List of interface bit rates

Short description: None

This is a list of interface bit rates, is a measure of information transfer rates, or digital bandwidth capacity, at which digital interfaces in a computer or network can communicate over various kinds of buses and channels. The distinction can be arbitrary between a computer bus, often closer in space, and larger telecommunications networks. Many device interfaces or protocols (e.g., SATA, USB, SAS, PCIe) are used both inside many-device boxes, such as a PC, and one-device-boxes, such as a hard drive enclosure. Accordingly, this page lists both the internal ribbon and external communications cable standards together in one sortable table.

Factors limiting actual performance, criteria for real decisions

Most of the listed rates are theoretical maximum throughput measures; in practice, the actual effective throughput is almost inevitably lower in proportion to the load from other devices (network/bus contention), physical or temporal distances, and other overhead in data link layer protocols etc. The maximum goodput (for example, the file transfer rate) may be even lower due to higher layer protocol overhead and data packet retransmissions caused by line noise or interference such as crosstalk, or lost packets in congested intermediate network nodes. All protocols lose something, and the more robust ones that deal resiliently with very many failure situations tend to lose more maximum throughput to get higher total long term rates.

Device interfaces where one bus transfers data via another will be limited to the throughput of the slowest interface, at best. For instance, SATA revision 3.0 (6 Gbit/s) controllers on one PCI Express 2.0 (5 Gbit/s) channel will be limited to the 5 Gbit/s rate and have to employ more channels to get around this problem. Early implementations of new protocols very often have this kind of problem. The physical phenomena on which the device relies (such as spinning platters in a hard drive) will also impose limits; for instance, no spinning platter shipping in 2009 saturates SATA revision 2.0 (3 Gbit/s), so moving from this 3 Gbit/s interface to USB 3.0 at 4.8 Gbit/s for one spinning drive will result in no increase in realized transfer rate.

Contention in a wireless or noisy spectrum, where the physical medium is entirely out of the control of those who specify the protocol, requires measures that also use up throughput. Wireless devices, BPL, and modems may produce a higher line rate or gross bit rate, due to error-correcting codes and other physical layer overhead. It is extremely common for throughput to be far less than half of theoretical maximum, though the more recent technologies (notably BPL) employ preemptive spectrum analysis to avoid this and so have much more potential to reach actual gigabit rates in practice than prior modems.

Another factor reducing throughput is deliberate policy decisions made by Internet service providers that are made for contractual, risk management, aggregation saturation, or marketing reasons. Examples are rate limiting, bandwidth throttling, and the assignment of IP addresses to groups. These practices tend to minimize the throughput available to every user, but maximize the number of users that can be supported on one backbone.

Furthermore, chips are often not available in order to implement the fastest rates. AMD, for instance, does not support the 32-bit HyperTransport interface on any CPU it has shipped as of the end of 2009. Additionally, WiMAX service providers in the US typically support only up to 4 Mbit/s as of the end of 2009.

Choosing service providers or interfaces based on theoretical maxima is unwise, especially for commercial needs. A good example is large scale data centers, which should be more concerned with price per port to support the interface, wattage and heat considerations, and total cost of the solution. Because some protocols such as SCSI and Ethernet now operate many orders of magnitude faster than when originally deployed, scalability of the interface is one major factor, as it prevents costly shifts to technologies that are not backward compatible. Underscoring this is the fact that these shifts often happen involuntarily or by surprise, especially when a vendor abandons support for a proprietary system.

Conventions

By convention, bus and network data rates are denoted either in bits per second (bit/s) or bytes per second (B/s). In general, parallel interfaces are quoted in B/s and serial in bit/s. The more commonly used is shown below in bold type.

On devices like modems, bytes may be more than 8 bits long because they may be individually padded out with additional start and stop bits; the figures below will reflect this. Where channels use line codes (such as Ethernet, Serial ATA, and PCI Express), quoted rates are for the decoded signal.

The figures below are simplex data rates, which may conflict with the duplex rates vendors sometimes use in promotional materials. Where two values are listed, the first value is the downstream rate and the second value is the upstream rate.

The use of decimal prefixes is standard in data communications.

Bandwidths

The figures below are grouped by network or bus type, then sorted within each group from lowest to highest bandwidth; gray shading indicates a lack of known implementations.

As stated above, all quoted bandwidths are for each direction. Therefore, for duplex interfaces (capable of simultaneous transmission both ways), the stated values are simplex (one way) speeds, rather than total upstream+downstream.

Time Signal Station to Radio Clock

Technology	Max. rate		Year
IRIG and related	1 bit/s	~0.125 characters/s^[1]^[2]	?

Teletypewriter (TTY) or telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD)

Technology	Max. rate		Year
TTY (V.18)	45.4545 bit/s	6 characters/s^[3]	1994^[4]
TTY (V.18)	50 bit/s	6.6 characters/s	1994
NTSC Line 21 Closed Captioning	1 kbit/s	~100 characters/s	1976^[5]

Modems (narrowband and broadband)

Narrowband (POTS: 4 kHz channel)

Technology	Rate	Rate ex. overhead	Year
Morse code (skilled operator)	0.021 kbit/s^[6]	4 characters per second (cps) (~40 wpm)^[7]	1844
Normal human speech	0.039 kbit/s^[8]		prehistoric
Teleprinter (50 baud)	0.05 kbit/s	404 operations per minute	1940x
Modem 110 baud (Bell 101)	0.11 kbit/s	0.010 kB/s (~10 cps)^[9]	1959
Modem 300 (300 baud; Bell 103 or V.21)	0.3 kbit/s	0.03 kB/s (~30 cps)^[9]	1962^[10]
Modem 1200/75 (600 baud; V.23)	1.2/0.075 kbit/s	0.12/0.0075 kB/s (~120 cps)^[9]	1964(?)^[11]
Modem 1200 (600 baud; Vadic VA3400, Bell 212A, or V.22)	1.2 kbit/s	0.12 kB/s (~120 cps)^[9]	1976
Modem 1200 (Bell 202C, 202D)	1.2 kbit/s	0.15 kB/s (~150 cps)	?
Modem 2000 (Bell 201A)	2 kbit/s	0.25 kB/s (~250 cps)	?
Modem 2400 (Bell 201B)	2.4 kbit/s	0.3 kB/s (~300 cps)	?
Modem 2400 (600 baud; V.22bis)	2.4 kbit/s	0.3 kB/s^[9]	1984^[11]
Modem 4800/75 (1600 baud; V.27ter)	4.8/0.075 kbit/s	0.6/0.0075 kB/s^[9]	1976^[11]
Modem 4800 (1600 baud, Bell 208A, 208B)	4.8 kbit/s	0.6 kB/s
Modem 9600 (2400 baud; V.32)	9.6 kbit/s	1.2 kB/s^[9]	1984^[11]
Modem 14.4 (2400 baud; V.32bis)	14.4 kbit/s	1.8 kB/s^[9]	1991^[10]
Modem 28.8 (3200 baud; V.34-1994)	28.8 kbit/s	3.6 kB/s^[9]	1994
Modem 33.6 (3429 baud; V.34-1996/98)	33.6 kbit/s	4.2 kB/s^[9]	1996^[11]
Modem 56k (8000/3429 baud; V.90)	56.0/33.6 kbit/s^[12]	7/4.2 kB/s	1998
Modem 56k (8000/8000 baud; V.92)	56.0/48.0 kbit/s^[12]	7/6 kB/s	2001
Modem data compression (variable; V.92/V.44)	56.0–320.0 kbit/s^[12]	7–40 kB/s	2000^[11]
ISP-side text/image compression (variable)	56.0–1000.0 kbit/s	7–125 kB/s	1998^[11]
ISDN Basic Rate Interface (single/dual channel)	64/128 kbit/s^[13]	8/16 kB/s	1986^[14]
IDSL (dual ISDN + 16 kbit/s data channels)	144 kbit/s	18 kB/s	2000^[15]

Broadband (hundreds of kHz to GHz wide)

Technology	Rate	Rate ex. overhead	Year
ADSL (G.lite)	1536/512 kbit/s	192/64 kB/s	1998
HDSL ITU G.991.1 a.k.a. DS1	1544 kbit/s	193 kB/s	1998^[16]
MSDSL	2000 kbit/s	250 kB/s	?
SDSL	2320 kbit/s	290 kB/s	?
SHDSL ITU G.991.2	5690 kbit/s	711 kB/s	2001
ADSL (G.dmt) ITU G.992.1	8192/1024 kbit/s	1024/128 kB/s	1999
ADSL2 ITU G.992.3/4	12288/1440 kbit/s	1536/180 kB/s	2002
ADSL2+ ITU G.992.5	24576/3584 kbit/s	3072/448 kB/s	2003
DOCSIS 1.0^[17] (cable modem)	38/9 Mbit/s	4.75/1.125 MB/s	1997
DOCSIS 2.0^[18] (cable modem)	38/27 Mbit/s	4.75/3.375 MB/s	2002
VDSL ITU G.993.1	52 Mbit/s	7 MB/s	2001
VDSL2 ITU G.993.2	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s	2006
Uni-DSL	200 Mbit/s	25 MB/s	2006
VDSL2 ITU G.993.2 Amendment 1 (11/15)	300 Mbit/s	37.5 MB/s	2015
BPON (G.983) (fiber optic service)	622/155 Mbit/s	77.7/19.3 MB/s	2005^[19]
G.fast ITU G.9700	1000 Mbit/s	125 MB/s	2014
EPON (802.3ah) (fiber optic service)	1000/1000 Mbit/s	125/125 MB/s	2008
DOCSIS 3.0^[20] (cable modem)	1216/216 Mbit/s	152/27 MB/s	2006
GPON (G.984) (fiber optic service)	2488/1244 Mbit/s	311/155.5 MB/s	2008^[21]
DOCSIS 3.1^[22] (cable modem)	10/2 Gbit/s	1.25/0.25 GB/s	2013
10G-PON (G.987) (fiber optic service)	10/2.5 Gbit/s	1.25/0.3125 GB/s	2012^[23]
DOCSIS 4.0 (cable modem)	10/6 Gbit/s	1.25/0.75 GB/s	2017
XGS-PON (G.9807.1) (fiber optic service)	10/10 Gbit/s	1.25/1.25 GB/s	2016
NG-PON2 (G.989) (fiber optic service)	40/10 Gbit/s	5/1.25 GB/s	2015^[24]

