View source for Social:Judeo-Tat

{{short description|Persian-derived Jewish language of the eastern Caucasus}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Judeo-Tat
| nativename = cuhuri, {{Script|Cyrl|жугьури}}, {{Script|Hebr|ז׳אוּהאוּראִ}}
| ethnicity=Mountain Jews
| states = [[Place:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], {{wipe|Russia}} – North Caucasian Federal District, spoken by immigrant communities in [[Place:Israel|Israel]], United States ({{wipe|New York City}})
| speakers = {{sigfig|81,500|1}}
| date = 2010–2018
| ref = e26
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Social:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = Iranian
| fam4 = Western Iranian
| fam5 = Southwestern Iranian
| fam6 = [[Social:Persian language|Persian]]<ref name=Windfuhr>Windfuhr, Gernot. ''The Iranian Languages''. Routledge. 2009. p. 417.</ref>
| fam7 = [[Social:Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]]
| script = Latin, [[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Social:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]
| iso3 = jdt
| glotto = jude1256
| glottorefname = Judeo-Tat
| map              = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption       = {{center|{{small|Judeo-Tat is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)}}}}
| notice = IPA
}}
'''Judeo-Tat''' or '''Juhuri''' (''cuhuri'', {{Script|Cyrl|жугьури}}, {{Script|Hebr|ז׳אוּהאוּראִ}}) is a traditional language of the Mountain Jews, primarily spoken in [[Place:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], Dagestan, and [[Place:Israel|Israel]].<ref name=e26/>

Juhuri, or Judeo-Tat is a Judeo-Persian dialect historically spoken by the Mountain Jews. This language belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the [[Social:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]], albeit with heavy Hebrew influence. In the era of Soviet historiography, the Mountain Jews were mistakenly considered to be related to the Muslim Tats of Azerbaijan. However, they do not share a common linguistic heritage, as the Mountain Jews kept their native language, while the Muslim Tats eventually adopted Persian. The words ''Juvuri'' and ''Juvuro'' translate as "Jewish" and "Jews".

Judeo-Tat has Semitic (Hebrew/Aramaic/[[Social:Arabic|Arabic]]) elements on all linguistic levels. Judeo-Tat has the Semitic sound “ayin/ayn” (ع/ע), whereas no neighbouring languages have it. <ref> Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. 
[https://www.academia.edu/12266165/Judeo-Iranian_Languages].</ref>

Judeo-Tat is an endangered language<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/chris.html Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.]</ref><ref name=Clifton /> classified as "definitely endangered" by [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]]'s Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222090430/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206 |date=2009-02-22 }}</ref> <!--UNESCO Endangered Language Criteria: 1. Vulnerable, 2. Definitely Endangered, 3. Severely Endangered, 4. Critically Endangered, 5. Extinct-->

==Distribution==
The language is spoken by an estimated 101,000 people:
* [[Place:Israel|Israel]]: 70,000 in 1998
* [[Place:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]: 24,000 in 1989
* {{wipe|Russia}}: 2,000 in 2010<ref name=e26/>
* {{wipe|United States}}: 5,000<ref> Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, ed. Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74.
[https://www.academia.edu/19729244/Juhuri_from_the_Caucasus_to_New_York_City]. </ref>
* {{wipe|Canada}} 2,500<ref>James B. Minahan, ed. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia]: Juhuro.</ref>

==Phonology==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Vowel phonemes of Judeo-Tat<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120314204924/http://www.trilinguis.com/juhuri/phonetics.htm?oid=40.2222229 Phonetics of the Mountain Jewish language]</ref>
! 
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Central
! rowspan=2 | Back
|-
! || Unrounded || Rounded
|- 
! Close
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|y}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! Near-close
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}
|
| 
|
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! Open
| {{IPA link|æ}}
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Consonant phonemes of Judeo-Tat
!colspan=2| 
! Labial
! Dental/<br>Alveolar
! Post-<br>alv./Palatal
! Velar
! Uvular
! Pharyn<br>-geal
! Glottal
|- 
!colspan=2| Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n̪}}
| || || || ||
|- 
!rowspan=2| Stop/<br>Affricate
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| || ||
|- 
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɢ}}
| ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|f}}
| {{IPAlink|s̪}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}||
| {{IPAlink|χ}}
| {{IPAlink|ħ}}
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|- 
! <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|v}}
| {{IPAlink|z̪}}
| || || || ||
|- 
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPAlink|j}}
| ||
| {{IPAlink|ʕ}}
|
|- 
! colspan="2" | Flap
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| || || || ||
|}

==Alphabet==
In the early 20th century, Judeo-Tat used the [[Social:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew script]]. In the 1920s, the Latin script was adapted for it; later it was written in [[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]. The use of the Hebrew alphabet has enjoyed renewed popularity.

