View source for Social:Stateless nation

{{Short description|Ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state}}
A '''stateless nation''' is an [[Social:Ethnicity|ethnic group]] or [[Earth:Nation|nation]] that does not possess its own [[Earth:Sovereign state|sovereign state]].<ref name="auto">''Dictionary Of Public Administration'', U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.</ref> The term "stateless" implies that the group has the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation with its own government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|title=Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'|first1=Louise|last1=Osborne|first2=Ruby|last2=Russell|website=TheGuardian.com|date=27 December 2015|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005194645/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/27/stateless-in-europe-refugee-crisis-we-are-no-people-with-no-nation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Nimni>{{citation |last=Chouinard |first=Stéphanie |chapter=Stateless nations |editor1=Karl Cordell |editor2=Stefan Wolff |title=The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|pages=54–66 |isbn= 9781317518921}}</ref> Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied [[Social:Citizenship|citizenship]] by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the {{wipe|United Nations}}. Nations without a state are classified as [[Finance:Fourth World|fourth-world nations]].<ref>David Newman, ''Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity''</ref><ref>''Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective'', Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.</ref><ref>''Language in Geographic Context'', Colin H. Williams, 39p.</ref> Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.

The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book ''L'Écosse, une nation sans État'' about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|page=85|title=National Identity: Theory and Research|first1=Richard R.|last1=Verdugo|first2=Andrew|last2=Milne|date=1 June 2016|publisher=IAP|via=Google Books|isbn=9781681235257|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030158/https://books.google.com/books?id=qAcoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref>

Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the [[Earth:Africa|African states]] of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that [[Place:Tibet|Tibet]] is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.<ref>Clark, Gregory, ''In fear of China'', 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |publisher=Cultural Survival |access-date=2014-05-17 |archive-date=2014-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330131153/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |url-status=live }}</ref> Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the [[Place:Balkans|Balkans]] such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians that were once part of the multinational state of [[Place:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and gained independence during the breakup of Yugoslavia).

Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |title=Who are the Kurds? |publisher=TRT World |access-date=2018-06-23 |archive-date=2019-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708151930/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/who-are-the-kurds--17915 |url-status=live }}</ref> Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, and Kabyle in [[Place:North Africa|North Africa]], the Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya, and Shan in Myanmar, the Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians, and Andalusians in {{wipe|Spain}}, and the Sardinians, Friulians, Ladins, Sicilians, Neapolitans, Ligurians, Piedmontese, Venetians and Lombards in Italy. <ref>''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'', pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367</ref>

== Nation-states and nations without states ==
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in [[Place:Western Europe|Western Europe]] during the 18th century and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.<ref name=Nimni/> However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".

Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the {{wipe|United Nations}} as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.<ref name=Nimni/>

== Consequences of colonialism and imperialism ==

During the imperial and [[History:Early modern period|colonial era]], powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be [[Social:Self-determination|self-governing]] and being described as stateless nations thereafter.<ref>Redie Bereketeab, ''Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State''</ref> Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former [[Place:Dutch Empire|Dutch colony]]) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).<ref>Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, ''The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow''</ref> During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to [[History:Succession of states|successor states]] with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.<ref>''Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006)'', Hans Gullestrup, 130p.</ref><ref>''Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004)'', Port Harcourt, p.272</ref><ref>''Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013)'', H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V</ref><ref>''Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009)'', Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff</ref> Some of these minority groups campaigned for [[Social:Self-determination|self-determination]]. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, [[Social:Ethnic cleansing|ethnic cleansing]], genocide, [[Social:Forced assimilation|forced assimilation]], and the [[Finance:Exploitation of labour|exploitation of labor]] and natural resources.<ref>Donald L. Horowitz, ''Ethnic Groups in Conflict''</ref><ref>Bruce E. Johansen, ''Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples''</ref>

== Nationalism and stateless nations ==
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs, or religion can turn into a [[Earth:Nation|nation]] through the awakening of national consciousness.<ref>George W. White, ''Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe''</ref> A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.<ref>''Understanding National Identity'' by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22</ref> In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in {{wipe|United Kingdom}} English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.<ref>''Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860'' by Graeme Morton, 1999</ref> Nationalism is often connected to [[Social:Separatism|separatism]] because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C''</ref>

Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to [[Social:Self-determination|self-determination]] is often denied due to [[Earth:Geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests and increasing [[Social:Globalization|globalization]] of the world.<ref>''Nationalism and Globalisation (2015)'', Stephen Tierney</ref><ref>The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.</ref><ref>Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|title=Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens|work=saisjournal.org|access-date=2017-02-03|archive-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825185748/http://saisjournal.org/posts/europe%27s-stateless-nations-in-the-era-of-globalization|url-status=dead}}</ref> Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.<ref>The delegates were linked with the Scottish group 'SNP Friends of Catalonia', which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. {{cite web|url=https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|title=Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement|work=commonspace.scot|access-date=2016-11-05|archive-date=2016-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095428/https://www.commonspace.scot/articles/9639/catalan-delegates-send-solidarity-scotland-independence-movement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. {{cite web|url=http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|title=EFA brings stateless nations even closer|work=European Free Alliance|access-date=2017-12-23|archive-date=2017-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220120/http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews&#91;tt_news&#93;=974&cHash=d2ced5618fb98e7ba22c944adfd93f75|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Unionism vs separatism ==

Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state they are located in and believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is associated with [[Social:Political union|unionism]] (such as Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Indonesian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,<ref>Ian Adams, ''Political Ideology Today'' p.73</ref> British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, and Russian nationalism{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}<!--Applies to Russian nationalism-->{{clarify|date=July 2023}}<!--Is this meant to be a list of nationalisms of states where the national identity is supra-ethnic and/or all or most citizens have an ethnic identity separate from the national one, but still identify with their state and prefer it to remain a single political entity? If not, what is it?-->). In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal.

