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{{Short description|Class of ancient Jewish papyri}}
'''Jewish magical papyri''' are a subclass of papyri with specific Jewish magical uses, and which shed light on popular belief during the late Second Temple Period and after in Late Antiquity. A related category of contemporary evidence are '''Jewish magical inscriptions''', typically on amulets, ostraca, and incantation bowls.

==Jewish magic==
Although magic was forbidden by Levitical law in the [[Religion:Hebrew Bible|Hebrew Bible]], it was widely practised in the late Second Temple period, and particularly well documented in the period following the destruction of the temple into the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries C.E.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Belser|first=Julia Watts|title=Book Review: Gideon Bohak, Ancient Jewish Magic|url=https://www.academia.edu/1798780|language=en}}</ref><ref>Gideon Bohak ''Ancient Jewish magic: a history'' 2008</ref><ref>Clinton Wahlen ''Jesus and the impurity of spirits in the Synoptic Gospels'' 2004 p19 "The Jewish magical papyri and incantation bowls may also shed light on our investigation.79 However, the fact that all of these sources are generally dated from the third to fifth centuries and beyond requires us to exercise particular ..."</ref> Jewish and Samaritan magicians appear in the [[Religion:New Testament|New Testament]], Acts of the Apostles, and also in the works of Josephus, such as Atomos, a Jewish magician of Cyprus (''Antiquities of the Jews'' 20:142).

==Papyri texts==
The language of the papyri may be:
* Aramaic, as in Bodleian Heb.d83, a small fragment intended for placement in a metal magical amulet, found in Oxyrhynchus with twelve lines with an invocation "by the eye of Shemihaza" "for a dog to bite someone".<ref>Gideon Bohak ''Ancient Jewish magic: a history'' 2008 Page 166 "... let us examine three specific instances of Jewish magical papyri, and see what they might contribute to the study of Jewish magic in late antiquity:</ref>
* [[Social:Greek language|Greek]], as a subset of the [[Unsolved:Greek Magical Papyri|Greek Magical Papyri]] catalogued by Karl Preisendanz and others.<ref>''The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells'' Hans Dieter Betz - 1997 from Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die griechischen Zauberpapyri, herausgegeben und übersetzt von Karl Preisendanz, vol. I (Leipzig: Teubner, 1928), vol. ... On Jewish magic and related bibliography, see L. Blau, Das altjudische Zauberwesen</ref>
* [[Social:Hebrew language|Hebrew]], as Louvre E7020, which relates to Jewish Merkaba literature and angelic liturgy.<ref>Bohak, p167</ref>

Jewish magical papyri supplement the evidences for angelology found in early rabbinic material, for example in identifying the existence of a national angel named Israel.<ref>Bentley Layton ''Studies in the History of Religions'' Volume 22 1972 Page 291 "The existence of an angel Israel is implied in both hellenistic (Jewish) magical papyri and in late Jewish mystical literature, in rabbinic material concerning the name of the angel with whom Jacob wrestled and in Hekhaloth literature ..." reprinted in ''Map is not territory: studies in the history of religions'' ed Jonathan Z. Smith - 1993</ref>

The character of Jewish magical papyri is often syncretic.<ref>Howard Jacobson ''The Exagoge of Ezekiel'' 2009 "Greco-Jewish magical papyri invoke God and Helios in virtually the same breath."</ref> Some "Jewish magical papyri" may not themselves be Jewish but syncretic invocations of the Tetragrammaton by non-Jews.<ref>G. H. Parke-Taylor - 1975 "The use made of divine names in the semi-Jewish magical papyri of the first four or five centuries is evidence of the way in which potential magical tendencies within the divine name found expression. The sixth century also yields ..."</ref>

==Amulet and incantation bowl inscriptions==
Although not technically "papyri", inscriptions on amulets and [[Unsolved:Incantation bowl|incantation bowl]]s offer context. Jewish incantation bowls were collected most notably by Shlomo Moussaieff and the inscriptions analysed by Dan Levene (2002).<ref>In the name of Jesus: exorcism among early Christians p41  Graham H. Twelftree - 2007 CMB 2: two of the twenty Jewish Aramaic bowls Levene transcribes and discusses offered protection against curses and oaths in general, two were for protection against the malicious magic of named enemies, two others were dispensed for ..</ref>

==Importance for research==
The discovery, primarily during the heyday of [[Social:Near Eastern archaeology|Near Eastern archaeology]] in the late 19th century, and subsequent interpretation and cataloguing, primarily during the early 20th century, has been followed by incorporation into academic research which has allowed Jewish magical papyri and magical inscriptions a supplemental role to major sources such as [[Religion:Pseudepigrapha|Pseudepigrapha]], [[Religion:Apocrypha|Apocrypha]], Dead Sea Scrolls, [[Biography:Philo|Philo]], Josephus, the [[Religion:New Testament|New Testament]], and the Talmud.<ref>Jacob Neusner ''Religion, literature, and society in ancient Israel, formative Christianity and Judaism'' University Press of America  Volume 2- 1987 "As my introductions to each section in this corpus clarifies, the documents help solidify the importance of Philo, Josephus, the Old Testament Apocrypha, the Qumran Scrolls, and Jewish Magical Papyri"</ref><ref>Craig A. Evans, Emanuel Tov ''Exploring the origins of the Bible: canon formation in historical Literary, and Theological Perspective'' Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology  2008 "Now, thanks to research by Jews and Christians on the Pseudepigrapha, Apocrypha, Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, the New Testament, the Jewish magical papyri, inscriptions, and rabbinics, we know that the following is correct about ... "</ref>

==See also==
*[[Unsolved:Greek Magical Papyri|Greek Magical Papyri]]
*[[Religion:Practical Kabbalah|Practical Kabbalah]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Books about magic]]
[[Category:Language and mysticism]]

{{Sourceattribution|Jewish magical papyri}}