View source for Social:Inventor (patent)

{{Short description|Concept in patent law}}
{{Patent law}}
In [[Social:Patent|patent]] [[Philosophy:Law|law]], an '''inventor''' is the [[Philosophy:Person|person]], or persons in United States patent law, who contribute to the claims of a [[Social:Patentability|patentable]] [[Invention|invention]]. In some patent law frameworks, however, such as in the [[Finance:European Patent Convention|European Patent Convention]] (EPC) and its case law, no explicit, accurate definition of who exactly is an inventor is provided. The definition may slightly vary from one European country to another. Inventorship is generally not considered to be a patentability criterion under European patent law.

Under U.S. case law, an inventor is the one with "intellectual domination"<ref>''Morse v. Porter'', 155 USPQ 280, 283 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1965)</ref> over the inventive process, and not merely one who assists in its reduction to practice. Since inventorship relates to the claims in a [[Social:Patent application|patent application]], knowing who an inventor is under the patent law is sometimes difficult.  In fact, inventorship can change during the [[Social:Patent prosecution|prosecution]] of a patent application as claims are deleted or amended.

"Joint inventors", or "co-inventors", exist when a patentable invention is the result of inventive work of more than one inventor. Joint inventors exist even where one inventor contributed a majority of the work.

Absent a [[Finance:Contract|contract]] or [[Finance:License|license]], the inventors are individuals who own the rights in an issued patent. Status as an inventor dramatically alters parties' ability to capitalize on the invention.<ref>''Ethicon v. United States Surgical Corp.'', 135 F.3d 1456, 45 U.S.P.Q.2d 1545 (Fed. Cir., 1998)</ref>

==Inventorship==
=== European Patent Convention ===

Under the European Patent Convention (EPC), identifying the inventor of a given invention is theoretically very important since "[t]he right to a European patent (...) belong[s] to the inventor or his successor in title",<ref name="EPC-60-1">{{EPC Article|60|1}}</ref> according to the [[Social:First to file and first to invent|first-to-file principle]].<ref>{{EPC Article|60|2}}</ref> In practice however, the European Patent Office (EPO) never investigates whether the proposed inventor is indeed the true inventor. Indeed, "[f]or the purposes of proceedings before the [EPO], the applicant shall be deemed to be entitled to exercise the right to the European patent".<ref>{{EPC Article|60|3}}</ref>

Court actions relating to the entitlement to the grant of a European patent must be brought before the national court which has the jurisdiction. The jurisdiction is determined in conformance with the "Protocol on Jurisdiction and the Recognition of Decisions in respect of the Right to the Grant of a European Patent" or, in short, the "Protocol on Recognition".<ref>EPO web site, [http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/html/epc/2000/e/ma4.html ''Protocol on Jurisdiction and the Recognition of Decisions in respect of the Right to the Grant of a European Patent (Protocol on Recognition) of 5 October 1973''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509181505/http://www.epo.org/patents/law/legal-texts/html/epc/2000/e/ma4.html |date=9 May 2008 }}</ref> Once a final decision is issued by a national court adjudging that the applicant is not entitled to the grant of a European patent, the procedure according to {{EPC Article|61}} is applicable.

In contrast with U.S. patent law, the applicant for a European patent need not be the inventor. The right to the European patent may validly be transferred before the filing of the application, e.g. by contract, by [[Social:Inheritance|inheritance]], or as a consequence of the "employee's rights" as determined by the applicable national law.<ref name="EPC-60-1"/> However, the inventor has the right to be mentioned as such before the EPO.<ref>{{EPC Article|62}}</ref> The EPO does not verify the accuracy of the designation of the inventor.<ref>{{EPC Rule|19|2}} (previously {{EPC 1973 Rule|17|2}})</ref> The inventor may waive its right to be mentioned as such in the European patent application and European patent specification.<ref>{{EPC Rule|20|1}} (previously {{EPC 1973 Rule|18|1}})</ref>

Inventorship is traditionally not classified as a [[Social:Patentability|patentability]] criterion under European patent law, in contrast with U.S. patent law. However, inventorship can be relevant to patentability in Europe, although in only a limited way.  Where a disclosure is made within 6 months preceding the filing date of a European patent application, the disclosure is not taken into consideration if it was due to, or in consequence of, an evident abuse in relation to the applicant or his legal predecessor.<ref>{{EPC Article|55|1|a}}</ref> Thus the identity of the inventor (who is often the applicant, or their legal predecessor) can be of vital importance.

===United States===
In the {{wipe|United States}}, before the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA), the inventor or joint inventors had to be named as the applicants. However, under the AIA, that is no longer the only option.<ref name="MPEP605">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s605.html|title=MPEP|first=MPEP|last=Resources|website=uspto.gov}}</ref> This requirement that a patent be issued in the name of the inventors is derived from the intellectual property clause of the United States Constitution:
<blockquote>The Congress shall have power . . .
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and '''inventors''' the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. (emphasis added)</blockquote>

