View source for Social:Quechumaran languages

{{Infobox language family
  |name=Quechumaran
  |acceptance=controversial
  |region=Andes
  |familycolor=American
  |family=Proposed [[Social:Language family|language family]]
  |child1=[[Biography:Quechuan languages|Quechuan]]
  |child2=[[Social:Aymaran languages|Aymaran]]
  |glotto=none
}}

'''Quechumaran''' or '''Kechumaran''' is a language-family proposal that unites Quechua and [[Social:Aymara language|Aymara]]. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. The hypothesis of the existence of Quechuamara was originally posted by linguist Norman McQuown in 1955.<ref>Cerrón-Palomino, R. (2000). ''Lingüística aimara''. Cuzco: CBC, p. 301.</ref> Terrence Kaufman<ref>{{cite book|author=Kaufman, Terrence |year=1990|chapter=Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more|editor=David L. Payne|title=Amazonian Linguistics|pages=13–74|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press}}</ref> finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but Willem Adelaar, a Quechua specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adelaar, Willem  |year=1992|chapter=Quechuan Languages|editor=W. Bright|title=Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|volume=3|pages=303–10|location=New York, Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Lyle Campbell suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.<ref>{{cite book|author=Campbell, Lyle  |year=1997|title=American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America|location= Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-509427-1|pages=188, 273–283}}</ref>

Moulian ''et al.'' (2015) posits the Puquina language of the Tiwanaku Empire as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche.<ref name=Moulianetal2015>{{cite journal |last1=Moulian |first1=Rodrígo |last2=Catrileo |first2=María|last3=Landeo |first3=Pablo|date=2015 |title=Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia |trans-title=Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-48832015000200004&script=sci_arttext|journal=Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=73–96 |doi=10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004 |access-date=January 13, 2019|language=es|doi-access=free }}</ref>

An automated computational analysis ([[Social:Automated Similarity Judgment Program|ASJP]] 4) by Müller et al. (2013)<ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)]''.</ref> also groups Quechuan and Aymaran together. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.

==Swadesh lists==
100-word Swadesh lists of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan from Cerrón (2000):<ref>Cerrón Palomino, Rodolfo. 2000. El Aimara y el Quechua: relaciones distantes. In Luis Miranda Esquerre (ed.), ''Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica'', 17–38. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de Lenguas Modernas, Departamento Académico de Humanidades.</ref>