Mobile telephone interfaces

Technology	Download rate		Upload rate		Year
GSM CSD (2G)	14.4 kbit/s^[25]	1.8 kB/s	14.4 kbit/s	1.8 kB/s
HSCSD	57.6 kbit/s	5.4 kB/s	14.4 kbit/s	1.8 kB/s
GPRS (2.5G)	57.6 kbit/s	7.2 kB/s	28.8 kbit/s	3.6 kB/s
WiDEN	100 kbit/s	12.5 kB/s	100 kbit/s	12.5 kB/s
CDMA2000 1×RTT	153 kbit/s	18 kB/s	153 kbit/s	18 kB/s
EDGE (2.75G) (type 1 MS)	236.8 kbit/s	29.6 kB/s	236.8 kbit/s	29.6 kB/s	2002
UMTS 3G	384 kbit/s	48 kB/s	384 kbit/s	48 kB/s
EDGE (type 2 MS)	473.6 kbit/s	59.2 kB/s	473.6 kbit/s	59.2 kB/s
EDGE Evolution (type 1 MS)	1184 kbit/s	148 kB/s	474 kbit/s	59 kB/s
EDGE Evolution (type 2 MS)	1894 kbit/s	237 kB/s	947 kbit/s	118 kB/s
1×EV-DO rev. 0	2457 kbit/s	307.2 kB/s	153 kbit/s	19 kB/s
1×EV-DO rev. A	3.1 Mbit/s	397 kB/s	1.8 Mbit/s	230 kB/s
LTE Cat 1	10 Mbit/s	1250 kB/s	5.2 Mbit/s	650 kB/s
1×EV-DO rev. B	14.7 Mbit/s	1837 kB/s	5.4 Mbit/s	675 kB/s
HSPA (3.5G)	13.98 Mbit/s	1706 kB/s	5.760 Mbit/s	720 kB/s
4×EV-DO Enhancements (2×2 MIMO)	34.4 Mbit/s	4.3 MB/s	12.4 Mbit/s	1.55 MB/s
HSPA+ (2×2 MIMO)	42 Mbit/s	5.25 MB/s	11.5 Mbit/s	1.437 MB/s
LTE Cat 2	50 Mbit/s	6.25 MB/s	25 Mbit/s	3.375 MB/s
15×EV-DO rev. B	73.5 Mbit/s	9.2 MB/s	27 Mbit/s	3.375 MB/s
LTE Cat 3	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s	50 Mbit/s	6.25 MB/s
UMB (2×2 MIMO)	140 Mbit/s	17.5 MB/s	34 Mbit/s	4.250 MB/s
LTE Cat 4	150 Mbit/s	18.75 MB/s	50 Mbit/s	6.25 MB/s
LTE (2×2 MIMO)	173 Mbit/s	21.625 MB/s	58 Mbit/s	7.25 MB/s	2004
UMB (4×4 MIMO)	280 Mbit/s	35 MB/s	68 Mbit/s	8.5 MB/s
EV-DO rev. C	280 Mbit/s	35 MB/s	75 Mbit/s	9 MB/s
LTE Cat 5	300 Mbit/s	37.5 MB/s	50 Mbit/s	6.25 MB/s
LTE Cat 6	300 Mbit/s	37.5 MB/s	75 Mbit/s	9.375 MB/s
LTE Cat 7	300 Mbit/s	37.5 MB/s	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
LTE (4×4 MIMO)	326 Mbit/s	40.750 MB/s	86 Mbit/s	10.750 MB/s
LTE Cat 13	390 Mbit/s	48.75 MB/s	150 Mbit/s	18.75 MB/s
LTE Cat 9	450 Mbit/s	56.25 MB/s	50 Mbit/s	6.25 MB/s
LTE Cat 10	450 Mbit/s	56.25 MB/s	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
LTE Cat 11	600 Mbit/s	75 MB/s	50 Mbit/s	6.25 MB/s
LTE Cat 12	600 Mbit/s	75 MB/s	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
LTE Cat 16	1000 Mbit/s	125 MB/s	50 Mbit/s	6.25 MB/s
LTE Cat 18	1200 Mbit/s	150 MB/s	150 Mbit/s	18.75 MB/s
LTE Cat 21	1400 Mbit/s	175 MB/s	300 Mbit/s	37.5 MB/s
LTE Cat 20	2000 Mbit/s	250 MB/s	300 Mbit/s	37.5 MB/s
LTE Cat 8	3 Gbit/s	375 MB/s	1.5 Gbit/s	187 MB/s
LTE Cat 14	3.9 Gbit/s	487 MB/s	1.5 Gbit/s	187 MB/s
5G NR	?	?	?	?	?

Wide area networks

Technology	Rate		Year
56k line	56 kbit/s	7 KB/s	1990
DS0	64 kbit/s	8 KB/s
G.lite (a.k.a. ADSL Lite)	1.536/0.512 Mbit/s	0.192/0.064 MB/s
DS1 / T1 (and ISDN Primary Rate Interface)	1.544 Mbit/s	0.192 MB/s	1990
E1 (and ISDN Primary Rate Interface)	2.048 Mbit/s	0.256 MB/s
G.SHDSL	2.304 Mbit/s	0.288 MB/s
SDSL^[26]	2.32 Mbit/s	0.29 MB/s
LR-VDSL2 (4 to 5 km [long-]range) (symmetry optional)	4 Mbit/s	0.512 MB/s
T2	6.312 Mbit/s	0.789 MB/s
ADSL^[27]	8.0/1.024 Mbit/s	1.0/0.128 MB/s
E2	8.448 Mbit/s	1.056 MB/s
ADSL2	12/3.5 Mbit/s	1.5/0.448 MB/s
Satellite Internet^[28]	16/1 Mbit/s	2.0/0.128 MB/s
ADSL2+	24/3.5 Mbit/s	3.0/0.448 MB/s
E3	34.368 Mbit/s	4.296 MB/s
DOCSIS 1.0 (cable modem)^[17]	38/9 Mbit/s	4.75/1.125 MB/s	1997
DOCSIS 2.0 (cable modem)^[18]	38/27 Mbit/s	4.75/3.38 MB/s	2002
DS3 / T3 ('45 Meg')	44.736 Mbit/s	5.5925 MB/s
STS-1 / OC-1 / STM-0	51.84 Mbit/s	6.48 MB/s
VDSL (symmetry optional)	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
OC-3 / STM-1	155.52 Mbit/s	19.44 MB/s
VDSL2 (symmetry optional)	250 Mbit/s	31.25 MB/s
T4	274.176 Mbit/s	34.272 MB/s
T5	400.352 Mbit/s	50.044 MB/s
OC-9	466.56 Mbit/s	58.32 MB/s
OC-12 / STM-4	622.08 Mbit/s	77.76 MB/s
OC-18	933.12 Mbit/s	116.64 MB/s
DOCSIS 3.0 (cable modem)^[20]	1216/216 Mbit/s	152/27 MB/s	2006
OC-24	1.244 Gbit/s	155.5 MB/s
OC-36	1.900 Gbit/s	237.5 MB/s
OC-48 / STM-16	2.488 Gbit/s	311.04 MB/s
OC-96	4.976 Gbit/s	622.08 MB/s
OC-192 / STM-64	9.953 Gbit/s	1.244125 GB/s
10 Gigabit Ethernet WAN PHY	9.953 Gbit/s	1.244125 GB/s
DOCSIS 3.1 (cable modem)	10/2 Gbit/s	1.25/0.25 GB/s	2013
DOCSIS 4.0 (cable modem)	10/6 Gbit/s	1.25/0.75 GB/s	2017
OC-256	13.271 Gbit/s	1.659 GB/s
OC-768 / STM-256	39.813 Gbit/s	4.976 GB/s
OC-1536 / STM-512	79.626 Gbit/s	9.953 GB/s
OC-3072 / STM-1024	159.252 Gbit/s	19.907 GB/s