==Claims by stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status==
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{{POV section|date=July 2020}} 
{{incomplete list|date=January 2017}}
}}{{anchor|List}}
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The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles.

States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! People
! Flag
! Languages 
!Language family{{Efn|Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.}}
! Predominant religion
! data-sort-type="number" |Population
! Continent 
! States
! Homeland{{Efn|Proposed or historical homeland desired.}}
! Irredentist movement
! Notes
|-
|Tamils<ref>India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.</ref><ref>Governance and Multiculturalism: The White Elephant of Social Construction, Catherine Koerner, Soma Pillay, p.44.</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=David Brog|title=Reclaiming Israel's History: Roots, Rights, and the Struggle for Peace|year=2017|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=9781621576099 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WxYbDgAAQBAJ&q=tamils&pg=PT8}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author= Jeffrey Haynes, Peter Hough, Shahin Malik, Lloyd Pettiford |title=World Politics: International Relations and Globalisation in the 21st Century|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317862963 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ_aAAAAQBAJ&dq=stateless+nation+tamils&pg=PT634}}</ref> || [[File:Bicolor flag of Tamil Eelam.svg|50px|border|center]]<br /> 50px|border|center<br />|| Tamil language|| Dravidian languages || Hinduism (mostly Shaivism) || 78,000,000 || Asia || {{wipe|India}}, Sri Lanka || Tamil Nadu and Tamil Eelam || Tamil nationalism, Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, Greater Tamil Nadu, Sri Lankan Civil War, TNRT, TNLA, LTTE,  TGTE, Vaddukoddai Resolution || Historically occupied [[Place:Tamilakam|Tamilakam]], the Jaffna Kingdom and the Vanni chieftaincies. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of Tamil Nadu or form a sovereign nation as Dravida Nadu. Demand for autonomy in the Northern and Eastern Provinces or total secession from Sri Lanka.<ref>Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)</ref>
|-
|Cantonese<ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Song-shi |title="Cantonese is the old name of the pearl river" |date=1939 |publisher=Chung Hwa Book Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Song-shi |title="A study of the Thais, Chuangs, and the Cantonese people" |date=1949 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}}</ref> ||[[File:Great Cantonia Flag.svg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Social:Cantonese|Cantonese]]
|[[Social:Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan languages]] || [[Religion:Chinese folk religion|Chinese folk religion]], [[Philosophy:Taoism|Taoism]], [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] ([[Religion:Protestantism|Protestantism]] and Roman Catholicism) || 68,000,000 || Asia || {{wipe|China}} ||Guangdong || Cantonese nationalism || Historically occupied the Nanyue kingdom.
|-
||Pashtuns|| [[File:Flag of Pashtunistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| Pashto language
||Iranian languages|| [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] (Sunni, [[Religion:Shia Islam|Shia]])|| 42,000,000–50,000,000<ref name="CIA-Afghan-pop">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726153921/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=AF&regionCode=sas&#af|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 26, 2009|title=Afghanistan population: 30,419,928 (July 2012 est.) [Pashtun 42%] = 12,776,369 |work= The World Factbook |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref><ref name=Ethnologue>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu|title=Pashto, Northern|work=[[Organization:SIL International|SIL International]]|first=Paul M. |last=Lewis|quote=Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries.|publisher=[[Social:Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]], Sixteenth edition|location=Dallas, Texas|year=2009|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref>|| Asia || {{wipe|Pakistan}}, Afghanistan || [[Place:Pashtunistan|Pashtunistan]]|| Pashtun nationalism || 
|-
|| Kurds<ref name="Political Geography">{{Citation|last1=Quam|first1=Joel|title=Political Geography|date=2020-08-31|url=https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|work=The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography|publisher=College of DuPage Digital Press|language=en|access-date=2021-08-10|last2=Campbell|first2=Scott|archive-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810172757/https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/political-geography/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|50px|border|center]]|| Kurdish languages, {{Small|(originally)}} Arabic, Turkish, [[Social:Persian language|Persian]] {{Small|(assimilation)}}
|-
|Oromo people<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gow, G.)) | journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies | title=Translocations of Affirmation: Mediascapes and Cultural Flows among the Stateless Oromo | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=301–319 | publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd | date=1 September 2004 | issn=1367-8779 | doi=10.1177/1367877904046304| s2cid=145547845 }}
</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg|50px|border|center]]|| Oromo
|Cushitic languages|| [[Religion:Christian|Christian]], [[Religion:Muslim|Muslim]], Waaqeffanna || 41,693,650 <ref>https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/</ref> || Africa|| Ethiopia, Kenya || Oromia || Oromo conflict||
|-
| Yoruba people<ref name="Political Geography" />|| [[File:Oduduwa flag.jpg|50px|border|center]]|| [[Social:Yoruba language|Yoruba language]]
|Volta-Congo languages|| [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]], [[Religion:Islam|Islam]], [[Religion:Yoruba religion|Yoruba religion]]|| 35,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|title=Benue-Congo languages|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2016-09-19|archive-date=2020-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430124510/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Benue-Congo-languages|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>John A. Shoup III, ''Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.237</ref>|| Africa || Nigeria, Benin and Togo, Ghana|| Yorubaland|| Oodua Peoples Congress||
|-
|Igbo people<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Aro, G. C.)), ((Ani, K. J.)) | journal=Journal of African Union Studies | title=A Historical Review of Igbo Nationalism in the Nigerian Political Space | volume=6 | issue=2/3 | pages=47–77 | publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd | date= December 2017 | doi=10.31920/2050-4306/2017/v6n2_3a2 | issn=2050-4292}}</ref>|| [[File:Flag of Biafra.svg|50px|border|center]]|| Igbo, [[Social:English language|English]]
