Chemistry:Biofertilizer

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A biofertilizer is a substance containing living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.[1] Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. The micro-organisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Biofertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, but they are not yet able to replace their use. As of 2024, more than 340 biofertilizer products have been approved for commercial use in the US.[2]

Composition

Biofertilizers provide "eco-friendly" organic agro-inputs. Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and blue-green algae (BGA) are perhaps the species with the longest history of use as biofertilizers. Rhizobium inoculant is used for leguminous crops. Azotobacter can be used with crops like wheat, maize, mustard, cotton, potato, and other vegetable crops. Azospirillum inoculations are recommended mainly for sorghum, millets, maize, sugarcane, and wheat. Blue-green algae belonging to the cyanobacteria genera Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix, and Aulosira fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as inoculants for paddy crops grown in both upland and lowland conditions. Anabaena, in association with the water fern Azolla, can contribute nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha/season and can also enrich soils with organic matter.[3][4] Seaweeds are rich in various types of mineral elements (potassium, phosphorus, trace elements, etc.), hence they are extensively used as a form of manure replacement by people of coastal districts. Seaweed-fertilizer also helps in breaking down clays.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024} as a biofertilizer on a large scale.[citation needed] In tropical countries, the bottom mu ndant blue-green algae is regularly used as biofertilizer in fields.[citation needed]

Mycorrhizal fungi promote bioavailability of nutrients for plants

Bacteria

Plant-Growth Promoting Microorganisms:

Fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi such as:

Vermicompost-tea is often used in organic farming as biofertilizer.

Archaea

Organic matter

  • Compost is commonly used as biofertilizers. It can be used directly on the soil or by using compost-derived products such as extracts or compost-tea made by fermenting compost mass. Vermicompost-based innoculants proposed by permaculture methods, Korean natural farming and JADAM[13] are examples of biofertilizers. "Seed balls" using a mixture of clay and compost proposed by the Fukuoka Method could also be seen as biofertilizer. Mixtures of compost with other organic materials such as Chitosan (which helps elicit plant defense),[14] or non-organic materials such as Montmorillonite-Illite clay and Diatomaceous earth are also often used to increase the minerals to support organism growth.
  • Manure
  • Duckweed[15]
Kelp has very high nutrient density

Seaweed and blue green algae:

Duckweed has been studied as a biofertilizer

Cyanobacteria:

Mechanisms

Biofertilizers work through multiple mechanisms. Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizae are generally thought to increase the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen,[17] convert inorganic phosphorus compounds into soluble forms, increase the bioavailability of minerals in the soil,[18] and synthesize phytohormones that promote growth, such as auxins and gibberellin.[7][11] Another mechanism proposed is the AAC-deaminase production of Bacillus species, which prevents excessive increases in the synthesis of ethylene under various stress conditions.[19]

Benefits

Biofertilizers are cost-effective and ecofriendly in nature, and their continuous usage has been shown to enhance soil fertility.[20] Besides promoting growth by multiple mechanisms, biofertilizers produces substances suppressing phytopathogens, guarding plants from abiotic and biotic stresses and detoxification of belowground pollutants.[21] Extensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural practices has been found to cause environmental disturbances and public health hazards affecting food security and sustainability in agriculture.[22] Biofertilizers offers an alternative solution for such agrochemicals, and show yield increase of up to about 10–40% by increasing protein contents, essential amino acids, and vitamins, and by nitrogen fixation.[20]

Since a bio-fertilizer is technically living, it can symbiotically associate with plant roots. Involved microorganisms could readily and safely convert complex organic material into simple compounds, so that they are easily taken up by the plants. Microorganism function is in long duration, causing improvement of the soil fertility. It maintains the natural habitat of the soil. It increases crop yield by 20-30%, replaces chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 30%, and stimulates plant growth. It can also provide protection against drought and some soil-borne diseases. It has also been shown that to produce a larger quantity of crops, biofertilizers with the ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilizing would lead to the greatest possible effect.[23] They advance shoot and root growth of many crops versus control groups.[24] This can be important when implementing new seed growth.

