View source for Social:Odious debt

{{Short description|International law legal theory}}
In [[Finance:International law|international law]], '''odious debt''', also known as '''illegitimate debt''', is a legal theory that says that [[Finance:Government debt|the national debt]] incurred by a despotic regime should not be enforceable. Such debts are, thus, considered by this doctrine to be personal debts of the government that incurred them and not debts of the state. In some respects, the concept is analogous to the invalidity of contracts signed under [[Social:Coercion|coercion]].<ref name=UNCTAD>{{cite book|author1=Robert Howse|title=The Concept of Odious Debt in Public International Law|date=July 2007| publisher=UNCTAD|location=Geneva |url= http://unctad.org/en/docs/osgdp20074_en.pdf }}</ref> Whether or not it is possible to discharge debts in this manner is a matter of dispute.

== History ==

The concept has antecedents dating back to the 1800s and support from diverse fields such as [[Finance:Economics|economics]], [[Philosophy:Philosophy|philosophy]], political science, [[History:History|history]], and [[Philosophy:Law|law]].{{explain|date=December 2022}}

The concept of odious debt was formalized in a 1927 treatise by [[Biography:Alexander Nahum Sack|Alexander Nahum Sack]], a {{wipe|Russia}}n émigré legal theorist. It was based on two 19th-century precedents—Mexico's repudiation of debts incurred by Emperor Maximilian, and the denial by the {{wipe|United States}} of Cuban liability for debts incurred by the Spanish colonial regime.<ref>Graeme Smith (20 November 2011), [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/a-new-euro-crisis-strategy-deny-the-debt/article2242826 "A new euro crisis strategy: Deny the debt"], ''The Globe and Mail''</ref><ref>[http://scholarship.law.campbell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=fac_sw Sarah Ludington et al., ''Applied Legal History: Demystifying the Doctrine of Odious Debts''], 11 THEORETICAL INQUIRIES L. 247, 253 (2010).</ref><ref>[http://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/1656-1679_Online.pdf ''Developments in the Law — The International Place of Puerto Rico''], 130 HARV. L. REV. 1656 (2017).</ref>

Sack wrote:

<blockquote>
When a despotic regime contracts a debt, not for the needs or in the state's interests, but rather to strengthen itself, to suppress a popular insurrection, etc, this debt is odious for the people of the entire state. This debt does not bind the nation; it is a debt of the regime, a personal debt contracted by the ruler, and consequently, it falls with the regime's demise. The reason why these odious debts cannot attach to the territory of the state is that they do not fulfill one of the conditions determining the lawfulness of State debts, namely that State debts must be incurred, and the proceeds used, for the needs and in the interests of the State. Odious debts, contracted and utilized for purposes which, to the lenders' knowledge, are contrary to the needs and the interests of the nation, are not binding on the nation &ndash; when it succeeds in overthrowing the government that contracted them &ndash; unless the debt is within the limits of real advantages that these debts might have afforded. The lenders have committed a hostile act against the people, they cannot expect a nation that has freed itself of a despotic regime to assume these odious debts, which are the personal debts of the ruler.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jubileeiraq.org/odiousdebt.htm|title=Jubilee Iraq - Odious Debt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306000652/http://www.jubileeiraq.org/odiousdebt.htm|archive-date=2011-03-06}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Sack theorized that such debts are not enforceable when (1) the lender should have known that (2) the debt was incurred without the consent and (3) without benefit to the populace.<ref>[http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1183&context=faculty_scholarship Patrick Bolton & David Skeel, ''Odious Debts or Odious Regimes?''], 70 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 83 (2007).</ref>  There are many examples of similar debt repudiation.<ref name=mystify>{{cite journal| author1 = Mitu Gulati| author2 = Sarah Ludington| author3= Alfred L. Brophy |title=Applied Legal History: Demystifying the Doctrine of Odious Debts| journal=Theoretical Inquiries in Law | date =January 2010| volume=11 |issue =1 |pages=247–281| doi=10.2202/1565-3404.1242| url= https://scholarship.law.ua.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1253&context=fac_working_papers|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH | s2cid = 201055836| issn = 1565-3404}}</ref>  

Chief Justice William Howard Taft, acting as an [[Social:Arbitrator|arbiter]], used the doctrine in 1923 to find that Costa Rica did not have to pay the {{wipe|United Kingdom}} debts incurred by the Federico Tinoco Granados regime.<ref>[http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1336&context=yjil Odette Lienau, ''Who Is the “Sovereign” in Sovereign Debt?: Reinterpreting a Rule-of-Law Framework from the Early Twentieth Century''], 33 Yale J. Int'l L. 63 (2008).</ref>

Despite such rulings, Mitu Gulati argues that odious debt is not part of [[Finance:International law|international law]] because "[n]o national or international tribunal has ever cited Odious Debt as grounds for invalidating a sovereign obligation."<ref name="ReferenceA">Mitu Gulati, Duke University School of Law; Ugo Panizza, The Graduate Institute Geneva and CEPR. The Hausmann-Gorky Effect. Working Paper No. HEIDWP02-2018. Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, International Economics Department.</ref>

== Reception ==
Patricia Adams, executive director of Probe International, a {{wipe|Canada}} environmental and public policy advocacy organization and author of  ''Odious Debts: Loose Lending, Corruption, and the Third World's Environmental Legacy'', stated: "by giving creditors an incentive to lend only for purposes that are transparent and of public benefit, future tyrants will lose their ability to finance their armies, and thus the war on terror and the cause of world peace will be better served."<ref name=adams>{{cite book|author1=Patricia Adams|title=Odious Debts: Loose Lending, Corruption, and the Third World's Environmental Legacy|date=1991|publisher=Earthscan Publications |isbn=978-1853831225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K3YAwAAQBAJ}}</ref> In a [[Organization:Cato Institute|Cato Institute]] policy analysis, Adams suggested that debts incurred by Iraq during Saddam Hussein's reign were odious because the money was spent on weapons, instruments of repression, and palaces.<ref>Patricia Adams, [http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-526es.html "Iraq's Odious Debt"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103223442/http://www.cato.org//pubs/pas/pa-526es.html |date=2006-01-03 }}, Cato Institute</ref>