|Volta-Congo languages|| [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (primarily Roman Catholicism with significant Protestant minorities), Indigenous beliefs || 30,000,000<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.178</ref>|| Africa || Nigeria (almost exclusively) || Igboland|| Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Indigenous People of Biafra|| Attempted secession from Nigeria in 1967 sparked the Nigerian Civil war.
|-
|Occitan people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg|50px|border|center]] || Occitan, French, Italian, [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]]
|Romance languages||Roman Catholicism || 16,000,000 || Europe || {{wipe|France}}, [[Place:Monaco|Monaco]], Italy and {{wipe|Spain}} (Val d'Aran) ||Occitania || Occitan nationalism (Occitan Party, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Libertat) || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from {{wipe|France}}.
|-
|Assamese people<ref name="satp">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/Ulfa.htm |title=United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) - Terrorist Group of Assam |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/indias-treacherous-northeast|title=India's Treacherous Northeast|date=26 September 2012|publisher=Yaleglobal.yale.edu|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/node/91173|title=Banned Organizations {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI|website=mha.gov.in|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> || [[File:Flag_of_United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom.svg|50px|border|center]] || Assamese language || Indo-Aryan languages || Hinduism || 15,000,000<ref name="nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref>|| Asia || {{wipe|India}} || Assam || Assam separatist movements, ULFA Insurgency in Northeast India || Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of Assam or total secession from {{wipe|India}}.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022900/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ulfa.htm |date=2018-09-05 }}, the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7 April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.</ref>
|-
|Uyghur people<ref>{{Citation | year=2018 | website=Brown Political Review | publisher=Brown University | title=On Statehood: Xinjiang Autonomy and Its Enemies | url=https://brownpoliticalreview.org/2018/11/statehood-xinjiang-autonomy-enemies/ | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) | website=Council on Foreign Relations | url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> || [[File:Kokbayraq flag.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Social:Uyghur language|Uyghur language]] 
|[[Social:Turkic languages|Turkic languages]]|| [[Religion:Islam|Sunni Islam]] || 15,000,000<ref name="www.uyghuramerican.org">{{Cite web|url=https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|title=About Uyghurs &#124; Uyghur American Association|website=uyghuramerican.org|access-date=2019-01-19|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619044634/https://uyghuramerican.org/about-uyghurs|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Asia || {{wipe|China}}, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan || East Turkestan (Uyghuristan) || Irredentism is politically fragmented (East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan independence movement) || Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
|-
|Hazaras|| [[File:Flag of Hazaristan.svg|70px]] || Hazaragi dialect of Persian Language || Iranian Languages || Islam<br>mostly Shia || 10,000,000-14,000,000 || Asia || Afghanistan || Hazaristan || [[Social:Persecution of Hazaras|Persecution of Hazaras]] || Hazara nationalism
|-
|Zulu people || [[File:Conjectural flag of Zululand (1884-1897) by Roberto Breschi taken from The South African Flag Book by A.P.Burgers.png|50px|border|center]] || [[Biography:Zulu language|Zulu language]] |Volta-Congo languages|| [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]], Zulu religion || 12,159,000 || Africa || {{wipe|South Africa}}, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Eswatini ||KwaZulu-Natal || Inkatha Freedom Party || Limited autonomy in the KwaZulu-Natal region, which maintains a traditional Zulu king.
|-
|Romani people<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhanoo |first=Sindya N. |date=2012-12-10 |title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 
|[[File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg|border|center|50x50px]]
|[[Social:Romani language|Romani language]]
|[[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan languages]]
|[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]], [[Religion:Islam|Islam]], [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]]
|12,000,000<ref>Joseph Zajda, Karen Biraimah, William Gaudelli, ''Education and Social Inequality in the Global Culture'' 2008 p.59</ref>
|Worldwide, mostly Eastern Europe and Americas
|
|Originally North India;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hancock |first=Ian F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70 |title=We are the Romani People |date=2002 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn=978-1-902806-19-8 |language=en}}</ref>Romanistan (proposed country)
|
|The Romani people are a non-territorial nation.
|-
|Kongo people || [[File:Flag of Musikongo.svg|center|frameless|50x50px]] || Kongo language, Lingala, Portuguese, [[Social:French language|French]]
|Volta-Congo languages
|| [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Catholicism and [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestantism]]), African Traditional Religion || 10,000,000 || Africa || Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola
 || Kongo || Kongo nationalism, Bundu dia Kongo || Historically occupied the independent Kingdom of Kongo.
|-
|Baloch people || [[File:Flag of the Baloch People.svg|50px|border|center]] || Balochi |Iranian languages|| Sunni Islam|| 10,000,000<ref>Syed Farooq Hasnat, ''Pakistan'' 2011 p.82</ref> || Asia || '''{{wipe|Pakistan}}''', [[Religion:Iran|Iran]], Afghanistan{{Small|(homeland)}}, [[Place:United Arab Emirates|UAE]] {{Small|(diaspora)}}|| Balochistan || Balochistan conflict, Baloch nationalism || Seeks total independence from Pakistan.
|-
|Andalusians || [[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|50px|border|center]] || Andalusian Spanish, English (in [[Place:Gibraltar|Gibraltar]]) |Romance languages || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism) || 9,500,000 || Europe || {{wipe|Spain}}, [[Place:Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] || Andalusia || Andalusian nationalism || See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
|-
|Romance languages||Roman Catholicism, [[Philosophy:Agnosticism|Agnosticism]] || 8,500,000<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z'' 2002 p.402</ref> || Europe || {{wipe|Spain}}, Italy, [[Religion:Andorra|Andorra]] and {{wipe|France}}||Catalan Countries || Catalan independence movement, Catalan nationalism || See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
|-
|Romance languages|| [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism) || 8,215,000 || America || {{wipe|Canada}} || Quebec || Quebec sovereignty movement, Quebec nationalism ||The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers.
|-