Future Research

Biofertilizers have been shown to have varying effects in different environments,[25] and even within the same environment. This is something that many scientists have been working on, however there is no perfect solution at this time. They however, have been shown to have the most profound effects in drier climates.[23] In the future, it is hoped that biofertilizers effects will be better controlled and regulated in all environments, as well as analysis targeted at specific species.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vessey, J. Kevin (2003). "Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers". Plant and Soil 255 (2): 571–586. doi:10.1023/A:1026037216893. Bibcode: 2003PlSoi.255..571V. 
  2. ↑ "Microbe-containing Products Advertised to Enhance Crop Growth | Vegetable Production Systems Laboratory". https://u.osu.edu/vegprolab/microbe-containing-products-advertised-to-enhance-crop-growth/. 
  3. ↑ "Listing 17 bio-fertilizer microbes and their effects on the soil and plant health functions". Explogrow. 15 June 2016. http://explogrow.com/agri-beneficial-microbes-and-effects-of-organic-bio-fertiliser-on-soil-plant-and-disease. 
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". http://eprints.ru.ac.za/36/1/Kiguli.PDF. 
  5. ↑ Soe, Khin Myat; Yamakawa, Takeo (2013-06-01). "Evaluation of effective Myanmar Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Myanmar soybean and effects of coinoculation with Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 for nitrogen fixation". Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 59 (3): 361–370. doi:10.1080/00380768.2013.794437. ISSN 0038-0768. Bibcode: 2013SSPN...59..361S. 
  6. ↑ "Bio-encapsulation of microbial cells for targeted agricultural delivery". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 31 (3): 211–226. September 2011. doi:10.3109/07388551.2010.513327. PMID 20879835. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Brambilla, Silvina; Stritzler, Margarita; Soto, Gabriela; Ayub, Nicolas (2022-12-01). "A synthesis of functional contributions of rhizobacteria to growth promotion in diverse crops". Rhizosphere 24. doi:10.1016/j.rhisph.2022.100611. ISSN 2452-2198. Bibcode: 2022Rhizo..2400611B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452219822001410. 
  8. ↑ Aasfar, Abderrahim; Bargaz, Adnane; Yaakoubi, Kaoutar; Hilali, Abderraouf; Bennis, Iman; Zeroual, Youssef; Meftah Kadmiri, Issam (2021-02-25). "Nitrogen Fixing Azotobacter Species as Potential Soil Biological Enhancers for Crop Nutrition and Yield Stability" (in en). Frontiers in Microbiology 12. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.628379. ISSN 1664-302X. PMID 33717018. 
  9. ↑ Ahmed, Sohail; Hassan, Babar; Farooq, Muhammad Umer (December 2018). "Effect of biofertilizers and diatomaceous earth on life and movement of subterranean termites under laboratory conditions" (in en). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38 (4): 348–352. doi:10.1017/S1742758418000103. ISSN 1742-7584. Bibcode: 2018IJTIS..38..348A. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1742758418000103/type/journal_article. 
  10. ↑ Klinsukon, Chaiya; Ekprasert, Jindarat; Boonlue, Sophon (December 2021). "Using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Gigaspora margarita) as a growth promoter and biocontrol of leaf blight disease in eucalyptus seedlings caused by Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum". Rhizosphere 20. doi:10.1016/j.rhisph.2021.100450. ISSN 2452-2198. Bibcode: 2021Rhizo..2000450K. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2021.100450. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Wang, Xueling; Chi, Yongkuan; Song, Shuzhen (2024-03-25). "Important soil microbiota's effects on plants and" (in en). Frontiers in Microbiology 15. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1347745. ISSN 1664-302X. PMID 38591030. 
  12. ↑ Song, Geun Cheol; Im, Hyunjoo; Jung, Jihye; Lee, Soohyun; Jung, Man-Young; Rhee, Sung-Keun; Ryu, Choong-Min (March 2019). "Plant growth-promoting archaea trigger induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pseudomonas syringae" (in en). Environmental Microbiology 21 (3): 940–948. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14486. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 30461142. Bibcode: 2019EnvMi..21..940S. https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1462-2920.14486. 
  13. ↑ "JADAM Organic Farming" (in ko). http://en.jadam.kr/. 
  14. ↑ Guo, Jia; Cheng, Yulin (January 2022). "Advances in Fungal Elicitor-Triggered Plant Immunity" (in en). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 (19): 12003. doi:10.3390/ijms231912003. ISSN 1422-0067. PMID 36233304. 
