian ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ]
36	TIBETAN LETTER KHA [U+0F41] plus TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA [U+0FAD] ཁྭ	XA	x		Only used in words of foreign origin, such as pur xan "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ]	xu 胡 hú xong 黃 huáng
37	TIBETAN LETTER HA [U+0F67] plus TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA [U+0FAD] ཧྭ	FA	f	/fa/		fang 方 fāng fi 費 fèi
38	TIBETAN LETTER GA ག [U+0F42]	GGA
39	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN EE ཻ [U+0F7B]	EE	ee		"various" [cf. Mongolian ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ ] (Poppe reads this word as , as the only example of an initial letter EE, but I think that it is clear from the rubbing of the inscription that the initial letter is a slightly deformeed letter E)	chee 車 chē seeu 胥 xū geeing 經 jīng
40	TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA ྭ [U+0FAD]	SUBJOINED WA	w	/w/		xway 懷 huái jwaw 卓 zhuō gwang 廣 guǎng
41	TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER YA ྱ [U+0FB1]	SUBJOINED YA	y			hya 夏 xià gya 家 jiā dzyang 蔣 jiǎng

Additional letters

No.	ʼPhags-pa letter	Derivation	Letter Name	Transcription	Sanskrit or Tibetan Examples
42	TIBETAN LETTER TTA ཊ [U+0F4A]	TTA	tt	(Sanskrit ṣaṭ pāramitā) [Ill.3 Line 6]
43	TIBETAN LETTER TTHA ཋ [U+0F4B]	TTHA	tth	(Sanskrit pratiṣṭhite) [Ill.3 Line 8] (TTHA plus unreversed I) (Sanskrit dhiṣṭhite) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 16] (TTHA plus reversed I) (Sanskrit niṣṭhe) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 10] (TTHA plus reversed E)
44	TIBETAN LETTER DDA ཌ [U+0F4C]	DDA	dd	(Sanskrit daṇḍaya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 14] (Sanskrit ākaḍḍhaya) [Ill.4 Line 7] (DDA plus reversed HA)
45	TIBETAN LETTER NNA ཎ [U+0F4E]	NNA	nn	(Sanskrit spharaṇa) [Ill.3 Line 3] (Sanskrit uṣṇīṣa) [Ill.3 Line 6] (NNA plus reversed I) (Sanskrit kṣuṇu) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 2] (NNA plus reversed U) (Sanskrit haraṇe) [Ill.4 Line 5] (NNA plus reversed E) (Sanskrit puṇya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 13] (NNA plus reversed subjoined Y)
46	TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER RA ྲ [U+0FB2]	Subjoined RA	r	(Sanskrit bhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2] (Sanskrit mudre) [Ill.3 Line 9] (Sanskrit vajra) [Ill.3 Line 9] (Tibetan bkra-shis "prosperity, good fortune") [Ill.5]
47	TIBETAN LETTER RA ར [U+0F62]	Superfixed RA		(Tibetan sangs-rgyas "Buddha") [Ill.6]
48	TIBETAN SIGN SNA LDAN ྃ [U+0F83] DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU [U+0901]	Candrabindu	^	(Sanskrit oṁ bhrūṁ bhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2] (Sanskrit saṁhatana) [Ill.3 Line 9]

Menggu Ziyun

Following are the initials of the 'Phags-pa script as presented in Menggu Ziyun. They are ordered according to the Chinese philological tradition of the 36 initials.