Local area networks

Technology	Rate		Year
LocalTalk	230 kbit/s	28.8 kB/s	1988
Econet	800 kbit/s	100 kB/s	1981
Omninet	1 Mbit/s	125 kB/s	1980
IBM PC Network	2 Mbit/s	250 kB/s	1985
ARCNET (Standard)	2.5 Mbit/s	312.5 kB/s	1977
Chaosnet (Original)	4 Mbit/s	3.0 Mbit/s	1971
Token Ring (Original)	4 Mbit/s	500 kB/s	1985
Ethernet (10BASE-X)	10 Mbit/s	1.25 MB/s	1980 (1985 IEEE Standard)
Token Ring (Later)	16 Mbit/s	2 MB/s	1989
ARCnet Plus	20 Mbit/s	2.5 MB/s	1992
TCNS	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s	1993?
100VG	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s	1995
Token Ring IEEE 802.5t	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
Fast Ethernet (100BASE-X)	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s	1995
FDDI	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
MoCA 1.0^[29]	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s
MoCA 1.1^[29]	175 Mbit/s	21.875 MB/s
HomePlug AV	200 Mbit/s	25 MB/s	2005
FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400^[30]^[31]	400 Mbit/s	50 MB/s	1995
MoCa 2.0	500 Mbit/s		2016
HIPPI	800 Mbit/s	100 MB/s
IEEE 1901	1000 Mbit/s	125 MB/s	2010
Token Ring IEEE 802.5v	1 Gbit/s	125 MB/s	2001
Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-X)	1 Gbit/s	125 MB/s	1998
Reflective memory or RFM2 (1.25 µs latency)	2 Gbit/s	170 MB/s	2017
Myrinet 2000	2 Gbit/s	250 MB/s
InfiniBand SDR 1×^[32]	2 Gbit/s	250 MB/s	2001
RapidIO Gen1 1×	2.5 Gbit/s	312.5 MB/s	2000
2.5 Gigabit Ethernet (2.5GBASE-T)	2.5 Gbit/s	312.5 MB/s	2016
Quadrics QsNet^I	3.6 Gbit/s	450 MB/s
InfiniBand DDR 1×^[32]	4 Gbit/s	500 MB/s	2005
RapidIO Gen2 1×	5 Gbit/s	625 MB/s	2008
5 Gigabit Ethernet (5GBASE-T)	5 Gbit/s	625 MB/s	2016
InfiniBand QDR 1×^[32]	8 Gbit/s	1 GB/s	2007
InfiniBand SDR 4×^[32]	8 Gbit/s	1 GB/s
Quadrics QsNet^II	8 Gbit/s	1 GB/s
RapidIO Gen1 4x	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s
RapidIO Gen2 2x	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s	2008
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-X)	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s	2002-2006
Myri 10G	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s
InfiniBand FDR-10 1×^[33]	10.31 Gbit/s	1.29 GB/s
NUMAlink 3	12.8 Gbit/s	1.6 GB/s	2004
InfiniBand FDR 1×^[33]	13.64 Gbit/s	1.7 GB/s	2011
InfiniBand DDR 4×^[32]	16 Gbit/s	2 GB/s	2005
RapidIO Gen2 4x	20 Gbit/s	2.5 GB/s	2008
Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) Dual Channel SCI, x8 PCIe	20 Gbit/s	2.5 GB/s
InfiniBand SDR 12×^[32]	24 Gbit/s	3 GB/s
RapidIO Gen4 1×	24.63 Gbit/s	3.079 GB/s	2016
InfiniBand EDR 1×^[33]	25 Gbit/s	3.125 GB/s	2014
25 Gigabit Ethernet (25GBASE-X)	25 Gbit/s	3.125 GB/s	2016
NUMAlink 4	25.6 Gbit/s	3.2 GB/s	2004
InfiniBand QDR 4×^[32]	32 Gbit/s	4 GB/s	2007
RapidIO Gen2 8x	40 Gbit/s	5 GB/s	2008
40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GBASE-X) 4×	40 Gbit/s	5 GB/s	2010
InfiniBand FDR-10 4×^[33]	41.25 Gbit/s	5.16 GB/s
InfiniBand DDR 12×^[32]	48 Gbit/s	6 GB/s	2005
InfiniBand HDR 1×^[34]	50 Gbit/s	6.250 GB/s^[33]	2017
50 Gigabit Ethernet (50GBASE-X)	50 Gbit/s	6.25 GB/s	2016
NUMAlink 6	53.6 Gbit/s	6.7 GB/s	2012
InfiniBand FDR 4×^[33]	54.54 Gbit/s	6.82 GB/s	2011
RapidIO Gen2 16×	80 Gbit/s	10 GB/s	2008
InfiniBand QDR 12×^[32]	96 Gbit/s	12 GB/s	2007
InfiniBand EDR 4×^[33]	100 Gbit/s	12.5 GB/s	2014
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GBASE-X) 10×/4×	100 Gbit/s	12.5 GB/s	2010/2018
Omni-Path	100 Gbit/s	12.5 GB/s	2015
InfiniBand FDR-10 12×^[33]	123.75 Gbit/s	15.47 GB/s
NUMAlink 7	159.52 Gbit/s	19.94 GB/s	2014
InfiniBand FDR 12×^[33]	163.64 Gbit/s	20.45 GB/s	2011
InfiniBand HDR 4×^[34]	200 Gbit/s	25 GB/s^[33]	2017
200 Gigabit Ethernet (200GBASE-X)	200 Gbit/s	25 GB/s	2017
InfiniBand EDR 12×^[33]	300 Gbit/s	37.5 GB/s	2014
400 Gigabit Ethernet (400GBASE-X)	400 Gbit/s	50 GB/s	2017
InfiniBand HDR 12×^[34]	600 Gbit/s	75 GB/s^[33]	2017

Wireless networks

802.11 networks in infrastructure mode are half-duplex; all stations share the medium. In infrastructure or access point mode, all traffic has to pass through an Access Point (AP). Thus, two stations on the same access point that are communicating with each other must have each and every frame transmitted twice: from the sender to the access point, then from the access point to the receiver. This approximately halves the effective bandwidth.

802.11 networks in ad hoc mode are still half-duplex, but devices communicate directly rather than through an access point. In this mode all devices must be able to "see" each other, instead of only having to be able to "see" the access point.

Standard	Rate		Year
Classic WaveLAN	2 Mbit/s	250 kB/s	1988
IEEE 802.11	2 Mbit/s	250 kB/s	1997
RONJA (full duplex)	10 Mbit/s	1.25 MB/s	2001
IEEE 802.11a	54 Mbit/s	6.75 MB/s	1999
IEEE 802.11b	11 Mbit/s	1.375 MB/s	1999
IEEE 802.11g	54 Mbit/s	6.75 MB/s	2003
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)	70 Mbit/s	8.75 MB/s	2004
IEEE 802.11g with Super G by Atheros	108 Mbit/s	13.5 MB/s	2003
IEEE 802.11g with 125 High Speed Mode by Broadcom	125 Mbit/s	15.625 MB/s	2003
IEEE 802.11g with Nitro by Conexant	140 Mbit/s	17.5 MB/s	2003
IEEE 802.11n (aka Wi-Fi 4)	600 Mbit/s	75 MB/s	2009
IEEE 802.11ac (aka Wi-Fi 5)	6.8–6.93 Gbit/s	850–866.25 MB/s	2012
IEEE 802.11ad	7.14–7.2 Gbit/s	892.5–900 MB/s	2011
IEEE 802.11ax (aka Wi-Fi 6)	11 Gbit/s	1375 MB/s	2019
IEEE 802.11be (aka Wi-Fi 7)	40 Gbit/s expected	5000 MB/s expected	2021 draft

Wireless personal area networks

Technology	Rate		Year
ANT	20 kbit/s	2.5 kB/s
IrDA-Control	72 kbit/s	9 kB/s
IrDA-SIR	115.2 kbit/s	14 kB/s
802.15.4 (2.4 GHz)	250 kbit/s	31.25 kB/s
Bluetooth 1.1	1 Mbit/s	125 kB/s	2002
Bluetooth 2.0+EDR	3 Mbit/s	375 kB/s	2004
IrDA-FIR	4 Mbit/s	500 kB/s
IrDA-VFIR	16 Mbit/s	2 MB/s
Bluetooth 3.0	25 Mbit/s	3.125 MB/s	2009
Bluetooth 4.0	25 Mbit/s	3.125 MB/s	2010
Bluetooth 5.0	50 Mbit/s	6.25 MB/s	2016
IrDA-UFIR	96 Mbit/s	12 MB/s
WUSB-UWB	480 Mbit/s	60 MB/s
IrDA-Giga-IR	1024 Mbit/s	128 MB/s