A 2002 article by economists Seema Jayachandran and [[Biography:Michael Kremer|Michael Kremer]] renewed interest in this topic.<ref name=brook>{{cite news | author1= Michael Kremer |author2 = Seema Jayachandran |title = Odious Debt: When Dictators Borrow, Who Repays the Loan?| url= http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2003/03/spring-development-kremer |work = Brookings Institution |date=Spring 2003}}</ref> They propose that the idea can be used to create a new type of economic sanction to block further borrowing by dictators.<ref name=imf>{{cite journal | author1 = Michael Kremer| author2= Seema Jayachandran|journal= Finance & Development|title=Odious Debt|date=June 2002|volume = 39| issue=2| url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2002/06/kremer.htm | publisher =IMF}}</ref> Jayachandran proposed new recommendations in November 2010 at the 10th anniversary of the Jubilee movement at the Center for Global Development in [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=What Ever Happened to the Jubilee? A 10th Anniversary Assessment of the Debt Relief Movement |url=http://www.cgdev.org/content/article/detail/1424565 |website=Center For Global Development |access-date=12 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the loan sanctions model has been adopted by the Centre for Global Developments<ref>{{cite web |title=Prevention of Odious Debt Working Group (June 2009 – November 2010) |url=http://www.cgdev.org/working-group/prevention-odious-debt-working-group |website=Center For Global Development |access-date=12 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and has been the base for a number of further suggestions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Schneider | first = Friedrich Benjamin | title = The International Convention on the Prevention of Odious Agreements: A Human Rights-Based Mechanism to Avoid Odious Debts | journal=Leiden Journal of International Law | volume = 28 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year = 2015 |issue=3  |pages=557–578| doi = 10.1017/S0922156515000291 | s2cid = 151618161 | url = https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/18452/28552/1/10.1017_S0922156515000291.pdf }}</ref>  Some think the doctrine could aid [[Finance:International development|international development]].<ref>[http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1435&context=lcp Tom Ginsburg & Thomas S. Ulen, ''Odious Debt, Odious Credit, Economic Development, and Democratization''], 70 Law & Contemp. Probs. 115 (2007).</ref>  Others think that the doctrine should allow even more kinds of debt to be canceled.<ref>[http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=facpub Christiana Ochoa, ''From Odious Debt to Odious Finance: Avoiding the Externalities of a Functional Odious Debt Doctrine''], 49 HARV. INT’L L.J. 109 (2008).</ref>

==Application==
After acquiring Puerto Rico through the Spanish–American War, the United States refused to pay the colony's creditors, asserting they held odious debt.<ref name=harvII>{{cite journal|title=Developments in the Law — Ch. II: The International Place of Puerto Rico|journal=Harvard Law Review|date=2017|volume=130|page=1656|url=http://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/1656-1679_Online.pdf|access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref>

In December 2008, Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa attempted to default on Ecuador's national debt, calling it illegitimate odious debt, because corrupt and despotic prior regimes contracted it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ecuador defaults on foreign debt |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7780984.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=13 December 2008}}</ref> He succeeded in reducing the price of the debt letters before continuing paying the debt.<ref>[https://therealnews.com/equador0427 "'Avenger against oligarchy' wins in Ecuador"], ''The Real News'', 27 April 2009.</ref>

After the overthrow of Haiti's Jean-Claude Duvalier in 1986, there were calls to cancel Haiti's debt owed to multilateral institutions, calling it unjust odious debt, and Haiti could better use the funds for education, health care, and basic infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jubileeusa.org/jubilee.cgi?path=/take_action&page=haiti06.html|title=Jubilee USA Network &#124; take_action &#124; haiti06.html|date=February 8, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208224330/http://www.jubileeusa.org/jubilee.cgi?path=/take_action&page=haiti06.html |archive-date=2007-02-08 }}</ref> As of February 2008, the Haiti Debt Cancellation Resolution had 66 co-sponsors in the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://waters.house.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=169193 |title=Congresswoman Maxine Waters Introduces Legislation to Cancel Haiti's Debt |access-date=2012-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916113816/http://waters.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=169193 |archive-date=2012-09-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Several organizations in the United States issued [[Social:Action alert|action alert]]s around the Haiti Debt Cancellation Resolution, and a Congressional letter to the U.S. Treasury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijdh.org/articles/articles/article_recent_news_2-12-08.html |title=Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti |publisher=Ijdh.org |date=2008-02-12 |access-date=2012-10-23}}{{fv|date=January 2020}}</ref> including Jubilee USA, the Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti and Pax Christi USA.

== See also ==
*Debt of developing countries
*[[Finance:Debt relief|Debt relief]]
*[[Finance:Domestic liability dollarization|Domestic liability dollarization]]
*Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
*Haiti's external debt
*Jubilee USA Network
*[[Moral hazard]]
*Sovereign debt
*[[Finance:Sovereign default|Sovereign default]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{debt}}

[[Category:Debt]]
[[Category:Legal doctrines and principles]]
[[Category:Dictatorship]]
[[Category:Economic problems]]
[[Category:Political repression]]
[[Category:Social ethics]]

{{Sourceattribution|Odious debt}}