{|
|+Script and phonemes of Judeo-Tat
|- align=center
|Latin
|Aa
|Bb
|Cc
|Çç
|Dd
|Ee
|Əə
|Ff
|Gg
|Hh
|Ḩḩ
|Ħћ
|Ii
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|Oo
|Pp
|Qq
|Rr
|Ss
|Şş
|Tt
|Uu
|Vv
|Xx
|Yy
|Zz
|- align=center
|[[Social:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
|Аа
|Бб
|Чч
|Жж
|Дд
|Ее
|Ээ
|Фф
|Гг
|Гьгь
|ГӀгӀ
|Хьхь
|Ии
|Йй
|Кк
|Лл
|Мм
|Нн
|Оо
|Пп
|Гъгъ
|Рр
|Сс
|Шш
|Тт
|Уу
|Вв
|Хх
|Уьуь
|Зз
|- align=center
|[[Social:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]
|אַ
|בּ
|ג׳/צ
|ז׳
|ד
|אי
|א
|פ
|ג
|ה
|ע
|ח
|אִ
|י
|כּ
|ל
|מ
|נ
|אָ
|פּ
|ק
|ר
|ס
|ש
|ת
|אוּ
|ב
|כ
|או
|ז
|- align=center
|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|a
|b
|tʃ/ts
|dʒ
|d
|ɛ
|æ
|f
|g
|h
|ʕ
|ħ
|i
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|o
|p
|ɢ
|ɾ
|s
|ʃ
|t
|u
|v
|χ
|y
|z
|}

==Influences and etymology==
Judeo-Tat is a dialect of the Southwest Iranian language family, which includes Persian. Compared to other Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus [e.g. [[Social:Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Social:Ossetian language|Ossetian]], and Kurdish], Judeo-Tat has more similarities to modern Persian. Howeverer, it also bears strong influence from other sources:

[[Social:Persian language|Medieval Persian]]: Postpositions are used predominantly in lieu of prepositions e.g. modern Persian: باز او > Judeo-Tat ''æ uræ-voz''  "with him/her".

[[Social:Arabic|Arabic]]: like in modern Persian, a significant portion of the vocabulary is Arabic in origin. Unlike modern Persian, Judeo-Tat has almost universally retained the original pharyngeal/uvular phonemes of Arabic e.g. {{IPA|/ʕæsæl/}} "honey" (Arab. {{lang|ar|عسل}}), {{IPA|/sæbæħ/}} "morning" (Arab. {{lang|ar|صباح}}).

Hebrew: As in other Jewish dialects, the language also has many Hebrew loanwords e.g. {{IPA|/ʃulħon/}} "table" (Heb. {{Script/Hebrew|שלחן}} ''shulḥan''), {{IPA|/mozol/}} "luck" (Heb. {{Script/Hebrew|מזל}} ''mazal''), {{IPA|/ʕoʃiɾ/}} "rich" (Heb. {{Script/Hebrew|עשיר}} ''ʻashir''). Hebrew words are typically pronounced in the tradition of other Mizrahi Jews. Examples: {{Script/Hebrew|ח}} and {{Script/Hebrew|ע}} are pronounced pharyngeally (like Arabic {{lang|ar|ح}}&lrm;, {{lang|ar|ع}} respectively); {{Script/Hebrew|ק}} is pronounced as a voiced uvular plosive (like Persian {{lang|fa|ق/غ}}). Classical Hebrew {{IPA|/w/}} ({{Script/Hebrew|ו}}) and {{IPA|/aː/}} (kamatz), however, are typically pronounced as /v/ and /o/ respectively (similar to the Persian/Ashkenazi traditions, but unlike the Iraqi tradition, which retains {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}})