|Mon people || [[File:Flag of the Mon National Party.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Mon language|Mon language]] |Monic languages|| [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]] || 8,145,500 || Asia || Myanmar, Thailand || Mon State || Mon Nationalism, Mon National Party, All Mon Region Democracy Party || Historically occupied the [[History:Mon kingdoms|Mon kingdoms]].
|-
|Hongkongers<ref>{{cite book |last1=Undergrad |title="Hong Kong Nationalism" |date=2014 |publisher=Hong Kong University Students' Union |isbn=9789881363107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Leung |first1=Hin-wah |title="Hong Kong independence" |date=2016 |publisher=Hong Kong Academy of Professional Studies |isbn=9789881483027}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tsui |first1=Sing-yan |title="A national history of Hong Kong" |date=2017 |publisher=Rive Gauche Publishing House |isbn=9789869800662}}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Hong Kong (1959–1997).svg|50px|border|center]] || Hong Kong Cantonese, Hong Kong English
|[[Social:Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan languages]] || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] ([[Religion:Protestantism|Protestantism]] and Roman Catholicism), [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[Religion:Chinese folk religion|Chinese folk religion]], [[Philosophy:Taoism|Taoism]], [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 7,498,100<ref>{{cite press release |title=Mid-year population for 2023 |date=15 August 2023 |publisher=Census and Statistics Department |url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/scode150.html }}</ref> || Asia || {{wipe|China}} ||[[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] || Hong Kong independence movement || Limited autonomy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
|-
|Karen people || [[File:Flag of the Karen National Union.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:S'gaw Karen language|S'gaw Karen language]]
|Karenic languages|| [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]], Theravada Buddhism || 7,000,000 || Asia || Myanmar, Thailand || Kawthoolei || Karen nationalism, Karen National Union, Karen National Liberation Army ||
|-
|Maya peoples || [[File:Maya flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Mayan languages|Mayan languages]] |[[Social:Mayan languages|Mayan languages]]|| [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Catholicism), Maya religion || 7,000,000 || America || Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador || [[Place:Mesoamerica|Mesoamerica]] || Pan-Maya movement, [[Biography:Rigoberta Menchú|Rigoberta Menchú]], Zapatista Army of National Liberation || Historically occupied the Maya civilization.
|-
|Tibetan people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|50px|border|center]] || Tibetan language, [[Social:Chinese language|Chinese language]]
| [[Social:Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]] || 7,000,000<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.422</ref> || Asia || {{wipe|China}}, {{wipe|India}}, Nepal || [[Place:Tibet|Tibet]] || Tibetan independence movement || Limited autonomy in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically occupied the [[Place:Tibetan Empire|Tibetan Empire]].
|-
|Riffian people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg|50px|border|center]] || Riffian language, [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]]
| [[Social:Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]|| [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 6,000,000<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.352</ref> || Africa || Morocco and {{wipe|Spain}} || [[Place:Rif|Rif]] || Rif War, Rif Republic || 95% of the land is controlled by Morocco with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla as autonomous cities.
|-
|Shan people || [[File:Flag of the Shan State.svg|50px|border|center]] || Shan language, [[Social:Thai language|Thai]]
| [[Social:Kra–Dai languages|Kra-Dai]]|| [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]] || 6,000,000 || Asia || Myanmar || Shan State || Shan State Army, Declaration of independence in 2005; see also Hso Khan Pha || Historically occupied the Shan states.
|-
|Kashmiri people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Kashmir independent.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Kashmiri language|Kashmiri language]] 
| [[Social:Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan languages]]|| [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 5,600,000 || Asia || {{wipe|India}}, {{wipe|Pakistan}} and {{wipe|China}} || [[Place:Kashmir|Kashmir]] || Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir || Administered by India (Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh), Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and China (Aksai Chin).
|-
| Valencians || [[File:Flag of the Land of Valencia (official).svg|50px|border|center]] || Catalan, [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]] || Romance languages || Roman Catholicism<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html|title=Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España|website=La Vanguardia|date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402064910/https://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || 5,111,706 || Europe || {{wipe|Spain}} ||Valencian Community || Valencian nationalism || See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
|-
|Moro people || [[File:Flag of Bangsamoro.svg|center|50x50px]] || [[Social:Filipino language|Filipino language]], other Philippine languages | || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 5,100,000 || Asia || {{wipe|Philippines}} || Muslim Mindanao || Moro [[Autonomy|autonomy]] || The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region with the adoption of the Bangsamoro Organic Law.
|-
|Circassians
| [[File:Flag of Adygea.svg|50px|border|center]] || Circassian language, [[Social:Russian language|Russian]]
|Circassian languages||[[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 5,000,000 || Europe|| {{wipe|Russia}} || [[Place:Circassia|Circassia]] || Russo-Circassian War, Circassian nationalism || 95–97% of Circassians were killed or exiled by Russia during the Circassian genocide.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Richmond|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC|title=The Circassian Genocide|date=9 April 2013|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123185222/https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Venetian people{{Citation needed|date=August 2021|reason=The list is described as a list of nations that "have been described" as stateless nations. A lack of sources means original research.}}||[[File:Flag of Veneto.svg|50px|border|center]] || Venetian language 
|Romance languages || Catholicism || 5,000,000 (est.) || Europe || Italy || Veneto || Venetian nationalism || Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent [[Place:Republic of Venice|Republic of Venice]].
|- 
|Sicilian people<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z'' 2002 p.1714</ref> || [[File:Sicilian Flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || Sicilian, [[Social:Italian language|Italian]], Gallo-Italic of Sicily, Arbëresh 