Computer buses

Main buses

Technology	Rate		Year
I²C	3.4 Mbit/s	425 kB/s	1992 (standardized)
Apple II series (incl. Apple IIGS) 8-bit/1 MHz	8 Mbit/s	1 MB/s^[35]^[36]	1977
SS-50 Bus 8-bit/1(?) MHz	8 Mbit/s	1 MB/s	1975
STD-80 8-bit/8 MHz	16 Mbit/s	2 MB/s
ISA 8-Bit/4.77 MHz	0 W/S: every 4 clocks 8 bits 1 W/S: every 5 clocks 8 bits	0 W/S: every 4 clocks 1 byte 1 W/S: every 5 clocks 1 byte	1981 (created)
STD-80 16-bit/8 MHz	32 Mbit/s	4 MB/s
I3C (HDR mode)^[37]	33.3 Mbit/s	4.16 MB/s	2017
Zorro II 16-bit/7.14 MHz^[38]	42.4 Mbit/s	5.3 MB/s	1986
ISA 16-Bit/8.33 MHz	66.64 Mbit/s	8.33 MB/s	1984 (created)
Europe Card Bus 8-Bit/10 MHz	66.7 Mbit/s	8.33 MB/s	1977 (created)
S-100 bus 8-bit/10 MHz	80 Mbit/s	10 MB/s	1976 (published)
Serial Peripheral Interface (Up to 100 MHz)	100 Mbit/s	12.5 MB/s	1989
Low Pin Count	125 Mbit/s	15.63 MB/s ^[x]	2002
STEbus 8-Bit/16 MHz	128 Mbit/s	16 MB/s	1987 (standardized)
C-Bus 16-bit/10 MHz	160 Mbit/s	20 MB/s^[39]	1982
HP Precision Bus	184 Mbit/s	23 MB/s
STD-32 32-bit/8 MHz	256 Mbit/s	32 MB/s^[40]
NESA 32-bit/8 MHz	256 Mbit/s	32 MB/s^[41]
EISA 32-bit/8.33 MHz	266.56 Mbit/s	33.32 MB/s	1988
VME64 32-64bit	400 Mbit/s	40 MB/s	1981
MCA 32bit/10 MHz	400 Mbit/s	40 MB/s	1987
NuBus 10 MHz	400 Mbit/s	40 MB/s	1987 (standardized)
DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/12.5 MHz	400 Mbit/s	50 MB/s
NuBus90 20 MHz	800 Mbit/s	80 MB/s	1991
MCA 32bit/20 MHz	800 Mbit/s	80 MB/s^[42]	1992
APbus 32-bit/25(?) MHz	800 Mbit/s	100 MB/s^[43]
Sbus 32-bit/25 MHz	800 Mbit/s	100 MB/s	1989
DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/25 MHz	800 Mbit/s	100 MB/s
Local Bus 98 32-bit/33 MHz	1056 Mbit/s	132 MB/s^[44]
VESA Local Bus (VLB) 32-bit/33 MHz	1067 Mbit/s	133.33 MB/s	1992
PCI 32-bit/33 MHz	1067 Mbit/s	133.33 MB/s	1993
HP GSC-1X	1136 Mbit/s	142 MB/s
Zorro III 32-bit/async (eq. 37.5 MHz)^[45]^[46]	1200 Mbit/s	150 MB/s^[47]	1990
VESA Local Bus (VLB) 32-bit/40 MHz	1280 Mbit/s	160 MB/s	1992
Sbus 64-bit/25 MHz	1.6 Gbit/s	200 MB/s	1995
HP GSC-2X	2.048 Gbit/s	256 MB/s
PCI 64-bit/33 MHz	2.133 Gbit/s	266.7 MB/s	1993
PCI 32-bit/66 MHz	2.133 Gbit/s	266.7 MB/s	1995
AGP 1×	2.133 Gbit/s	266.7 MB/s	1997
PCI Express 1.0 (×1 link)^[48]	2.5 Gbit/s	250 MB/s ^[z]	2004
RapidIO Gen1 1×	2.5 Gbit/s	312.5 MB/s
HIO bus	2.560 Gbit/s	320 MB/s
GIO64 64-bit/40 MHz	2.560 Gbit/s	320 MB/s
PCI Express 2.0 (×1 link)^[49]	5 Gbit/s	500 MB/s ^[z]	2007
AGP 2×	4.266 Gbit/s	533.3 MB/s	1997
PCI 64-bit/66 MHz	4.266 Gbit/s	533.3 MB/s
PCI-X DDR 16-bit	4.266 Gbit/s	533.3 MB/s
RapidIO Gen2 1×	5 Gbit/s	625 MB/s
PCI 64-bit/100 MHz	6.4 Gbit/s	800 MB/s
PCI Express 3.0 (×1 link)^[50]	8 Gbit/s	984.6 MB/s ^[y]	2011
Unified Media Interface (UMI) (×4 link)	10 Gbit/s	1 GB/s ^[z]	2011
Direct Media Interface (DMI) (×4 link)	10 Gbit/s	1 GB/s ^[z]	2004
Enterprise Southbridge Interface (ESI)	8 Gbit/s	1 GB/s
PCI Express 1.0 (×4 link)^[48]	10 Gbit/s	1 GB/s ^[z]	2004
AGP 4×	8.533 Gbit/s	1.067 GB/s	1998
PCI-X 133	8.533 Gbit/s	1.067 GB/s
PCI-X QDR 16-bit	8.533 Gbit/s	1.067 GB/s
InfiniBand single 4×^[32]	8 Gbit/s	1 GB/s ^[z]
RapidIO Gen1 4×	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s
RapidIO Gen2 2×	10 Gbit/s	1.25 GB/s
UPA	15.360 Gbit/s	1.92 GB/s
Unified Media Interface 2.0 (UMI 2.0; ×4 link)	20 Gbit/s	2 GB/s ^[z]	2012
Direct Media Interface 2.0 (DMI 2.0; ×4 link)	20 Gbit/s	2 GB/s ^[z]	2011
PCI Express 1.0 (×8 link)^[48]	20 Gbit/s	2 GB/s ^[z]	2004
PCI Express 2.0 (×4 link)^[49]	20 Gbit/s	2 GB/s ^[z]	2007
AGP 8×	17.066 Gbit/s	2.133 GB/s	2002
PCI-X DDR	17.066 Gbit/s	2.133 GB/s
RapidIO Gen2 4×	20 Gbit/s	2.5 GB/s
Sun JBus (200 MHz)	20.48 Gbit/s	2.56 GB/s	2003
HyperTransport (800 MHz, 16-pair)	25.6 Gbit/s	3.2 GB/s	2001
PCI Express 3.0 (×4 link)^[50]	32 Gbit/s	3.94 GB/s ^[y]	2011
HyperTransport (1 GHz, 16-pair)	32 Gbit/s	4 GB/s
PCI Express 1.0 (×16 link)^[48]	40 Gbit/s	4 GB/s ^[z]	2004
PCI Express 2.0 (×8 link)^[49]	40 Gbit/s	4 GB/s ^[z]	2007
PCI-X QDR	34.133 Gbit/s	4.266 GB/s
AGP 8× 64-bit	34.133 Gbit/s	4.266 GB/s
RapidIO Gen2 8x	40 Gbit/s	5 GB/s
Direct Media Interface 3.0 (DMI 3.0; ×4 link)	31.5 Gbit/s	3.94 GB/s ^[y]	2015
PCI Express 3.0 (×8 link)^[50]	64 Gbit/s	7.88 GB/s ^[y]	2011
PCI Express 2.0 (×16 link)^[49]	80 Gbit/s	8 GB/s ^[z]	2007
RapidIO Gen2 16x	80 Gbit/s	10 GB/s
PCI Express 5.0 (×4 link)	128 Gbit/s	15.75 GB/s^[y]	2019
PCI Express 3.0 (×16 link)^[50]	128 Gbit/s	15.75 GB/s ^[y]	2011
CAPI	128 Gbit/s	15.75 GB/s ^[y]	2014
QPI (4.80GT/s, 2.40 GHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
HyperTransport 2.0 (1.4 GHz, 32-pair)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2004
QPI (5.86GT/s, 2.93 GHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
QPI (6.40GT/s, 3.20 GHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
QPI (7.2GT/s, 3.6 GHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2012
PCI Express 6.0 (×4 link)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".^[w]	2022
PCI Express 4.0 (×16 link)^[51]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".^[y]	2018
CAPI 2	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".^[y]	2016
QPI (8.0GT/s, 4.0 GHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2012
QPI (9.6GT/s, 4.8 GHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2014
HyperTransport 3.0 (2.6 GHz, 32-pair)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2006
HyperTransport 3.1 (3.2 GHz, 32-pair)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2008
CXL Specification 1.x (×16 link)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2019
PCI Express 5.0 (×16 link) ^[52]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".^[y]	2019
NVLink 1.0	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2016
PCI Express 6.0 (×16 link) ^[53]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".^[w]	2022
NVLink 2.0	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2017
Infinity Fabric (Max. theoretical)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2017

^x LPC protocol includes high overhead. While the gross data rate equals 33.3 million 4-bit-transfers per second (or Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".), the fastest transfer, firmware read, results in Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".. The next fastest bus cycle, 32-bit ISA-style DMA write, yields only Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".. Other transfers may be as low as Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..^[54]

^y Uses 128b/130b encoding, meaning that about 1.54% of each transfer is used for error detection instead of carrying data between the hardware components at each end of the interface. For example, a single link PCIe 3.0 interface has an 8 Gbit/s transfer rate, yet its usable bandwidth is only about 7.88 Gbit/s.

^z Uses 8b/10b encoding, meaning that 20% of each transfer is used by the interface instead of carrying data from between the hardware components at each end of the interface. For example, a single link PCIe 1.0 has a 2.5 Gbit/s transfer rate, yet its usable bandwidth is only 2 Gbit/s (250 ).

^w Uses PAM-4 encoding and a 256 bytes FLIT block, of which 14 bytes are FEC and CRC, meaning that 5.47% of total data rate is used for error detection and correction instead of carrying data. For example, a single link PCIe 6.0 interface has an 64 Gbit/s total transfer rate, yet its usable bandwidth is only 60.5 Gbit/s.

Portable

Technology	Rate		Year
PC Card 16-bit 255 ns byte mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1990
PC Card 16-bit 255 ns word mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC Card 16-bit 100 ns byte mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC Card 16-bit 100 ns word mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC Card 32-bit (CardBus) byte mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
ExpressCard 1.2 USB 2.0 mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2003
PC Card 32-bit (CardBus) word mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC Card 32-bit (CardBus) doubleword mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
ExpressCard 1.2 PCI Express mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2008
ExpressCard 2.0 USB 3.0 mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
ExpressCard 2.0 PCI Express mode	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2009

Storage

^a Uses 8b/10b encoding ^b Uses 64b/66b encoding ^c Uses 128b/150b encoding

Peripheral

MAC to PHY

Technology	Channels	Bits	MGT Lanes			Rate		Year
Technology	Channels	Bits	Count	Encoding	Rate			Year
Media Independent Interface (MII)	1	4				Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Reduced MII (RMII)	1	2				Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Serial MII (SMII)	1	1				Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Gigabit MII (GMII)	1	8				Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Reduced gigabit/s MII (RGMII)	1	4				Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ten-bit interface (TBI)	1	10				Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Serial gigabit/s MII (SGMII)	1		1	8b/10b	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Reduced serial gigabit/s MII (RSGMII)	2		1	8b/10b	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Reduced serial gigabit/s MII plus (RSGMII-PLUS)	4		1	8b/10b	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Quad serial gigabit/s MII (QSGMII)	4		1	8b/10b	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
10 gigabit/s MII (XGMII)	1	32				Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
XGMII attachment unit interface (XAUI)	1		4	8b/10b	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Reduced Pin XAUI (RXAUI)	1		2	8b/10b	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
XFI/SFI	1		1	64b/66b	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
40 gigabit/s MII (XLGMII, on-chip only)	1					Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
100 gigabit/s MII (CGMII, on-chip only)	1					Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2008
100G AUI (CAUI-10)	1		10	64b/66b	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
100G AUI (CAUI-4)	1		4	64b/66b	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

PHY to XPDR

Technology	Rate		Year
10 gigabit/s 16-bit interface (XSBI; 16 lanes)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Dynamic random-access memory

The table below shows values for PC memory module types. These modules usually combine multiple chips on one circuit board. SIMM modules connect to the computer via an 8-bit- or 32-bit-wide interface. RIMM modules used by RDRAM are 16-bit- or 32-bit-wide.^[70] DIMM modules connect to the computer via a 64-bit-wide interface. Some other computer architectures use different modules with a different bus width.

In a single-channel configuration, only one module at a time can transfer information to the CPU. In multi-channel configurations, multiple modules can transfer information to the CPU at the same time, in parallel. FPM, EDO, SDR, and RDRAM memory was not commonly installed in a dual-channel configuration. DDR and DDR2 memory is usually installed in single- or dual-channel configuration. DDR3 memory is installed in single-, dual-, tri-, and quad-channel configurations. Bit rates of multi-channel configurations are the product of the module bit-rate (given below) and the number of channels.