An inventor is a party who conceived (not just contributed to the reduction-to-practice) at least one claim to a patent.  The courts explain that "[t]he threshold question" of inventorship is "who conceived the invention." Courts recognize that invention is rarely a solitary endeavor.  Therefore, conception and "intellectual domination" over an invention is important and "reduction to practice, ''per se'', is irrelevant. One must contribute to the conception to be an inventor."  For example, in 1991, consumer group Public Citizen sued the owners of the patent for use of the anti-retroviral compound AZT against HIV Aids, Burroughs-Wellcome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inquirer.com/archives/|title=Archives &#124; The Philadelphia Inquirer|website=inquirer.com}}</ref>  The plaintiffs claimed that several persons at the [[Organization:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) who had contributed to the patentable subject matter were not named as "inventors."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omsj.org/2010/History-of-AZT.pdf|title=The Story of AZT: Partnership and Conflict, by Mark Yarchoan, pages 15-20 (undated manuscript), accessed October 9, 2012}}</ref>  Controversially, the courts ultimately ruled that the original patent was valid, and no error had been made in excluding the NIH researchers whose work only 'confirmed' the invention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/28/business/patents-court-ruling-extends-burroughs-wellcome-s-monopoly-aids-drug-azt.html|title=Patents; A Court Ruling Extends Burroughs-Wellcome's Monopoly on the AIDS drug AZT|first=Teresa|last=Riordan|work=The New York Times |date=November 28, 1994|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

Generally, conception is "the ''complete'' performance of the mental part of the inventive act", and "the formation in the mind of the inventor of a ''definite and permanent idea'' of the ''complete and operative'' invention as it is thereafter to be applied in practice.." (emphasis added).<ref>''Townsend v. Smith'', 36 F.2d 292, 295, 4 USPQ 269, 271 (CCPA 1930)</ref> An idea is usually not "definite and permanent" or "complete" where changes result from experimentation.  In this case, other individuals who contribute to the formation of the "definite and permanent" idea are co-inventors.

The naming of inventors is very important for the validity of the patent. Failing to name, or incorrectly identifying inventors, with [[Social:Deception|deceptive]] intent, can result in a patent being held invalid or unenforceable for [[Philosophy:Inequitable conduct|inequitable conduct]].<ref>[https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/03/05/why-listing-all-inventors-is-crucial-to-protecting.html "Why listing all inventors is crucial to protecting an invention," ''Dallas Business Journal,'' March 5, 2019]</ref>  Ordinarily, the courts presume the named inventors are ''the'' inventors so long as there is no disagreement.

An inventor cannot opt out from being mentioned as such in a U.S. patent, even if the patent application was [[Social:Assignment (law)|assign]]ed before publication. Assignment of rights in a patent does not alter to whom the patent is actually issued. In fact, an assignee may only have an equitable interest in the patent until it is issued and then legal interest would transfer automatically. If the inventor is dead, insane, or otherwise legally incapacitated, refuses to execute an application, or cannot be found, an application may be made by someone other than the inventor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s409.html|title=MPEP|first=MPEP|last=Resources|website=uspto.gov}}</ref>

An omitted inventor can file lawsuit to have his/her name added to the list of the inventors.  Such cases arise very often{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} in Universities: see, for example, Chou v University of Chicago and Olusegun Falana v. Kent State University and Alexander J. Seed.

In 2019-2020, the USPTO has grappled with the question of whether an artificial intelligence machine can be an inventor.<ref>https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/16524350_22apr2020.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>  In a recent patent application, the USPTO rejected artificial intelligence machines as inventors, but has also sought comments from the public.  The American Intellectual Property Law Association has come out against a change in the law until the topic is better understood, but others have suggested temporary measures to collect relevant information until Congress takes up the issue.<ref>https://www.aipla.org/docs/default-source/advocacy/documents/aiplacomments_uspto_rfc_patentingai2019nov08.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patentspace.net/single-post/2020/05/26/Artificial-Intelligence-Inventorship|title=Recommended Preliminary Guideline for Handling Artificial Intelligence Inventorship Concerns|website=patentspace|date=26 May 2020 }}</ref>

==Compensation of inventors==
There are many ways in which an inventor might be compensated for a patent. An inventor might bring the patented product to market under the protection of the monopoly created by the patent.  The inventor may license a patent to another entity for an up-front fee, an ongoing royalty or other consideration.  The inventor may also sell the patent outright.  Henry Woodward, for example, sold his original US patent on the light bulb to [[Biography:Thomas Edison|Thomas Edison]] who then developed it into a commercially successful product.

Inventors who are employees of a company generally sell or [[Social:Assignment (law)|assign]] their patent rights to the company they work for.  The extent to which they are compensated will vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may depend upon any prior employment agreements that are in place.  Under Japanese patent law, for example, an employee is entitled to a “reasonable fee" for an invention.  In 2006 Hitachi was ordered to pay an employee $US 1.6 million for an invention the employee made that was commercially valuable.<ref>[http://www.marketsandpatents.com/bulletin/IPB-08152007.html Morton, Jeremy, “Employee Compensation in Europe” Insurance IP Bulletin, August 2007]</ref>  In United States, however, an employee may have to sign over the rights to an invention without any special compensation. Germany has a law on employees' inventions providing strict rules concerning the transfer of rights to an invention to the employer. It also prescribes mandatory compensation of employees for inventions they make. This right to compensation cannot be waived in advance, ''i.e.'' before the employer is informed of an invention.<ref>Sec. 22 Employees' Inventions Act</ref>

==See also==
*Projector (patent)

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/2100_2137_01.htm M.P.E.P. 2100 - Inventorship]


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[[Category:Patent law]]

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