|Romance languages || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism) || 5,000,000 (only Sicily) || Europe || Italy || [[Place:Sicily|Sicily]] || Sicilian nationalism, Sicilian Action Movement || Regional autonomy in Sicily.
|-
|Bretons || [[File:Flag of Brittany (Gwenn ha du).svg|50px|border|center]] ||Breton, Gallo, [[Social:French language|French]],
|Celtic languages ||Roman Catholicism || 4,800,000 || Europe || {{wipe|France}} || Brittany ||Breton nationalism || Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from {{wipe|France}}.
|-
|Hmong people || [[File:Hmong Flag (UNPO).svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Hmong language|Hmong language]] | Hmong-Mien Languages|| [[Philosophy:Animism|Animism]] || 4,000,000 || Asia || Laos, {{wipe|China}}, Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand || Hmong ChaoFa Federated State || Insurgency in Laos ||
|-
|Kabyle people || [[File:Flag-kabyle.svg|50px|border|center]] || Kabyle language, Algerian Arabic |Berber languages|| [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 4,000,000<ref name="www.cna-sat.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people|title=The Kabyle People|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221094824/http://www.cna-sat.org/O1/index.php/the-kabyle-people|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Africa || Algeria || [[Place:Kabylia|Kabylia]]|| Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie, Provisional Government of Kabylia ||
|-
|Rohingya people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Rohingya flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Rohingya language|Rohingya language]] 
| || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 3,600,000 || Asia || Myanmar || Rohang State || Rohingya conflict || The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government.<ref>Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, ''International Migration in Southeast Asia'', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004, p.267</ref>
|-
|Afrikaners || [[File:Afrikaner_Vryheidsvlag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]] | || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (mainly [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestantism]])|| 3,500,000 || Africa || {{wipe|South Africa}} and Namibia || Western Cape,
Volkstaat
| Afrikaner Nationalism, Freedom Front, Cape independence, Cape Independence Party|| Afrikaners are historically an [[Social:Ethnic group|ethno-racial group]] (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking Coloured people). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the Dutch Cape colony but did expand elsewhere into the once independent Boer republics.
|-
|Assyrians<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://unpo.org/members/7859 | title=UNPO: Assyria | access-date=2022-04-05 | archive-date=2020-01-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116103353/https://unpo.org/members/7859 | url-status=live }}</ref> || [[File:Flag of Assyria.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], Turoyo, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 
| Semitic languages|| [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Chaldean Catholicism Syriac Christianity) || 3,300,000<ref name="UNPO:Assyria">{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|title=UNPO: Assyria|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194500/http://www.unpo.org/article/7859|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Place:Syria|Syria]], Iraq, [[Religion:Iran|Iran]] and [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]] || [[Place:Assyrian homeland|Assyria]], Beth Nahrain ([[Place:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]]) || Assyrian nationalism, [[Place:Assyrian independence movement|Assyrian independence movement]] || Historically occupied the Assyrian empire.
|-
|Basque people<ref name="auto3" />|| [[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|50px|border|center]] || Basque, French, [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Social:Language isolate|Language isolate]]||[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism) || 3,000,000<ref>Jeffrey Cole, ''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'' 2011 p.38</ref> || Europe || {{wipe|France}} and {{wipe|Spain}} || Basque Country || Basque nationalism || See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
|-
|Iraqi Turkmen people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Iraq Turkmen FrontVEC.svg|50px|border|center]] || Turkish language, [[Social:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani language]] 
| || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 3,000,000 || Asia || Iraq || Turkmeneli || Iraqi Turkmen Front || Not to be confused with Syrian Turkmen of Latakia or Central Asian Turkmens of Turkmenistan who share only their ethnonym.<ref>Larry Clark. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RMe7KpwS3KsC&pg=PA11 Turkmen Reference Grammar]. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. {{ISBN|9783447040198}}</ref>
|-
|Welsh people<ref name="auto3" /> || [[File:Flag of Wales 2.svg|50px|border|center]] ||[[Social:Welsh language|Welsh]], English
|Celtic languages || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] ([[Religion:Protestantism|Protestantism]], Catholic minority) || 3,000,000 || Europe || {{wipe|United Kingdom}} || Wales || Welsh independence, Welsh nationalism, Meibion Glyndŵr, Plaid Cymru || Regional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed, Seisyllwg, Morgannwg, and Gwent).
|-
|Galician people<ref name="auto3" /> || [[File:Flag of Galicia.svg|50px|border|center]] || Galician language, Spanish || Romance languages ||Christianity (Roman Catholicism) || 2,800,000 || Europe || {{wipe|Spain}} || Galicia || Galician nationalism and Galician Regionalism|| See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the [[History:Kingdom of Galicia|Kingdom of Galicia]].
|-
|Kachin people || [[File:Kachin_Independence_Army_flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || Jingpo, [[Social:Zaiwa language|Zaiwa]], Maru, Lashi, Azi
| || [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]], [[Philosophy:Animism|Animism]] || 2,750,000 (2002)<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z'' 2002 p.870</ref> || Asia || Myanmar || Kachin State || Kachin Independence Army, Kachin Independence Organisation, Kachin conflict || The tribes of Kachin Hills form the Kachin Nation.
|-
|Aragonese people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag_of_Aragon.svg|50px|border|center]] || Aragonese language, [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]] 
|Romance languages ||[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism) || 2,278,000 (Spain only)<ref name="joshuaproject:Aragonese">{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|title=Aragonese in Spain|publisher=joshuaproject.net|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=2019-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091606/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10397/SP|url-status=live}}</ref> || Europe || {{wipe|Spain}} || Aragon || Aragonese nationalism|| See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the [[History:Kingdom of Aragon|Kingdom of Aragon]].
|-