Module type	Chip type	Internal clock^[a]	Bus clock	Bus speed^[b]	Transfer rate
FPM DRAM	70 ns tRAC	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
EDO DRAM (486 CPU)	60 ns tRAC	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
EDO DRAM (Pentium CPU)	60 ns tRAC	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-66 SDR SDRAM	10/15 ns	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-100 SDR SDRAM	8 ns	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-133 SDR SDRAM	7/7.5 ns	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
RIMM-1200 RDRAM	PC600	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
RIMM-1400 RDRAM	PC700	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
RIMM-1600 RDRAM	PC800	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-1600 DDR SDRAM	DDR-200	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
RIMM-2100 RDRAM	PC1066	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-2100 DDR SDRAM	DDR-266	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
RIMM-2400 RDRAM	PC1200	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-2700 DDR SDRAM	DDR-333	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-3200 DDR SDRAM	DDR-400	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-3200 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-400	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-3500 DDR SDRAM	DDR-433	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-3700 DDR SDRAM	DDR-466	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-4000 DDR SDRAM	DDR-500	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-4200 DDR SDRAM	DDR-533	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-4200 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-533	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-4400 DDR SDRAM	DDR-550	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC-4800 DDR SDRAM	DDR-600	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-5300 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-667	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-6000 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-750	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-6400 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-800	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-6400 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-800	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-7200 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-900	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-8000 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-1000	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-8500 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-1066	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-8500 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-1066	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-8800 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-1100	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-9200 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-1150	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-9600 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-1200	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC2-10000 DDR2 SDRAM	DDR2-1250	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-10600 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-1333	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-11000 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-1375	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-12800 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-1600	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-13000 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-1625	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-14400 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-1800	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-14900 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-1866	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-16000 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-2000	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-17000 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-2133	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC4-17000 DDR4 SDRAM	DDR4-2133	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-17600 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-2200	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-19200 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-2400	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC4-19200 DDR4 SDRAM	DDR4-2400	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-21300 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-2666	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC4-21300 DDR4 SDRAM	DDR4-2666	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC3-24000 DDR3 SDRAM	DDR3-3000	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC4-24000 DDR4 SDRAM	DDR4-3000	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC4-25600 DDR4 SDRAM	DDR4-3200	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC5-41600 DDR5 SDRAM	DDR5-5200	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC5-44800 DDR5 SDRAM	DDR5-5600	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
PC5-51200 DDR5 SDRAM	DDR5-6400	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

^a The clock rate at which DRAM memory cells operate. The memory latency is largely determined by this rate. Note that until the introduction of DDR4 the internal clock rate saw relatively slow progress. DDR/DDR2/DDR3 memory uses 2n/4n/8n (respectively) prefetch buffer to provide higher throughput, while the internal memory speed remains similar to that of the previous generation.

^b The "memory speed/clock" advertised by manufactures and suppliers usually refers to this rate (with 1 GT/s = 1 GHz). Note that modern types of memory use DDR bus with two transfers per clock.

Graphics processing units' RAM

RAM memory modules are also utilised by graphics processing units; however, memory modules for those differ somewhat from standard computer memory, particularly with lower power requirements, and are specialised to serve GPUs: for example, GDDR3 was fundamentally based on DDR2. Every graphics memory chip is directly connected to the GPU (point-to-point). The total GPU memory bus width varies with the number of memory chips and the number of lanes per chip. For example, GDDR5 specifies either 16 or 32 lanes per "device" (chip), while GDDR5X specifies 64 lanes per chip. Over the years, bus widths rose from 64-bit to 512-bit and beyond: e.g. HBM is 1024 bits wide.^[71] Because of this variability, graphics memory speeds are sometimes compared per pin. For direct comparison to the values for 64-bit modules shown above, video RAM is compared here in 64-lane lots, corresponding to two chips for those devices with 32-bit widths. In 2012, high-end GPUs used 8 or even 12 chips with 32 lanes each, for a total memory bus width of 256 or 384 bits. Combined with a transfer rate per pin of 5 GT/s or more, such cards could reach 240 GB/s or more.

RAM frequencies used for a given chip technology vary greatly. Where single values are given below, they are examples from high-end cards.^[72] Since many cards have more than one pair of chips, the total bandwidth is correspondingly higher. For example, high-end cards often have eight chips, each 32 bits wide, so the total bandwidth for such cards is four times the value given below.

Chip type	Module type	Memory clock	Transfers/s	Bandwidth
DDR	64 lanes	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
DDR2	64 lanes	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
GDDR3	64 lanes	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
GDDR4	64 lanes	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
GDDR5^[73]	64 lanes	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
GDDR5X^[74]	64 lanes	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
GDDR6	64 lanes	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
GDDR6X^[75]	64 lanes	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
HBM^[76]	1024 lanes (8 channels @ 128 lanes ea)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
HBM2^[76]	1024 lanes (8 channels @ 128 lanes ea)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
HBM2e^[77]	1024 lanes (8 channels @ 128 lanes ea)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
HBM3^[77]^[78]	1024 lanes (16 channels @ 64 lanes ea)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
HMC	128 lanes (8 links @ 16 lanes ea)	(internal)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
HMC2	64 lanes (4 links @ 16 lanes ea)	(internal)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Digital audio

Device	Rate
CD Audio (16-bit PCM)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
I²S	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". @ 24bit/48 kHz	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
AES/EBU	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". @ 24-bit/48 kHz	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
S/PDIF fs 48kHz	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
ADAT Lightpipe (Type I)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1.152 MB/s
AC'97	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
HDMI	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
DisplayPort	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Intel High Definition Audio rev. 1.0^[79]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". outbound; 24 Mbit/s inbound	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". outbound; 3 MB/s inbound
MADI	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Digital video interconnects

Data rates given are from the video source (e.g., video card) to receiving device (e.g., monitor) only. Out of band and reverse signaling channels are not included.

^a Uses 8b/10b encoding (20% coding overhead) ^b Uses 16b/18b encoding (11% overhead) ^c Uses 128b/132b encoding (3% overhead)