36 initials in 蒙古字韵 Menggu Ziyun

No.	Name	Phonetic value	'Phags-pa letter	'Phags-pa Initial	Notes
1	見 jiàn	*[k]	Template:Phagspa	g-
2	溪 qī	*[kʰ]	Template:Phagspa	kh-
3	群 qún	*[ɡ]	Template:Phagspa	k-
4	疑 yí	*[ŋ]	Template:Phagspa	ng-
5	端 duān	*[t]	Template:Phagspa	d-
6	透 tòu	*[tʰ]	Template:Phagspa	th-
7	定 dìng	*[d]	Template:Phagspa	t-
8	泥 ní	*[n]	Template:Phagspa	n-
9	知 zhī	*[ʈ]	Template:Phagspa	j-
10	徹 chè	*[ʈʰ]	Template:Phagspa	ch-
11	澄 chéng	*[ɖ]	Template:Phagspa	c-
12	娘 niáng	*[ɳ]	Template:Phagspa	ny-
13	幫 bāng	*[p]	Template:Phagspa	b-
14	滂 pāng	*[pʰ]	Template:Phagspa	ph-
15	並 bìng	*[b]	Template:Phagspa	p-
16	明 míng	*[m]	Template:Phagspa	m-
17	非 fēi	*[p̪]	Template:Phagspa	f-	Normal form of the letter fa
18	敷 fū	*[p̪ʰ]	Template:Phagspa	f¹-	Variant form of the letter fa
19	奉 fèng	*[b̪]	Template:Phagspa	f-	Normal form of the letter fa
20	微 wēi	*[ɱ]	Template:Phagspa	w-	Letter wa represents [v]
21	精 jīng	*[ts]	Template:Phagspa	dz-
22	清 qīng	*[tsʰ]	Template:Phagspa	tsh-
23	從 cóng	*[dz]	Template:Phagspa	ts-
24	心 xīn	*[s]	Template:Phagspa	s-
25	邪 xié	*[z]	Template:Phagspa	z-
26	照 zhào	*[tɕ]	Template:Phagspa	j-
27	穿 chuān	*[tɕʰ]	Template:Phagspa	ch-
28	床 chuáng	*[dʑ]	Template:Phagspa	c-
29	審 shěn	*[ɕ]	Template:Phagspa	sh¹-	Variant form of the letter sha
30	禪 chán	*[ʑ]	Template:Phagspa	sh-	Normal form of the letter sha
31	曉 xiǎo	*[x]	Template:Phagspa	h-	Normal form of the letter ha
32	匣 xiá	*[ɣ]	Template:Phagspa	x-
			Template:Phagspa	h¹-	Variant form of the letter ha
33	影 yǐng	*[ʔ]	Template:Phagspa	ʼ-	glottal stop
			Template:Phagspa	y-	Normal form of the letter ya
34	喻 yù	*[j]	Template:Phagspa	-	null initial
			Template:Phagspa	y¹-	Variant form of the letter ya
35	來 lái	*[l]	Template:Phagspa	l-
36	日 rì	*[ɲ]	Template:Phagspa	zh-

Shilin Guangji

The Shilin Guangji used Phagspa to annotate Chinese text, serving as a precursor to modern pinyin. The following are the Phagspa transcriptions of a section of the Hundred Family Surnames in the Shilin Guangji. For example, the name Jin (金), meaning gold, is written as Template:Phagspa gim, similar to how it is transliterated in Korean (김 gim, usually spelled as "Kim" in English according to the McCune–Reischauer style of romanization).

Hundred Family Surnames
百家姓蒙古文
Bǎi Jiā Xìng Měng Gǔ Wén
Template:Phagspa Template:Phagspa Template:Phagspa Template:Phagspa Template:Phagspa Template:Phagspa
Bay Gya Sing Mung Gu Wun

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
'Phags-pa Spelling	Template:Phagspa cew	Template:Phagspa dzen	Template:Phagspa sun	Template:Phagspa li	Template:Phagspa jiw	Template:Phagspa u	Template:Phagspa cing	Template:Phagspa 'wang	Template:Phagspa fung	Template:Phagspa cin
Chinese Character	趙 zhào	錢 qián	孫 sūn	李 lǐ	周 zhōu	吳 wú	鄭 zhèng	王 wáng	馮 féng	陳 chén

Unicode

ʼPhags-pa script was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0.

The Unicode block for ʼPhags-pa is U+A840–U+A877:

U+A856 Template:Phagspa PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A is transliterated using U+A78F ꞏ LATIN LETTER SINOLOGICAL DOT from the Latin Extended-D Unicode block.

See also

• Brahmic scripts
• Mongolian alphabets
• Origin of hangul
• Mongol elements in Western medieval art
• Menggu Ziyun (Yuan dynasty ʼPhags-pa—Chinese rhyming dictionary)
• Shilin Guangji
• Siddhaṃ script

Further reading

• Coblin, W. South (2006). A Handbook of ʼPhags-pa Chinese. ABC Dictionary Series. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3000-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=3q6nja-Ii8gC. Retrieved 24 April 2014. 
• Denlinger, Paul. B. (1963). Chinese in Hp'ags-pa Script. https://books.google.com/books?id=4mHKuAAACAAJ. Retrieved 24 April 2014. 
• Everding, Karl-Heinz (2006). Herrscherurkunden aus der Zeit des mongolischen Großreiches für tibetische Adelshäuser, Geistliche und Klöster. Teil 1: Diplomata Mongolica. Mittelmongolische Urkunden in ʼPhags-pa-Schrift. Eidtion, Übersetzung, Analyse. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. ISBN 978-3-88280-074-6. 
• Poppe, Nicholas (1957). The Mongolian Monuments in hP´ags-pa Script (Second ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 
• Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. Great Britain: Anchor Brenton Ltd. ISBN 978-0-09-156980-8. 
• Schuh, Dieter (1981). Grundlagen tibetischer Siegelkunde. Eine Untersuchung über tibetische Siegelaufschriften in ʼPhags-pa-Schrift. Sankt Augustin: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-88280-011-1. 

External links

• BabelStone: ʼPhags-pa Script (with free fonts)
• Omniglot: ʼPhags-pa script
• Ancientscripts: hPhags-pa
• Mongolian characters after Kublai Khan