|Meitei people || [[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Meitei language|Meitei language]] | [[Social:Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan languages]]|| [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]] || 2,500,000 || Asia || {{wipe|India}} || Imphal Valley, Manipur || UNLF, PLA, Insurgency in Manipur, Anglo-Manipur War || Historically occupied the [[History:Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]].
|-
|Chechen people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg|50px|border|center]] || Chechen language, [[Social:Russian language|Russian]]
| ||[[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 2,000,000 || Europe || {{wipe|Russia}} || Chechnya || Chechen insurgency, [[Place:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] || Regional autonomy in Chechnya.
|-
|Naga people || [[File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|50px|border|center]] || Tibeto-Burman dialects / Nagamese creole | || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] || 2,000,000 || Asia || {{wipe|India}} || Nagaland || Naga National Council, Insurgency in Northeast India || Seeks greater regional autonomy or complete separatation from India.
|-
|{{interlanguage link|Pastusos|es}}<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations''</ref>
|[[File:Flag of San Juan de Pasto.svg|border|center|50x50px]]
|Andean Spanish
|Romance languages
|Roman Catholicism
|1,700,000-1,900,000
|America
|Colombia and Ecuador
|Decimistas
|Loyal to Spanish Monarchy during Colombian War of Independence; it annexed to Ecuador in 1830-1832 and 1840. It tried to establish a federal state in late 19th Century.
|-
|Sardinian people<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|title=Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp|archive-date=2006-06-23}}</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations'', James Minahan, pg. 1661</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez|title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition|year=2011|publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf|isbn=978-1847713797|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70 70]|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse/page/70}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|title=La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it|date=11 January 2016|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195956/http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2016/01/11/la_sardegna_nel_club_delle_nazioni_un_capitolo_nella_bibbia_delle-68-456595.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|50px|border|center]] || Sardinian, Corso-Sardinian, Italian, [[Social:Catalan language|Catalan]], Ligurian 
|Romance languages || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism) || 1,661,521 || Europe || Italy || Sardinia || Sardinian nationalism || National [[Social:Devolution|devolution]], further autonomy or total secession from Italy.
|-
|Ryukyuan people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Ryukyu.svg|50px|border|center]] || Ryukyuan, [[Social:Japanese language|Japanese]] 
| || [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]] || 1,600,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|title=The Amazing Ryukyu Culture|date=5 May 2016|publisher=kcpwindowonjapan.com|access-date=2016-05-05|archive-date=2017-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206110340/http://www.kcpwindowonjapan.com/2016/05/the-amazing-ryukyu-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || {{wipe|Japan}} || Ryukyu Islands || Ryukyu independence movement || Historically occupied the [[History:Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyu Kingdom]].
|-
|Frisians || [[File:Flag of Frisia.svg|50px|border|center]] || Frisian, Dutch, German, [[Social:Danish language|Danish]]
| ||[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] ([[Religion:Protestantism|Protestantism]] and Roman Catholicism) || 1,500,000 || Europe || Netherlands, {{wipe|Denmark}}, and {{wipe|Germany}}||[[Place:Frisia|Frisia]] || Frisian National Party, Groep fan Auwerk || The creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the Frisian Kingdom.
|-
|Semitic languages|| [[Religion:Shia Islam|Shia Islam]]|| 1,320,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|title=Iran|website=Ethnologue|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904065634/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || [[Religion:Iran|Iran]] || Al Ahwaz || Arab separatism in Khuzestan Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz || Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation.<ref>James B. Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.13</ref> Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from [[Religion:Iran|Iran]].
|-
|Friulian people{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}||[[File:Bandiere dal Friûl.svg|50px|border|center]] || Friulian 
|Romance languages || Catholicism || 2,000,000 (est.) || Europe || Italy || Friuli || Friuli Movement || Friuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have.
|-
|Tuareg people || [[File:MNLA flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || Tuareg language | || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 1,200,000 || Africa || Mali and Niger || Azawad || [[Philosophy:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad|National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]], Tuareg rebellion (2012), Northern Mali conflict || National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. 
|-
|Mapuche || [[File:Flag of the Mapuches.svg|50px|border|center]] || Mapudungun | || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism) || 1,000,000<ref>Christopher Blomquist, ''A Primary Source Guide to Chile'' 2005 p.15</ref> || America || {{wipe|Argentina}} and {{wipe|Chile}} || [[Biography:Wallmapu|Wallmapu]]|| Mapuche conflict ||
|-
|Asturian people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Asturias.svg|50px|border|center]]50px|border|center || Asturian language, [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]] 
|Romance languages ||[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism) || 1,925,000 (2020) || Europe || {{wipe|Spain}} and Portugal || Asturias || Asturian nationalism || See also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
|-
|Lezgins || [[File:Lezgian flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || Lezgian | || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 800,000+ || Europe || {{wipe|Russia}}, [[Place:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] || Lezgistan || Lezgin Nationalism || Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (Russia).
|-
|Fur people || [[File:Flag of Darfur.svg|50px|border|center]] || Fur, [[Social:Arabic language|Arabic]] | || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 800,000<ref>James Stuart Olson, ''The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary'' 1996 p.183</ref> || Africa || Sudan || Dafur || War in Darfur, SLM/A || Historically occupied the Sultanate of Darfur.
|-
|Māori people || [[File:Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || Māori, English | || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] with native || 750,000 || Oceania || [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]]|| [[Earth:New Zealand|New Zealand]] || Māori protest movement ||
|-