Notes

↑ NIST-Enhanced-WWVB-Broadcast-Format-sept-2012-Radio-Station-staff, By John Lowe, September 2012, nist.gov
↑ http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/2422.pdf Archived version
↑ TTY uses a Baudot code, not ASCII. This uses 5 bits per character instead of 8, plus one start and approx. 1.5 stop bits (7.5 total bits per character sent).
↑ "ITU-T Recommendation database". https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=2727.
↑ "A Brief History of Captioned Television". http://www.ncicap.org/caphist.asp.
↑ Morse can transport 26 alphabetic, 10 numeric and one interword gap plaintext symbols. Transmitting 37 different symbols requires 5.21 bits of information (2^5.21=37). A skilled operator encoding the benchmark "PARIS" plus an interword gap (equal to 31.26 bits) at 40 wpm is operating at an equivalence of 20.84 bit/s.
↑ WPM, or words per minute, is the number of times the word "PARIS" is transferred per minute. Strictly speaking the code is quinary, accounting inter-element, inter-letter, and inter-word gaps, yielding 50 binary elements (bits) per one word. Counting characters, including inter-word gaps, gives six characters per word or 240 characters per minute, and finally four characters per second.
↑ "Human Speech May Have a Universal Transmission Rate: 39 Bits Per Second" (in en). 2019-09-04. https://www.science.org/content/article/human-speech-may-have-universal-transmission-rate-39-bits-second.
↑ ^9.00 ^9.01 ^9.02 ^9.03 ^9.04 ^9.05 ^9.06 ^9.07 ^9.08 ^9.09 All modems are wrongly assumed to be in serial operation with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit (2 stop bits for 110-baud modems). Therefore, currently modems are wrongly calculated with transmission of 10 bits per 8-bit byte (11 bits for 110-baud modems). Although the serial port is nearly always used to connect a modem and has equivalent data rates, the protocols, modulations and error correction differ completely.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Modem Types and Timeline, Daxal Communications, 2003-12-16, http://www.surfthe.us/reference/modem-timeline.html, retrieved 2009-04-16
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 ^11.6 "ITU-T Recommendations: V Series: Data communication over the telephone network". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V/en.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 56K modems: V.90 and V.92 have just 5% overhead for the protocol signalling. The maximum capacity can only be achieved when the upstream (service provider) end of the connection is digital, i.e. a DS0 channel.
↑ Note that effective aggregate bandwidth for an ISDN installation is typically higher than the rates shown for a single channel due to the use of multiple channels. A basic rate interface (BRI) provides two "B" channels and one "D" channel. Each B channel provides 64 kBit/s bandwidth and the "D" channel carries signaling (call setup) information. B channels can be bonded to provide a 128 kbit/s data rate. Primary rate interfaces (PRI) vary depending on whether the region uses E1 (Europe, world) or T1 (North America) bearers. In E1 regions, the PRI carries 30 B-channels and one D-channel; in T1 regions the PRI carries 23 B-channels and one D-channel. The D-channel has different bandwidth on the two interfaces.
↑ Massey, David (2006-07-04), "Timeline of Telecommunications", Telephone Tribute, https://www.telephonetribute.com/timeline.html, retrieved 2009-04-16
↑ Adam.com.au
↑ "Recommendation G.991.1 (10/98)". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.991.1-199810-I/en.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 DOCSIS 1.0 includes technology which first became available around 1995–1996, and has since become very widely deployed. DOCSIS 1.1 introduces some security improvements and quality of service (QoS).
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 DOCSIS 2.0 specifications provide increased upstream throughput for symmetric services.
↑ "G.983.2". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.983.2/en.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 DOCSIS 3.0 includes support for channel bonding and IPv6.
↑ "G.984.4 : Gigabit-capable passive optical networks (G-PON)". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.984.4/en.
↑ DOCSIS 3.1 is currently in development by the Cablelabs Consortium
↑ "G.987 : 10-Gigabit-capable passive optical network (XG-PON) systems". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.987/en.
↑ "G.989 : 40-Gigabit-capable passive optical networks (NG-PON2)". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.989/en.
↑ Most operators only support up to 9600bit/s
↑ SDSL is available in various speeds.
↑ ADSL connections will vary in throughput from 64 kbit/s to several Mbit/s depending on configuration. Most are commonly below 2 Mbit/s. Some ADSL and SDSL connections have a higher digital bandwidth than T1 but their rate is not guaranteed, and will drop when the system gets overloaded, whereas the T1 type connections are usually guaranteed and have no contention ratios.
↑ Satellite internet may have a high bandwidth but also has a high latency due to the distance between the modem, satellite and hub. One-way satellite connections exist where all the downstream traffic is handled by satellite and the upstream traffic by land-based connections such as 56K modems and ISDN.
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 "MoCA 1.1 improves throughput" over coaxial cable to 175 Mbits/s versus the 100 Mbits/s provided by the MoCA 1.0 specification.
↑ FireWire natively supports TCP/IP, and is often used at an alternative to Ethernet when connecting 2 nodes. Tweaktown.com
↑ Data rate comparison between FW and Giganet shows that FW's lower overhead has nearly the same throughput as Giganet. Unibrain.com
↑ ^32.00 ^32.01 ^32.02 ^32.03 ^32.04 ^32.05 ^32.06 ^32.07 ^32.08 ^32.09 InfiniBand SDR, DDR and QDR use an 8b/10b encoding scheme.
↑ ^33.00 ^33.01 ^33.02 ^33.03 ^33.04 ^33.05 ^33.06 ^33.07 ^33.08 ^33.09 ^33.10 ^33.11 InfiniBand FDR-10, FDR and EDR use a 64b/66b encoding scheme.
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 ^34.2 Lee, Bill. "Chair of marketing working group". IBTA. http://blog.infinibandta.org/2015/12/14/infiniband-roadmap-%E2%80%93-charting-speeds-for-future-needs/.
↑ Mac History
↑ VAW: Apple IIgs Specs
↑ "After 35 years of I2C, I3C Improves Capability and Performance | Sensors and MEMS". http://eecatalog.com/sensors/2017/07/05/after-35-years-of-i2c-i3c-improves-capability-and-performance/.
↑ The Zorro II bus use 4 clocks per 16-Bit of data transferred. See the Zorro III technical specification for more information.
↑ Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in early NEC PC-9800 series and compatible systems
↑ STD 32 Bus Specification and Designer's Guide
↑ Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in later NEC PC-9800 series and compatible systems
↑ RISC System/6000 POWERstation/POWERserver 580
↑ Local Area Networks Newsletter by Paul Polishuk, September 1992, Page 7 (APbus used in Sony NeWS and NEC UP4800 workstations and NEC EWS4800 servers after VMEbus and before switch to PCI)
↑ Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in NEC PC-9821 series
↑ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that the theoretical max of the Zorro III bus can be derived by the timing information given in chapter 5 of the Zorro III technical specification .
↑ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, states in this posting that Zorro III is an asynchronous bus and therefore does not have a classical MHz rating. A maximum theoretical MHz value may be derived by examining timing constraints detailed in the Zorro III technical specification , which should yield about 37.5 MHz. No existing implementation performs to this level.
↑ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that Zorro III has a max burst rate of 150 MB/s.
↑ ^48.0 ^48.1 ^48.2 ^48.3 Note that PCI Express 1.0/2.0 lanes use an 8b/10b encoding scheme.
↑ ^49.0 ^49.1 ^49.2 ^49.3 PCIe 2.0 effectively doubles the bus standard's bandwidth from 2.5 GT/s to 5 GT/s
↑ ^50.0 ^50.1 ^50.2 ^50.3 ^50.4 PCIe 3.0 increases the bandwidth from 5 GT/s to 8 GT/s and switches to 128b-130b encoding
↑ Born, Eric (8 June 2017). "PCIe 4.0 specification finally out with 16 GT/s on tap". Tech Report. https://techreport.com/news/32064/pcie-4-0-specification-finally-out-with-16-gts-on-tap/.
↑ Smith, Ryan. "PCI-SIG Finalizes PCIe 5.0 Specification: x16 Slots to Reach 64GB/sec". https://www.anandtech.com/show/14447/pcisig-finalizes-pcie-50-specification.
↑ "PCI Express 6.0 Specification Finalized: X16 Slots to Reach 128GBps". https://www.anandtech.com/show/17203/pcie-60-specification-finalized-x16-slots-to-reach-128gbps.
↑ Intel LPC Interface Specification 1.1
↑ SCSI-1, SCSI-2 and SCSI-3 are signaling protocols and do not explicitly refer to a specific rate. Narrow SCSI exists using SCSI-1 and SCSI-2. Higher rates use SCSI-2 or later.
↑ minimum overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 14 byte AoE per 1024 byte user data
↑ minimum overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 20 byte IP, 20 byte TCP per 1460 byte user data
↑ ^58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 ^58.3 ^58.4 ^58.5 Fibre Channel 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC use an 8b/10b encoding scheme. Fibre Channel 10GFC, which uses a 64B/66B encoding scheme, is not compatible with 1GFC, 2GFC and 4GFC, and is used only to interconnect switches.
↑ ^59.0 ^59.1 minimum overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 14 byte AoE per 8192 byte user data
↑ ^60.0 ^60.1 ^60.2 minimum overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 20 byte IP, 20 byte TCP per 8960 byte user data
↑ ^61.0 ^61.1 ^61.2 ^61.3 ^61.4 ^61.5 SATA and SAS use an 8b/10b encoding scheme.
↑ ^62.0 ^62.1 minimum overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 36 byte FC per 2048 byte user data
↑ proprietary serial version of IEEE-488 by Commodore International
↑ "CCOM - Diskettenlaufwerke und Festplatten". http://cbmmuseum.kuto.de/floppy.html.
↑ ^65.0 ^65.1 ^65.2 FireWire (IEEE 1394b) uses an 8b/10b encoding scheme.
↑ Dent, Steve (26 July 2017). "USB 3.2 doubles your connection speeds with the same port". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2017/07/26/usb-3-2-doubles-your-connection-speeds-with-the-same-port/.
↑ "VITA - Online store product". https://www.vita.com/Sys/Store/Products/258953.
↑ Shilov, Anton. "USB4 Specification Announced: Adopting Thunderbolt 3 Protocol for 40 Gbps USB". https://www.anandtech.com/show/14048/usb4-specification-40-gbps-type-c-tb3.
↑ "USB Promoter Group Announces USB4® Version 2.0". https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220901005211/en/USB-Promoter-Group-Announces-USB4%C2%AE-Version-2.0.
↑ "RDRAM Memory Architecture". https://www.rambus.com/memory-and-interfaces/rdram-memory-architecture/.
↑ Comparison of AMD graphics processing units
↑ Comparison of Nvidia graphics processing units
↑ "GRAPHICS DOUBLE DATA RATE (GDDR5) SGRAM STANDARD JESD212C". JEDEC. 2016-02-01. https://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd212c.
↑ "GRAPHICS DOUBLE DATA RATE (GDDR5X) SGRAM STANDARD JESD232". JEDEC. 2015-11-01. https://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd232a.
↑ "Doubling I/O Performance with PAM4 - Micron Innovates GDDR6X to Accelerate Graphics Memory". https://media-www.micron.com/-/media/client/global/documents/products/technical-marketing-brief/gddr6x_pam4_2x_speed_tech_brief.
↑ ^76.0 ^76.1 Shilov, Anton (20 January 2016). "JEDEC Publishes HBM2 Specification". Anandtech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/9969/jedec-publishes-hbm2-specification.
↑ ^77.0 ^77.1 Harding, Scharon (15 April 2021). "What Are HBM, HBM2 and HBM2E? A Basic Definition". Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/glossary-hbm-hbm2-high-bandwidth-memory-definition,5889.html.
↑ Prickett Morgan, Timothy (6 April 2022). "The HBM3 roadmap is just getting started". TheNextPlatform. https://www.nextplatform.com/2022/04/06/the-hbm3-roadmap-is-just-getting-started/.
↑ High Definition Audio Specification, Revision 1.0a, 2010
↑ Videsignline.com, Panel display interfaces and bandwidth: From TTL, LVDS, TDMS to DisplayPort
↑ "HDMI 1.3. What you need to know.htm". http://www.octavainc.com/HDMI%201.3.htm.
↑ ^82.0 ^82.1 ^82.2 Displayport Technical Overview , May 2010
↑ "HDMI.org". http://www.hdmi.org/learningcenter/faq.aspx#12.
↑ "HDMI.org". http://www.hdmi.org/manufacturer/hdmi_2_0/hdmi_2_0_faq.aspx#119.
↑ "HDMI.org". http://www.hdmi.org/manufacturer/hdmi_2_1/index.aspx.
↑ "VESA Releases DisplayPort 2.1 Specification". https://vesa.org/featured-articles/vesa-releases-displayport-2-1-specification/.

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

External links

Interconnection Speeds Compared
LTE Categories 1
LTE Categories 2
Need for Speed: Theoretical Bandwidth Comparison – A graph illustrating digital bandwidths. Digital Silence, 2004 (archived).

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

[1] NIST-Enhanced-WWVB-Broadcast-Format-sept-2012-Radio-Station-staff, By John Lowe, September 2012, nist.gov

[2] ttp://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/2422.pdf Archived version

[3] TTY uses a Baudot code, not ASCII. This uses 5 bits per character instead of 8, plus one start and approx. 1.5 stop bits (7.5 total bits per character sent).

[4] "ITU-T Recommendation database". https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=2727.

[5] "A Brief History of Captioned Television". http://www.ncicap.org/caphist.asp.

[morse_bps-6] Morse can transport 26 alphabetic, 10 numeric and one interword gap plaintext symbols. Transmitting 37 different symbols requires 5.21 bits of information (2^5.21=37). A skilled operator encoding the benchmark "PARIS" plus an interword gap (equal to 31.26 bits) at 40 wpm is operating at an equivalence of 20.84 bit/s.

[morse_wpm-7] WPM, or words per minute, is the number of times the word "PARIS" is transferred per minute. Strictly speaking the code is quinary, accounting inter-element, inter-letter, and inter-word gaps, yielding 50 binary elements (bits) per one word. Counting characters, including inter-word gaps, gives six characters per word or 240 characters per minute, and finally four characters per second.