  15. ↑ Li, Jun; Otero-Gonzalez, Lila; Lens, Piet N.L.; Ferrer, Ivet; Du Laing, Gijs (December 2022). "Assessment of selenium and zinc enriched sludge and duckweed as slow-release micronutrient biofertilizers for Phaseolus vulgaris growth". Journal of Environmental Management 324. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116397. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 36208519. Bibcode: 2022JEnvM.32416397L. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116397. 
  16. ↑ Xu, Qiyu; Zhu, Tao; Zhao, Ruifeng; Zhao, Yang; Duan, Yangkai; Liu, Xiang; Luan, Guodong; Hu, Ruibo et al. (2023-12-05). "Arthrospira promotes plant growth and soil properties under high salinity environments" (in en). Frontiers in Plant Science 14. doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1293958. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 38116155. 
  17. ↑ Zakry, Fitri Abdul Aziz; Shamsuddin, Zulkifli H.; Abdul Rahim, Khairuddin; Zawawi Zakaria, Zin; Abdul Rahim, Anuar (2012). "Inoculation of Bacillus sphaericus UPMB-10 to Young Oil Palm and Measurement of Its Uptake of Fixed Nitrogen Using the 15N Isotope Dilution Technique". Microbes and Environments 27 (3): 257–262. doi:10.1264/jsme2.ME11309. PMID 22446306. PMC 4036051. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsme2/27/3/27_ME11309/_article. 
  18. ↑ Riaz, Umair; Murtaza, Ghulam; Anum, Wajiha; Samreen, Tayyaba; Sarfraz, Muhammad; Nazir, Muhammad Zulqernain (2021), Hakeem, Khalid Rehman; Dar, Gowhar Hamid; Mehmood, Mohammad Aneesul et al., eds., "Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as Biofertilizers and Biopesticides" (in en), Microbiota and Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Continuum for Plant and Soil Health (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 181–196, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48771-3_11, ISBN 978-3-030-48771-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48771-3_11, retrieved 2024-08-02 
  19. ↑ Orozco-Mosqueda, Ma. del Carmen; Glick, Bernard R.; Santoyo, Gustavo (2020-05-01). "ACC deaminase in plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB): An efficient mechanism to counter salt stress in crops". Microbiological Research 235. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2020.126439. ISSN 0944-5013. PMID 32097862. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944501320300173. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Daniel, Augustine Innalegwu; Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun; Gokul, Arun; Bakare, Olalekan Olanrewaju; Aina, Omolola; Fisher, Stacey; Burt, Adam Frank; Mavumengwana, Vuyo et al. (June 2022). "Biofertilizer: The Future of Food Security and Food Safety" (in en). Microorganisms 10 (6): 1220. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10061220. ISSN 2076-2607. PMID 35744738. 
  21. ↑ Mącik, Mateusz; Gryta, Agata; Frąc, Magdalena (2020), Biofertilizers in agriculture: An overview on concepts, strategies and effects on soil microorganisms, Advances in Agronomy, 162, Elsevier, pp. 31–87, doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2020.02.001, ISBN 978-0-12-820767-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2020.02.001, retrieved 2024-08-02 
  22. ↑ Punia, Abhay; Dehal, Lipsa; Chauhan, Nalini Singh (2023), Ogwu, Matthew Chidozie; Chibueze Izah, Sylvester, eds., "Evidence of the Toxic Potentials of Agrochemicals on Human Health and Biodiversity" (in en), One Health Implications of Agrochemicals and their Sustainable Alternatives (Singapore: Springer Nature): pp. 105–135, doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3439-3_4, ISBN 978-981-99-3439-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3439-3_4, retrieved 2024-08-02 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Schütz, Lukas; Gattinger, Andreas; Meier, Matthias; Müller, Adrian; Boller, Thomas; Mäder, Paul; Mathimaran, Natarajan (2018-01-12). "Improving Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency via Biofertilization—A Global Meta-analysis". Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 2204. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.02204. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 29375594. 
  24. ↑ Htwe, Aung Zaw; Moh, Seinn Moh; Soe, Khin Myat; Moe, Kyi; Yamakawa, Takeo (February 2019). "Effects of Biofertilizer Produced from Bradyrhizobium and Streptomyces griseoflavus on Plant Growth, Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation, Nutrient Uptake, and Seed Yield of Mung Bean, Cowpea, and Soybean" (in en). Agronomy 9 (2): 77. doi:10.3390/agronomy9020077. 
  25. ↑ Brookshire, E. N. J.; Wurzburger, Nina; Currey, Bryce; Menge, Duncan N. L.; Oatham, Michael P.; Roberts, Carlton (20 May 2019). "Symbiotic N fixation is sufficient to support net aboveground biomass accumulation in a humid tropical forest". Scientific Reports 9 (1): 7571. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43962-5. PMID 31110241. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...9.7571B. 



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