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Quechuan !! Proto-Aymaran
|-
| 1. || I || *ya-qa || *na-ya
|-
| 2. || you || *qam || *huma
|-
| 3. || we || *ya-qa-nčik || *hiwa-sa
|-
| 4. || this || *kay || *aka
|-
| 5. || that || *čay || *uka
|-
| 6. || who? || *pi || *qači
|-
| 7. || what? || *ima || *qu
|-
| 8. || not || *mana || *hani
|-
| 9. || all || *λapa || *taqi
|-
| 10. || many || *ačka || *aλuqa
|-
| 11. || one || *ŝuk || *maya
|-
| 12. || two || *iŝkay || *paya
|-
| 13. || big || *hatu(n) || *haĉ’a
|-
| 14. || long || *suni || *suni
|-
| 15. || small || *učuk || *hisk’a
|-
| 16. || woman || *warmi || *marmi
|-
| 17. || man || *qari || *čača
|-
| 18. || person || *runa || *haqi
|-
| 19. || fish || *čaλwa || *čǎλwa
|-
| 20. || bird || *pisqu || *amač’i
|-
| 21. || dog || *aλqu || *anu(qa)
|-
| 22. || louse || *usa || *lap’a
|-
| 23. || tree || *maλki || *quqa
|-
| 24. || seed || *muhu || *atʰa
|-
| 25. || leaf || *rapra || *lapʰi
|-
| 26. || root || *sapʰi || *asu
|-
| 27. || bark || *qara || *siλp’i
|-
| 28. || skin || *qara || *lip’iči
|-
| 29. || flesh || *ayča || *hanči
|-
| 30. || blood || *yawar || *wila
|-
| 31. || bone || *tuλu || *ĉ’aka
|-
| 32. || grease || *wira || *lik’i
|-
| 33. || egg || *runtu / *ruru || *k’awna
|-
| 34. || horn || *waqra || *waqra
|-
| 35. || tail || *ĉupa || *wič’inkʰa
|-
| 36. || feather || *pʰuru || *pʰuyu
|-
| 37. || hair || *aqča / *čukča || *nik’uĉa
|-
| 38. || head || *uma || *p’iqi
|-
| 39. || ear || *rinri || *hinču
|-
| 40. || eye || *ñawi || *nawra
|-
| 41. || nose || *sinqa || *nasa
|-
| 42. || mouth || *simi || *laka
|-
| 43. || tooth || *kiru || *laka ĉ’akʰa
|-
| 44. || tongue || *qaλu || *laqra
|-
| 45. || claw || *ŝiλu || *šiλu
|-
| 46. || foot || *ĉaki || *kayu
|-
| 47. || knee || *qunqur || *qhunquru
|-
| 48. || hand || *maki || *ampara
|-
| 49. || belly || *paĉa / *wiksa || *puĉa(ka)
|-
| 50. || neck || *kunka || *kunka
|-
| 51. || breasts || *ñuñu || *ñuñu
|-
| 52. || heart || *ŝunqu || *čuyma
|-
| 53. || liver || *k’ipĉa(n) || *k’ipĉa
|-
| 54. || drink || *upya- || *uma-
|-
| 55. || eat || *mikʰu- || *manq’a- / *palu-
|-
| 56. || bite || *kani- || *aĉu-
|-
| 57. || see || *rikʰu- || *uλa-
|-
| 58. || hear || *uya- || *iša-
|-
| 59. || know || *yaĉa- || *yaĉi-
|-
| 60. || sleep || *puñu- || *iki-
|-
| 61. || die || *wañu- || *hiwa-
|-
| 62. || kill || *wañu-či- || *hiwa-ya-
|-
| 63. || swim || *wayt’a- || *tuyu-
|-
| 64. || fly || *pʰaya-ri- || *hala-
|-
| 65. || walk || *puri- || *sara- / *wasa-
|-
| 66. || come || *ŝa-mu- || *huta-
|-
| 67. || lie || *anĉ’a-ra- || *haqu-ši-
|-
| 68. || sit || *taya-ku- || *uta-ĉ’a-
|-
| 69. || stand || *ŝaya-ri- || *saya-
|-
| 70. || give || *qu- || *čura-
|-
| 71. || say || *ñi- || *saya-
|-
| 72. || sun || *rupay || *lupi
|-
| 73. || moon || *kiλa || *paqši
|-
| 74. || star || *quyλur || *wara(wara)
|-
| 75. || water || *yaku || *uma
|-
| 76. || rain || *tamya / *para || *haλu
|-
| 77. || stone || *rumi || *qala
|-
| 78. || sand || *aqu || *č’aλa
|-
| 79. || earth || *paĉa || *uraqi
|-
| 80. || cloud || *pʰuyu / *pukutay || *qhinaya / *urpi
|-
| 81. || smoke || *q’usñi / *quntay || *iwq’i
|-
| 82. || fire || *nina || *nina
|-
| 83. || ashes || *uĉpa || *qhiλa
|-
| 84. || burn || *k’añay || *nak’a-
|-
| 85. || path || *ñayani || *tʰaki
|-
| 86. || mountain || *urqu || *quλu
|-
| 87. || red || *puka || *čupika
|-
| 88. || green || *q’umir / *ĉiqya(q) || *č’uqña
|-
| 89. || yellow || *q’iλu / *qarwa || *tuyu
|-
| 90. || white || *yuraq || *anq’u
|-
| 91. || black || *yana || *ĉ’iyara
|-
| 92. || night || *tuta || *aruma
|-
| 93. || hot || *q’unu || *hunĉ’u
|-
| 94. || cold || *čiri || *tʰaya
|-
| 95. || full || *hunta || *pʰuqa
|-
| 96. || new || *muŝuq || *mačaqa
|-
| 97. || good || *aλi || *aski
|-
| 98. || round || *muyu || *muruqu
|-
| 99. || dry || *čaki || *waña
|-
| 100. || name || *suti || *suti
|}

==Further reading==
*Orr, C. J.; Longacre, R. E. (1968). Proto Quechumaran. ''Language'', 44:528-55.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Proposed language families]]

{{Sourceattribution|Quechumaran languages}}