[8] "Human Speech May Have a Universal Transmission Rate: 39 Bits Per Second" (in en). 2019-09-04. https://www.science.org/content/article/human-speech-may-have-universal-transmission-rate-39-bits-second.

[modem-9] 9.00 ^9.01 ^9.02 ^9.03 ^9.04 ^9.05 ^9.06 ^9.07 ^9.08 ^9.09 All modems are wrongly assumed to be in serial operation with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit (2 stop bits for 110-baud modems). Therefore, currently modems are wrongly calculated with transmission of 10 bits per 8-bit byte (11 bits for 110-baud modems). Although the serial port is nearly always used to connect a modem and has equivalent data rates, the protocols, modulations and error correction differ completely.

[daxal-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Modem Types and Timeline, Daxal Communications, 2003-12-16, http://www.surfthe.us/reference/modem-timeline.html, retrieved 2009-04-16

[ITU_VSeries-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 ^11.6 "ITU-T Recommendations: V Series: Data communication over the telephone network". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V/en.

[56k-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 56K modems: V.90 and V.92 have just 5% overhead for the protocol signalling. The maximum capacity can only be achieved when the upstream (service provider) end of the connection is digital, i.e. a DS0 channel.

[isdn-13] Note that effective aggregate bandwidth for an ISDN installation is typically higher than the rates shown for a single channel due to the use of multiple channels. A basic rate interface (BRI) provides two "B" channels and one "D" channel. Each B channel provides 64 kBit/s bandwidth and the "D" channel carries signaling (call setup) information. B channels can be bonded to provide a 128 kbit/s data rate. Primary rate interfaces (PRI) vary depending on whether the region uses E1 (Europe, world) or T1 (North America) bearers. In E1 regions, the PRI carries 30 B-channels and one D-channel; in T1 regions the PRI carries 23 B-channels and one D-channel. The D-channel has different bandwidth on the two interfaces.

[massey-1-14] Massey, David (2006-07-04), "Timeline of Telecommunications", Telephone Tribute, https://www.telephonetribute.com/timeline.html, retrieved 2009-04-16

[15] Adam.com.au

[16] "Recommendation G.991.1 (10/98)". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.991.1-199810-I/en.

[DOCSIS_10-17] 17.0 ^17.1 DOCSIS 1.0 includes technology which first became available around 1995–1996, and has since become very widely deployed. DOCSIS 1.1 introduces some security improvements and quality of service (QoS).

[DOCSIS_20-18] 18.0 ^18.1 DOCSIS 2.0 specifications provide increased upstream throughput for symmetric services.

[19] "G.983.2". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.983.2/en.

[DOCSIS_30-20] 20.0 ^20.1 DOCSIS 3.0 includes support for channel bonding and IPv6.

[21] "G.984.4 : Gigabit-capable passive optical networks (G-PON)". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.984.4/en.

[DOCSIS_31-22] DOCSIS 3.1 is currently in development by the Cablelabs Consortium

[23] "G.987 : 10-Gigabit-capable passive optical network (XG-PON) systems". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.987/en.

[24] "G.989 : 40-Gigabit-capable passive optical networks (NG-PON2)". ITU. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.989/en.

[25] Most operators only support up to 9600bit/s

[26] SDSL is available in various speeds.

[27] ADSL connections will vary in throughput from 64 kbit/s to several Mbit/s depending on configuration. Most are commonly below 2 Mbit/s. Some ADSL and SDSL connections have a higher digital bandwidth than T1 but their rate is not guaranteed, and will drop when the system gets overloaded, whereas the T1 type connections are usually guaranteed and have no contention ratios.

[28] Satellite internet may have a high bandwidth but also has a high latency due to the distance between the modem, satellite and hub. One-way satellite connections exist where all the downstream traffic is handled by satellite and the upstream traffic by land-based connections such as 56K modems and ISDN.

[MoCA-29] 29.0 ^29.1 "MoCA 1.1 improves throughput" over coaxial cable to 175 Mbits/s versus the 100 Mbits/s provided by the MoCA 1.0 specification.

[30] FireWire natively supports TCP/IP, and is often used at an alternative to Ethernet when connecting 2 nodes. Tweaktown.com

[31] Data rate comparison between FW and Giganet shows that FW's lower overhead has nearly the same throughput as Giganet. Unibrain.com

[infiniband-32] 32.00 ^32.01 ^32.02 ^32.03 ^32.04 ^32.05 ^32.06 ^32.07 ^32.08 ^32.09 InfiniBand SDR, DDR and QDR use an 8b/10b encoding scheme.

[infiniband64-33] 33.00 ^33.01 ^33.02 ^33.03 ^33.04 ^33.05 ^33.06 ^33.07 ^33.08 ^33.09 ^33.10 ^33.11 InfiniBand FDR-10, FDR and EDR use a 64b/66b encoding scheme.

[infinibandta-blog-34] 34.0 ^34.1 ^34.2 Lee, Bill. "Chair of marketing working group". IBTA. http://blog.infinibandta.org/2015/12/14/infiniband-roadmap-%E2%80%93-charting-speeds-for-future-needs/.

[35] Mac History

[36] VAW: Apple IIgs Specs

[37] "After 35 years of I2C, I3C Improves Capability and Performance | Sensors and MEMS". http://eecatalog.com/sensors/2017/07/05/after-35-years-of-i2c-i3c-improves-capability-and-performance/.

[38] The Zorro II bus use 4 clocks per 16-Bit of data transferred. See the Zorro III technical specification for more information.

[39] Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in early NEC PC-9800 series and compatible systems

[40] STD 32 Bus Specification and Designer's Guide

[41] Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in later NEC PC-9800 series and compatible systems

[42] RISC System/6000 POWERstation/POWERserver 580

[43] Local Area Networks Newsletter by Paul Polishuk, September 1992, Page 7 (APbus used in Sony NeWS and NEC UP4800 workstations and NEC EWS4800 servers after VMEbus and before switch to PCI)

[44] Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in NEC PC-9821 series

[45] Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that the theoretical max of the Zorro III bus can be derived by the timing information given in chapter 5 of the Zorro III technical specification .

[46] Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, states in this posting that Zorro III is an asynchronous bus and therefore does not have a classical MHz rating. A maximum theoretical MHz value may be derived by examining timing constraints detailed in the Zorro III technical specification , which should yield about 37.5 MHz. No existing implementation performs to this level.

[47] Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that Zorro III has a max burst rate of 150 MB/s.

[pci-e-48] 48.0 ^48.1 ^48.2 ^48.3 Note that PCI Express 1.0/2.0 lanes use an 8b/10b encoding scheme.

[pci-e2-49] 49.0 ^49.1 ^49.2 ^49.3 PCIe 2.0 effectively doubles the bus standard's bandwidth from 2.5 GT/s to 5 GT/s

[pci-e3-50] 50.0 ^50.1 ^50.2 ^50.3 ^50.4 PCIe 3.0 increases the bandwidth from 5 GT/s to 8 GT/s and switches to 128b-130b encoding

[51] Born, Eric (8 June 2017). "PCIe 4.0 specification finally out with 16 GT/s on tap". Tech Report. https://techreport.com/news/32064/pcie-4-0-specification-finally-out-with-16-gts-on-tap/.

[52] Smith, Ryan. "PCI-SIG Finalizes PCIe 5.0 Specification: x16 Slots to Reach 64GB/sec". https://www.anandtech.com/show/14447/pcisig-finalizes-pcie-50-specification.

[53] "PCI Express 6.0 Specification Finalized: X16 Slots to Reach 128GBps". https://www.anandtech.com/show/17203/pcie-60-specification-finalized-x16-slots-to-reach-128gbps.

[lpc-spec-54] Intel LPC Interface Specification 1.1

[55] SCSI-1, SCSI-2 and SCSI-3 are signaling protocols and do not explicitly refer to a specific rate. Narrow SCSI exists using SCSI-1 and SCSI-2. Higher rates use SCSI-2 or later.

[AoE_1500-56] um overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 14 byte AoE per 1024 byte user data

[iSCSI_1500-57] um overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 20 byte IP, 20 byte TCP per 1460 byte user data

[fibre-58] 58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 ^58.3 ^58.4 ^58.5 Fibre Channel 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC use an 8b/10b encoding scheme. Fibre Channel 10GFC, which uses a 64B/66B encoding scheme, is not compatible with 1GFC, 2GFC and 4GFC, and is used only to interconnect switches.

[AoE_9000-59] 59.0 ^59.1 minimum overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 14 byte AoE per 8192 byte user data

[iSCSI_9000-60] 60.0 ^60.1 ^60.2 minimum overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 20 byte IP, 20 byte TCP per 8960 byte user data

[satasas-61] 61.0 ^61.1 ^61.2 ^61.3 ^61.4 ^61.5 SATA and SAS use an 8b/10b encoding scheme.

[FCoE-62] 62.0 ^62.1 minimum overhead is 38 byte L1/L2, 36 byte FC per 2048 byte user data

[63] roprietary serial version of IEEE-488 by Commodore International

[64] "CCOM - Diskettenlaufwerke und Festplatten". http://cbmmuseum.kuto.de/floppy.html.

[firewireb-65] 65.0 ^65.1 ^65.2 FireWire (IEEE 1394b) uses an 8b/10b encoding scheme.

[66] Dent, Steve (26 July 2017). "USB 3.2 doubles your connection speeds with the same port". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2017/07/26/usb-3-2-doubles-your-connection-speeds-with-the-same-port/.

[67] "VITA - Online store product". https://www.vita.com/Sys/Store/Products/258953.

[68] Shilov, Anton. "USB4 Specification Announced: Adopting Thunderbolt 3 Protocol for 40 Gbps USB". https://www.anandtech.com/show/14048/usb4-specification-40-gbps-type-c-tb3.

[69] "USB Promoter Group Announces USB4® Version 2.0". https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220901005211/en/USB-Promoter-Group-Announces-USB4%C2%AE-Version-2.0.

