View source for Social:Person having ordinary skill in the art

{{Short description|Concept in patent law}}
{{Patent law}}
A '''person having ordinary skill in the art''' (abbreviated '''PHOSITA'''), a '''person of''' ('''ordinary''') '''skill in the art''' ('''POSITA''' or '''PSITA'''), a '''person skilled in the art''', a '''skilled addressee''' or simply a '''skilled person''' is a legal fiction found in many [[Social:Patent|patent]] laws throughout the world. This hypothetical person is considered to have the normal skills and knowledge in a particular technical field (an "art"), without being a genius. This measure mainly serves as a reference for determining, or at least evaluating, whether an [[Invention|invention]] is [[Social:Inventive step and non-obviousness|non-obvious]] or not (in U.S. patent law), or involves an [[Social:Inventive step and non-obviousness|inventive step]] or not (in European patent laws). If it would have been obvious for this fictional person to come up with the invention while starting from the [[Social:Prior art|prior art]], then the particular invention is considered not [[Social:Patentability|patentable]].

In some patent laws, the person skilled in the art is also used as a reference in the context of other criteria, for instance in order to determine whether an invention is [[Social:Sufficiency of disclosure|sufficiently disclosed]] in the description of the patent or patent application (sufficiency of disclosure is a fundamental requirement in most patent laws), or in order to determine whether two technical means are equivalents when evaluating [[Social:Patent infringement|infringement]] (see also [[Social:Doctrine of equivalents|doctrine of equivalents]]).

In practice, this legal fiction is a set of legal fictions which evolved over time and which may be differently construed for different purposes. This legal fiction basically translates the need for each invention to be considered in the context of the technical field it belongs to.

== Canada ==
The ''Patent Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. P-4)''<ref>''Patent Act'', RSC 1985, c P-4.</ref> makes explicit reference to a "person skilled in the art" in the s. 28.3 requirement that the subject matter of a patent be [[Social:Inventive step and non-obviousness|non-obvious]].

{{quotation|
28.3 The subject-matter defined by a claim in an application for a patent in Canada must be subject-matter that would not have been obvious on the claim date to a '''''person skilled in the art or science to which it pertains'''''...}}

The ''person skilled in the art'' is described in ''Beloit Canada Ltd. v. Valmet Oy'':
<blockquote>the technician skilled in the art but having no scintilla of inventiveness or imagination; a paragon of deduction and dexterity, wholly devoid of intuition; a triumph of the left hemisphere over the right. The question to be asked is whether this mythical creature (the man in the Clapham omnibus of patent law) would, in the light of the state of the art and of common general knowledge as at the claimed date of invention, have come directly and without difficulty to the solution taught by the patent.<ref>''Beloit Canada Ltd. v. Valmet Oy'' (1986), 8 C.P.R. (3d) 289 at p. 294.</ref></blockquote>

== European Patent Convention ==
The [[Finance:European Patent Convention|European Patent Convention]] (EPC) refers to the skilled person in {{EPC Article|56}} and provides for that "an invention shall be considered as involving an inventive step if, having regard to the [[Social:Prior art|state of the art]], it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art".

The EPC also refers to the skilled person in {{EPC Article|83}}, which requires that "[t]he European patent application must disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by a person skilled in the art".

Still further, the Protocol on the Interpretation of {{EPC Article|69}} refers to the skilled person. Article 1, 2nd sentence, states that "[n]or should it [Article 69 EPC] be taken to mean that the claims serve only as a guideline and that the actual protection conferred may extend to what, from a consideration of the description and the drawings by a "person skilled in the art", the patent proprietor has contemplated".<ref>[https://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/epc/2016/e/ma2a.html Protocol on the Interpretation of Article 69 EPC of 5 October 1973 as revised by the Act revising the EPC of 29 November 2000]</ref>

The European Patent Office provides guidelines<ref>{{EPO Guidelines|g|vii|3}} "Person skilled in the art"</ref> that set forth some of the skilled person's capabilities.

A related concept is the "business person", who is also a notional person. It is used at the EPO when assessing inventive step of an invention involving both technical and non-technical elements. The business person "represents an abstraction or shorthand for a separation of business considerations from technical".<ref>[https://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/pdf/t111463eu1.pdf T 1463/11 (Universal merchant platform / CardinalCommerce) of 29.11.2016], Reasons 15.</ref>

== United States ==
A '''person having ordinary skill in the art''' is a legal fiction first codified in the Patent Act of 1952.<ref>[http://www.ipmall.info/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/lipa/patents/federico-commentary.asp The Patent Act of 1952 - Legislative History - The Federico Commentary]</ref> The PHOSITA is a test of "obviousness" which is one of the largest gray areas in patent law.

{{blockquote|A patent may not be obtained though the invention&nbsp;... if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the [[Social:Prior art|prior art]] are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. [[Social:Patentability|Patentability]] shall not be negated by the manner in which the invention was made.<ref>35 U.S.C. § 103 (A)</ref>}}

The PHOSITA appears again in slightly different words in the provision requiring a proper disclosure:
{{blockquote|The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor or joint inventor of carrying out the invention.<ref>35 U.S.C. § 112</ref>}}

=== Comparison ===
Quite similar to the logic of "[[Social:Reasonable person|reasonable person]]" used in the common law of torts as a test of [[Social:Negligence|negligence]], the PHOSITA is a hypothetical individual, neither a [[Philosophy:Genius|genius]] nor a layperson, created in the mind of a [[Social:Patent examiner|patent examiner]] or the jury to see if a claimed invention is too obvious to be patented.