|Macanese<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pina Cabral |last2=João de |last3=Nelson Lourenço |title="Em Terra de Tufões: Dinâmicas da Etnicidade Macaense" |date=1993 |publisher=Instituto Cultural de Macau |isbn=978-9723501391}}</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Government of Portuguese Macau (1976–1999).svg|50px|border|center]] || Macanese Cantonese, Macanese Portuguese
|[[Social:Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan languages]] || [[Religion:Chinese folk religion|Chinese folk religion]], [[Philosophy:Taoism|Taoism]], [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism and [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestantism]]) || 678,800 || Asia || {{wipe|China}} ||[[Place:Macau|Macau]] || Macau independence movement || Limited autonomy in the Macau Special Administrative Region.
|-

|Karakalpaks || [[File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Karakalpak language|Karakalpak language]] | || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 620,000 || Asia || Uzbekistan || Karakalpakstan || Karakalpak Nationalism || Regional autonomy in Karakalpakstan.
|-
|Hawaiian people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Hawaii.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Hawaiian language|Hawaiian language]] 
| || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Catholicism and [[Religion:Protestantism|Protestantism]]) with native || 527,000 || Oceania || {{wipe|United States}} || Hawaii || Hawaiian sovereignty movement || Historically occupied the [[History:Kingdom of Hawaii|Kingdom of Hawaii]].
|-
|Moravians || [[File:Banner_of_arms_of_Moravia.svg|50px|border|center]] || Czech (Moravian), [[Social:Slovak language|Slovak]]
| ||Traditionally Roman Catholicism presently [[Religion:Irreligion|Irreligion]] || 525,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|title=Census 2011 – final results|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-date=2015-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627004729/http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30715&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJYwUAIQCAbFsBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|title=Statistics|website=portal.statistics.sk|access-date=2016-06-26|archive-date=2012-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417151247/http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Europe || [[Place:Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] and Slovakia || [[Place:Moravia|Moravia]] || Moravians || Historically occupied [[Place:Great Moravia|Great Moravia]].
|-
|Ogoni people || [[File:Flag of the Ogoni people.svg|50 px|border|center]] || Ogoni language | || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] with native || 500,000 || Africa || Nigeria || Ogoniland || Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People ||
|-	
|Crimean Tatars {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ||[[File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg|50px|border|centre]]||Crimean Tatar, Russian, [[Social:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| ||[[Religion:Islam|Islam]]|| 500,000 || Europe ||{{wipe|Ukraine}}||Crimea||Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People<br />Tatars in Republic of Crimea<br />Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|| Previously an autonomous republic within Ukraine, after being invaded and annexed by Russia in 2014. The Crimean Tatars are currently seeking autonomy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|title=Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula|work=Reuters|date=29 March 2014|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525010001/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-tatars-idUSBREA2S09320140329|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Sahrawi people<ref>Mariano Aguirre, [http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 ''Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113134110/http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 |date=2013-11-13 }} in: ''Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997''</ref> || [[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|50px|border|center]] || Hassaniya Arabic (native), Berber languages (native), Modern Standard Arabic (written only), and [[Social:Spanish language|Spanish]] (lingua franca) 
| || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] (Sunni Islam (Maliki), [[Religion:Sufism|Sufism]]) || 500,000<ref name="unpop">{{cite journal |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |version=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |access-date=12 March 2009 |archive-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318041906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || Africa || Morocco, Algeria, [[History:Mauretania|Mauretania]] ||Western Sahara || Western Sahara conflict, Polisario Front, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic || Partially controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and partially occupied by Morocco.
|-
|Chams || [[File:Bandera Front Alliberament Cham.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Cham language|Cham language]] | || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]], [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]], [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhism]] || 400,000 || Asia || Vietnam || South Central Coast || United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, Cham rights movement<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/|title=Cham|website=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204212654/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Historically occupied the [[Place:Champa|Kingdom of Champa]]. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government their indigeneity to the region.
|-
|Corsican people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ||[[File:Flag_of_Corsica.svg|border|50px|center]]||Corsican, French, Ligurian, [[Social:Italian language|Italian]] 
|Romance languages ||[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism|| 322,120 || Europe ||{{wipe|France}}||[[Place:Corsica|Corsica]]||Corsica Libera||Territorial collectivity in France.
|-
|Navajo || [[File:Navajo flag.svg|center|frameless|50x50px]] || Navajo language, Navajo language, Navajo Sign Language | || Navajo Traditional, [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (principally Roman Catholicism) || 300,460 || America || {{wipe|United States}} || Navajo Nation || Navajo Wars || Regional autonomy on the Navajo Nation.
|-
|Lakota people || [[File:Pine Ridge Flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Biography:Lakota language|Lakota]], English | || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] with native || 170,000<ref>The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010</ref> || America || {{wipe|United States}} || Lakotah || Sioux Wars, Lakota Freedom Movement || Live on several autonomous Native American reservations.
|-
|[[Place:Sami people|Sami people]] || [[File:Sami flag.svg|50px|border|center]] || Sami languages, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, [[Social:Russian language|Russian]] | || [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (principally [[Religion:Lutheranism|Lutheran]]), [[Philosophy:Animism|Animism]]|| 80,000 (est.)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |title=Sámi in Sweden |last=Sámi people |date=14 December 2015 |website=sweden.se |access-date=19 February 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115134429/https://sweden.se/society/sami-in-sweden/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Europe || {{wipe|Finland}}, {{wipe|Norway}}, {{wipe|Russia}} and Sweden || Sapmi || [[Place:Sámi politics|Sámi politics]] || Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy.
|-
|Inuit || [[File:Flag of Inuit people.jpg|50px|border|center]] || Inuit languages, Danish, English, [[Social:Russian language|Russian]]
| ||[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] with native || 135,991 || America || Inuit Nunangat || Greenland Referendum || Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark.
|-
|Yupik peoples || [[File:Flag of Alaska.svg|50px|border|center]] || Yupik languages, English, [[Social:Russian language|Russian]]
| ||[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] with native || 35,567 (est.) || Asia and America || {{wipe|Russia}} and the {{wipe|United States}} || Siberia and [[Earth:Alaska|Alaska]] || Calista Corporation, Bristol Bay Native Corporation ||
|-
|Pamiris || [[File:Flag of the Pamiris.svg|50px|border|center]] || [[Social:Pamir languages|Pamir languages]] | || [[Religion:Islam|Islam]] || 135,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|title=Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы|website=www.demoscope.ru|access-date=2018-03-15|archive-date=2011-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807010258/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0191/analit05.php|url-status=live}}</ref> || Asia || Tajikistan || [[Place:Badakhshan|Badakhshan]] || Pamiri nationalism, Lali Badakhshan party, Tajikistani Civil War || Regional autonomy in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
|-
|Faroese people {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|50px|border|center]] || Faroese language, [[Social:Danish language|Danish]]
| ||[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (principally [[Religion:Lutheranism|Lutheran]]) || 66,000 || Europe || {{wipe|Denmark}} || [[Biography:Faroe Islands|Faroe Islands]] || Faroese independence movement || Regional autonomy in Faroe Islands.
|-
|Sorbs {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} || [[File:Flag of Sorbs.svg|50px|border|center]] || Sorbian language, [[Social:German language|German]]
| ||[[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]] (Roman Catholicism) || 60,000–70,000 (est.) || Europe || {{wipe|Germany}} || Lusatia || Domowina || Divided into Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs.
|-
|Scanians
|[[File:Skånska flaggan.svg|border|center|50x50px]]
|Skånska, Svenska, Danska
|Germanic languages
|Lutheran Christians
|100,000
|Europe
|Sweden
|[[Place:Skåneland|Skåneland]]
|Skånepartiet
|Was an autonomous part of Danmark until 1658 when it became part of Sweden after the treaty of Roskilde.
|-
|Raizals
|[[File:Flag of Raizal nationalists.svg|50px|border|center]]