[[Social:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: [[Social:Vowel harmony|Vowel harmony]] and many loan words

[[Social:Russian language|Russian]]: Loanwords adopted after the Russian Empire's annexation of Daghestan and Azerbaijan

[[Social:Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian languages]]: e.g. {{IPA|/tʃuklæ/}} "small" (probably the same origin as the medieval Caucasian city name "Sera-chuk" mentioned by Ibn Battuta, meaning "little Sera")

Other common phonology/morphology changes from classical Persian/Arabic/Hebrew:
* {{IPA|/aː/}} > /o/, /æ/, or /u/ e.g. {{IPA|/kitob/}} "book" (Arab. {{lang|ar|كتاب}}), {{IPA|/ɾæħ/}} "road/path" (Pers. {{lang|fa|راه}} ''rāh''), {{IPA|/ɢurbu/}} "sacrifice" (Arab., Aramaic {{IPA|/qurbaːn/}} or Heb. {{Script/Hebrew|קרבן}} ''Korban'')
* /o/ > /u/ e.g. {{IPA|/ovʃolum/}} "Absalom" (Heb. {{Script/Hebrew|אבשלום}} ''Abshalom'')
* /u/ > /y/, especially under the influence of [[Social:Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]]
* Stress on final syllable words
* Dropping of the final /n/, e.g. /soχtæ/ "to make" (Pers. {{lang|fa|ساختن}} ''sākhtan'')

==Dialects==
Being a variety of the Tat language, Judeo-Tat itself can be divided into several dialects:
*Quba dialect (traditionally spoken in Quba and Qırmızı Qəsəbə).
*Derbent dialect (traditionally spoken in the town of Derbent and the surrounding villages).
*Kaitag dialect (spoken in the [[Earth:North Caucasus|North Caucasus]]).
The dialects of Oğuz (formerly Vartashen) and the now extinct Jewish community of Mücü have not been studied well and thus cannot be classified.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.jewish-heritage.org/ve13a7r.htm Language of the Mountain Jews of Dagestan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501081420/http://www.jewish-heritage.org/ve13a7r.htm |date=2005-05-01 }} by E.Nazarova</ref>

==See also==
*Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)

==References==
<references>
<ref name=Clifton>{{cite web |title=Do the Talysh and Tat languages have a future in Azerbaijan? |work=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session |url=http://arts-sciences.und.edu/summer-institute-of-linguistics/work-papers/_files/docs/2009-clifton.pdf |author=John M Clifton |access-date=18 Feb 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112221554/http://arts-sciences.und.edu/summer-institute-of-linguistics/work-papers/_files/docs/2009-clifton.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Borjian |first1=Habib |last2=Kaufman |first2=Daniel |title=Juhuri: From the Caucasus to New York City |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=2016 |volume=2016 |issue=237 |pages=59–74 |doi=10.1515/ijsl-2015-0035|s2cid=55326563 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Juhūrī (Judeo-Tat or Judeo-Tātī) | first1 = Dan D.Y. | last1 = Shapira | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | editor = Norman A. Stillman |  publisher = Brill Online | url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/juhuri-judeo-tat-or-judeo-tati-SIM_0012430?s.num=59&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world&s.start=40&s.q=Persian | year = 2010}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code=jdt}}
*Judeo-Tat literature
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091203140314/http://www.trilinguis.com/library/juhur.htm Горско-еврейский язык] (словарь, грамматика, библиотека)
*[http://www.juhuro.ru JUHURO.RU - Информационно развлекательный портал горских евреев] Горские Евреи Израиля population ~70,000
*[http://www.nalchane.com Горские Евреи Нальчика] Mountain Jews of Nalchik.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901053108/http://www.juhuro.com/ Горские Евреи Америки] Mountain Jews of the US.
*[http://lekud.com Сайт Горских Евреев] Культура новости
*[https://brill.com/fileasset/downloads_products/35120_EJIW_Preview.pdf Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World: "Juhūrī (Judeo-Tat or Judeo-Tātī)", p 16 sq], print: Brill, Leiden 2010

{{Languages of the Caucasus}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Juhuri Language}}
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]

{{Sourceattribution|Judeo-Tat}}