=== Creation ===
During the examination of a patent application, the examiner tries to find out if that invention has already been invented by another person. If so, the patent application will be returned to the applicant to be narrowed or modified. If not, the examiner will bring out the PHOSITA test to check if that invention is so obvious that people in the trade will invent it with or without patent applicant's efforts. In the end, if the examiner can not discover a piece of prior art that may lead the PHOSITA to the invention, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is required by statute to award that applicant a patent.

It is well known that it may take a few months or a couple of years for a paper to be published in a peer reviewed academic journal. The date of a sanctioned [[Social:Prior art|prior art]] can be a little later than the patent's application date:

{{blockquote|Examiner properly relied upon prior art publication in rejecting claims for production of [certain antibodies]&nbsp;... under [35 U.S.C. § 103], even though publication itself is not prior art against present claims, since publication establishes level of ordinary skill in art at and around time of present invention.<ref>''Ex parte Erlich'', 22 USPQ.2d 1463 (Bd.Pat.App. & Inter. 1992).</ref>}}

=== Capacity ===
The term "ordinary skill" is not rigidly defined.

: Factors that may be considered in determining level of ordinary skill in the art include
:* the educational level of the inventor;
:* type of problems encountered in the art;
:* prior art solutions to those problems;
:* rapidity with which innovations are made;
:* sophistication of the technology; and
:* educational level of active workers in the field.<ref>''Environmental Designs, Ltd. v. Union Oil Co.'', 713 F.2d 693, 696, 218 USPQ 865, 868 (Fed. Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1043 (1984).</ref>

=== ''KSR v. Teleflex'' ===
The Supreme Court reversed a decision by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit based on how the lower court defined the capabilities of a PHOSITA.  ''KSR v. Teleflex'' was decided by a unanimous Supreme Court on April 30, 2007.

Importantly, Justice Anthony Kennedy's opinion stated, "A person of ordinary skill is also a person of ordinary creativity, not an automaton."  Although the Court's opinion acknowledged other Federal Circuit cases that described a PHOSITA as having "common sense" and who could find motivation "implicitly in the [[Social:Prior art|prior art]]," Kennedy emphasized that his opinion was directed at correcting the "errors of law made by the Court of Appeals in this case" and does not necessarily overturn all other Federal Circuit [[Social:Precedent|precedent]].

Once the PHOSITA is properly defined, ''KSR v. Teleflex'' described how [[Social:Inventive step and non-obviousness|obviousness]] should be determined:

{{blockquote|In determining whether the subject matter of a patent claim is obvious, neither the particular motivation nor the avowed purpose of the patentee controls. What matters is the objective reach of the claim. If the claim extends to what is obvious, it is invalid under §103. One of the ways in which a patent's subject matter can be proved obvious is by noting that there existed at the time of invention a known problem for which there was an obvious solution encompassed by the patent's claims. This was applied to the facts before the Court with the following:

The proper question to have asked was whether a pedal designer of ordinary skill, facing the wide range of needs created by developments in the field of endeavor, would have seen a benefit to upgrading Asano with a sensor.}}

== Elsewhere ==
Practically all patent legislations disallow the patentability of something obvious. Hence, it is no surprise that the laws of other countries have similar formulations.

For example, the {{wipe|Germany}} Patent Act (''Patentgesetz'') requires that the invention "cannot be derived by a ''Fachmann'' from the state of the art in an obvious manner".<ref>"... wenn sie sich für den Fachmann nicht in naheliegender Weise aus dem Stand der Technik ergibt.", Art. 4 of the Patentgesetz.</ref> The word ''Fachmann'' (an ordinary German word meaning somebody who has professional knowledge in a field) is made specific by ''ständiger Rechtsprechung'' (usual court opinion) as a "specialist with average knowledge and talent whom one would ordinarily ask to seek a solution for the (objective) problem the invention deals with"<ref>"Sachverständiger mit durchschnittlichem Wissen und Können, den man üblicherweise mit der Lösung der (objektiven) Aufgabe der Erfindung betrauen würde" (stRspr - BPatG Mitt. 84, 213, T 32/81 Abl. 1982, 225)</ref>

==Decoupling==
It is commonly assumed that the PHOSITA (or its European equivalent) in the non-obviousness provision and in the disclosure provision are the same person.{{how|date=October 2023}} Raising the non-obviousness bar (as has been proposed by people concerned about "trivial patents" being granted) therefore implies that the requirements for disclosure are lowered{{why|date=October 2023}}: if more inventions are considered "trivial", the PHOSITA is apparently considered smarter, so they do not need an elaborate disclosure. Some writers have therefore proposed to "decouple" the PHOSITA considered in those two types of evaluations into two separate entities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.berkeley.edu/journals/btlj/articles/vol17/Burk-Lemley.stripped.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-03-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060914134606/http://www.law.berkeley.edu/journals/btlj/articles/vol17/Burk-Lemley.stripped.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-14 }}</ref>

==See also==
* The man on the Bondi tram
* Objective historian

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{EPO Guidelines|g|vii|3}}: "Person skilled in the art"
* [http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2141.html  M.P.E.P. Section 2141, Examination Guidelines for Determining Obviousness Under 35 U.S.C. 103]

{{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2018}}

[[Category:Patent law]]

{{Sourceattribution|Person having ordinary skill in the art}}