| San Andrés–Providencia Creole, [[Social:English language|English]]
| Germanic languages
| Christianity ([[Religion:Baptism|Baptism]])
| 30,000
| America
| Colombia
| Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
| 
|}

==Formerly stateless nations==
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Triandafyllidou |first1=A. |last2=Paraskevopoulou |first2=A. |title=When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities |journal=Geopolitics |date=2002 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=75–98 |doi=10.1080/714000936|s2cid=143865718 }}</ref> Irish people before the Irish War of Independence, and [[Social:Bengalis|Bengalis]] before the Bangladesh Liberation War.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McClure |first1=J. Derrick |last2=Szatek-Tudor |first2=Karoline |last3=Penna |first3=Rosa E. |title="What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008) |date=13 September 2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-2520-7 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233638/https://books.google.com/books?id=cIAnBwAAQBAJ&q=Irish+people+%22stateless+nation%22&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some would include the [[Religion:Jews|Jews]] until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence,<ref>{{cite web |last1=McClimans |first1=Alam and Melinda |title=Nation States and Stateless Nations |url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |website=Keys to Understanding the Middle East |publisher=The Ohio State University |language=en |date=2016 |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810013800/https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/nation-states-and-stateless-nations/#:~:text=The%20Jews%20were%20a%20stateless,member%20countries%20of%20the%20U.N. |url-status=live }}</ref> however whether Jews constitute a single nation is debated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zeitlin|first=Solomon|date=1936|title=The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=26|issue=4|page=343|doi=10.2307/1452094|jstor=1452094|access-date=2022-07-28|archive-date=2022-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728063649/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1452094|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108135554/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-is-jewish-a-nationality-or-religion-israel-s-fierce-bitter-debate-about-identity-1.9408781|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Connolly |first1=Christopher |title=Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union |journal=Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law |date=2013 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=51–105 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |issn=1053-6736 |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831015120/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Diaspora 
* [[Social:Ethnic nationalism|Ethnic nationalism]]
* European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
* Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
* List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
* List of federally recognized tribes
* List of First Nations peoples
* List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
* Multinational state
* Non-FIFA international football
* [[Social:Self-determination|Self-determination]]
* Sovereignty
* Stateless person
* [[Social:Stateless society|Stateless society]]
* [[Organization:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Citation |last=Keating |first=Michael |title=Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |edition=Second}}
* {{Citation |publication-date=1998 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |location=Phoenix, AZ |publisher=The Oryx Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |year=1998 |url-access=registration }}
* {{Citation |publication-date=2002 |editor-last=Minahan |editor-first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |location=Westport |publisher=Greenwood Press |url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |isbn=978-0-313-31617-3 |year=2002 |access-date=2008-07-30 |archive-date=2010-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803004638/http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR1617.aspx |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |publication-date=2011 |editor-last=Bodlore-Penlaez |editor-first=Mikael |title=Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition |location=Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofstateless0000unse |isbn=978-1-84771-379-7 |year=2011 |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite journal | last=Duany | first=Jorge | title=Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora | journal=American Ethnologist | publisher=Wiley | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2008| issn=0094-0496 | doi=10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5 | pages=5–30}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060623193842/http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-nations.asp Map of European Stateless Nations], published by the [[Social:Advocacy group|advocacy group]] Eurominority
* [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_minori.htm United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities]

{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}

[[Category:Cultural geography]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]

{{Sourceattribution|Stateless nation}}