[70] "RDRAM Memory Architecture". https://www.rambus.com/memory-and-interfaces/rdram-memory-architecture/.

[71] Comparison of AMD graphics processing units

[72] Comparison of Nvidia graphics processing units

[73] "GRAPHICS DOUBLE DATA RATE (GDDR5) SGRAM STANDARD JESD212C". JEDEC. 2016-02-01. https://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd212c.

[74] "GRAPHICS DOUBLE DATA RATE (GDDR5X) SGRAM STANDARD JESD232". JEDEC. 2015-11-01. https://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd232a.

[75] "Doubling I/O Performance with PAM4 - Micron Innovates GDDR6X to Accelerate Graphics Memory". https://media-www.micron.com/-/media/client/global/documents/products/technical-marketing-brief/gddr6x_pam4_2x_speed_tech_brief.

[HBM2_anand-76] 76.0 ^76.1 Shilov, Anton (20 January 2016). "JEDEC Publishes HBM2 Specification". Anandtech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/9969/jedec-publishes-hbm2-specification.

[hbm2e_toms-77] 77.0 ^77.1 Harding, Scharon (15 April 2021). "What Are HBM, HBM2 and HBM2E? A Basic Definition". Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/glossary-hbm-hbm2-high-bandwidth-memory-definition,5889.html.

[hbm3_next-78] Prickett Morgan, Timothy (6 April 2022). "The HBM3 roadmap is just getting started". TheNextPlatform. https://www.nextplatform.com/2022/04/06/the-hbm3-roadmap-is-just-getting-started/.

[hda1-79] High Definition Audio Specification, Revision 1.0a, 2010

[LDI-80] Videsignline.com, Panel display interfaces and bandwidth: From TTL, LVDS, TDMS to DisplayPort

[HDMI1.0-81] "HDMI 1.3. What you need to know.htm". http://www.octavainc.com/HDMI%201.3.htm.

[displayport-82] 82.0 ^82.1 ^82.2 Displayport Technical Overview , May 2010

[HDMI1.3-83] "HDMI.org". http://www.hdmi.org/learningcenter/faq.aspx#12.

[HDMI2.0-84] "HDMI.org". http://www.hdmi.org/manufacturer/hdmi_2_0/hdmi_2_0_faq.aspx#119.

[HDMI2.1-85] "HDMI.org". http://www.hdmi.org/manufacturer/hdmi_2_1/index.aspx.

[DisplayPort2.1-86] "VESA Releases DisplayPort 2.1 Specification". https://vesa.org/featured-articles/vesa-releases-displayport-2-1-specification/.

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Technology	Rate		Year
Teletype Model 33 paper tape	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1963
TRS-80 Model 1 Level 1 BASIC cassette tape interface	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1977
C2N Commodore Datasette 1530 cassette tape interface	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1977
Apple II cassette tape interface	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1977
Amstrad CPC tape	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1984
Single Density 8-inch FM Floppy Disk Controller (160 KB)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1973
Single Density 5.25-inch FM Floppy Disk Controller (180 KB)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1978
High Density MFM Floppy Disk Controller (1.2 MB/1.44 MB)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1984
CD Controller (1×)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1988
MFM hard disk	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1980
RLL hard disk	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
DVD Controller (1×)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
ESDI	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
ATA PIO Mode 0	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1986
HD DVD Controller (1×)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Blu-ray Controller (1×)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
SCSI (Narrow SCSI) (5 MHz)^[55]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1986
ATA PIO Mode 1	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1994
ATA PIO Mode 2	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1994
Fast SCSI (8 bits/10 MHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
ATA PIO Mode 3	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1996
AoE over Fast Ethernet^[56]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2009
iSCSI over Fast Ethernet^[57]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2004
ATA PIO Mode 4	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1996
Fast Wide SCSI (16 bits/10 MHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ultra SCSI (Fast-20 SCSI) (8 bits/20 MHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
SD (High Speed)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ultra DMA ATA 33	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1998
Ultra Wide SCSI (16 bits/20 MHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ultra-2 SCSI 40 (Fast-40 SCSI) (8 bits/40 MHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
SDHC/SDXC/SDUC (UHS-I Full Duplex)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ultra DMA ATA 66	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2000
Blu-ray Controller (16×)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ultra-2 wide SCSI (16 bits/40 MHz)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Serial Storage Architecture SSA	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1990
Ultra DMA ATA 100	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2002
Fibre Channel 1GFC (1.0625 GHz)^[58]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1997
AoE over gigabit Ethernet, jumbo frames^[59]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2009
iSCSI over gigabit Ethernet, jumbo frames^[60]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2004
Ultra DMA ATA 133	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2005
SDHC/SDXC/SDUC (UHS-II Full Duplex)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Ultra-3 SCSI (Ultra 160 SCSI; Fast-80 Wide SCSI) (16 bits/40 MHz DDR)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
SATA revision 1.0^[61]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2003
Fibre Channel 2GFC (2.125 GHz)^[58]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2001
Ultra-320 SCSI (Ultra4 SCSI) (16 bits/80 MHz DDR)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-1^[61]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2004
SATA Revision 2.0^[61]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2004
SDHC/SDXC/SDUC (UHS-III Full Duplex)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Fibre Channel 4GFC (4.25 GHz)^[58]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2004
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-2^[61]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2009
SATA Revision 3.0^[61]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2008
Fibre Channel 8GFC (8.50 GHz)^[58]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2005
SDHC/SDXC/SDUC (SD Express)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
AoE over 10GbE^[59]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2009
iSCSI over 10GbE^[60]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2004
FCoE over 10GbE^[62]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2009
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-3^[61]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2013
Fibre Channel 16GFC (14.025 GHz)^[58]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[b]	2011
SATA Express	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2013
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-4	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[c]	2017
UFS (version 3.0)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2018
Fibre Channel 32GFC (28.05 GHz)^[58]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[b]	2016
NVMe over M.2 or U.2 (using PCI Express 3.0 ×4 link)^[50]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2013
iSCSI over InfiniBand 4×	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2007
NVMe over M.2 or U.2 (using PCI Express 4.0 ×4 link)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2017
iSCSI over 100G Ethernet^[60]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2010
FCoE over 100G Ethernet^[62]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2010
NVMe over M.2, U.2, U.3 or EDSFF (using PCI Express 5.0 ×4 link)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2019

Technology	Rate		Year
Apple Desktop Bus	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1986
PS/2 port	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1987
Serial MIDI	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1983
CBM Bus max^[63]^[64]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1981
Serial RS-232 max	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1962
Serial DMX512A	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1998
Parallel (Centronics/IEEE 1284)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1994 1970 (standardized 1994)
Serial 16550 UART max	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
USB 1.0 low speed	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1996
Serial UART max	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
GPIB/HPIB (IEEE-488.1) IEEE-488 max.	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1976 Late 1960s (standardized 1976)
Serial EIA-422 max.	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
USB 1.0 full speed	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1996
Parallel (Centronics/IEEE 1284) EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1992
Parallel (Centronics/IEEE 1284) ECP (Extended Capability Port)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1994
Serial EIA-485 max.	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
GPIB/HPIB (IEEE-488.1-2003) IEEE-488 max.	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
FireWire (IEEE 1394) 100	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1995
FireWire (IEEE 1394) 200	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1995
FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	1995
USB 2.0 high speed	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2000
FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 800^[65]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2002
Fibre Channel 1 Gb SCSI	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 1600^[65]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2007
Fibre Channel 2 Gb SCSI	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
eSATA (SATA 300)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2004
CoaXPress Base (up and down bidirectional link)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". + Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2009
FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 3200^[65]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2007
External PCI Express 2.0 ×1	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Fibre Channel 4 Gb SCSI	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
USB 3.0 SuperSpeed (aka USB 3.1 Gen 1)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2010
eSATA (SATA 600)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2011
CoaXPress full (up and down bidirectional link)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". + Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2009
External PCI Express 2.0 ×2	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
USB 3.1 SuperSpeed+ (aka USB 3.1 Gen 2)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2013
External PCI Express 2.0 ×4	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Thunderbolt	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". 2 × Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	align=right \| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". 2 × Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2011
USB 3.2 SuperSpeed+^[66] (aka USB 3.2 Gen 2×2)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2017
Thunderbolt 2	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2013
FPGA Mezzanine Card Plus (FMC+)^[67]	28 Gbit/s	3.5 GB/s	2019
External PCI Express 2.0 ×8	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
USB4 Gen 3×2^[68]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2019
Thunderbolt 3 two links	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2015
Thunderbolt 4	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2020
External PCI Express 2.0 ×16	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
USB4 Gen 4×2^[69]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2022
USB4 Gen 4×2 Asymmetric	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2022

Device	Rate		Year
HD-SDI (SMPTE 292M)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Camera Link Base (single) 24-bit 85 MHz	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
LVDS Display Interface^[80]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
3G-SDI (SMPTE 424M)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2006
Single link DVI	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	1999
HDMI 1.0^[81]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2002
Camera Link full (dual) 64-bit 85 MHz	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
6G-SDI (SMPTE 2081)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2015
DisplayPort 1.0 (4-lane Reduced Bit Rate)^[82]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2006
Dual link DVI	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	1999
Thunderbolt	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". 2 × Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	align=right \| Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". 2 × Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2011
HDMI 1.3^[83]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2006
Dual High-Speed LVDS Display Interface	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
DisplayPort 1.0 (4-lane High Bit Rate)^[82]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2006
12G-SDI (SMPTE 2082)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2015
HDMI 2.0^[84]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2013
Thunderbolt 2	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2013
DisplayPort 1.2 (4-lane High Bit Rate 2)^[82]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2009
DisplayPort 1.3 (4-lane High Bit Rate 3)	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[a]	2014 (2016)
DisplayPort 1.4/1.4a	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2016 (2018)
superMHL	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2015
Thunderbolt 3	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2015
HDMI 2.1^[85]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[b]	2017
DisplayPort 2.0/2.1 (4-lane)^[86]	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". ^[c]	2019 (2022)
SMPTE 2110 over 100 Gigabit Ethernet	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".	2017

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