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{{Short description|Political term}}An '''Internet water army''' ({{zh|s=网络水军|t=網絡水軍|p=Wǎngluò shuǐjūn}}) is a group of users who are paid to post online comments with vested interest on Chinese language websites. Internet water armies started in the early 2010s.<ref name=":22">{{cite news|last=Chen|first=Na|date=2018-03-12|title=Guns for Hire: China's Social Media Militia Engage on Command|work=Sixth Tone|url=http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1001904/guns-for-hire-chinas-social-media-militia-engage-on-command|url-status=live|access-date=2018-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120342/http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1001904/guns-for-hire-chinas-social-media-militia-engage-on-command|archive-date=2018-11-21}}</ref> They post news, comments, gossip and disinformation on online platforms like Weibo, WeChat and Taobao, China's eBay-like platform.'''<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=http://m.news.cctv.com/2018/02/05/ARTI5T9viL8A5yYnwbpWm2Om180205.shtml|title=揭秘"网络水军"生意经：只要给钱 什么新闻都能发 (Disclosing the business "internet water army": you pay, we post)|last=Zhang|first=Qibin|website=m.news.cctv.com|access-date=2018-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031180507/http://m.news.cctv.com/2018/02/05/ARTI5T9viL8A5yYnwbpWm2Om180205.shtml|archive-date=2018-10-31|url-status=live}}</ref>''' In this [[Social:Astroturfing|astroturfing]] technique for [[Social:Public relations|public relations]] and [[Social:Media manipulation|media manipulation]], online Chinese companies employ people to post on [[Social:Social media|social media]] to change [[Philosophy:Public opinion|public opinion]]. It has been developed into an industry in which a company specializing in internet water armies can earn 7.6 million yuan within three months and has made over 2500 transactions.<ref name=":03"/> The private Internet water army operations parallel the official [[Social:50 Cent Party|50 Cent Party]] internet commentators hired by the government of the People's Republic of China or the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to spread propaganda and [[Social:Disinformation|disinformation]].
The most prominent group is Li Yi Bar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Aug 2019 |title=China's online soldiers: Di Bar joins forces with 'Fan Girls' to target Hong Kong protesters |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/twitter-facebook-suspend-malicious-chinese-accounts-targeting-hong-kong-protests/news-story/9b321e8210bf9af092f85e659dbc533b |url-access=subscription |work=The Australian}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Social:Chinese information operations and information warfare}}
Governmental programs of social media manipulation are found worldwide. China's [[Social:50 Cent Party|50 Cent Party]] (named from the 0.5 yuan payment per posting) trains and employs tens of thousands of online commentators to promote the PRC [[Social:Party line (politics)|party line]] and control public opinion on microblogs, bulletin board systems, and chatrooms.<ref name=":2" />

These groups are mainly staffed by migrants, housewives and students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-06 |title=Guangzhou cracks down on "internet water army", China's version of fake followers |language=en-US |work=TechNode |url=https://technode.com/2018/02/06/guangzhou-water-army/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702124332/https://technode.com/2018/02/06/guangzhou-water-army/ |archive-date=2018-07-02}}</ref>

== Name ==
The water army metaphor refers to "the large number of people who are well organized to flood the Internet with purposeful comments and articles".<ref name=":0" /> The Chinese [[Social:Etymology|etymology]] of ''shuijun'' meaning "navy" instead of "water army" is translated in the Shuijunshiwan 水军十万 (lit. "navy 100,000") company slogan: "Thousands of navy, for your assignment".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shuijunshiwan.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116191944/http://www.shuijunshiwan.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-11-16 |title=Shuijunshiwan |date=2010-11-16 |access-date=2014-05-19}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS).|date=July 2022}}

Adam Clark Estes describes the name as, "If the term 'Internet troll' conjures up unintimidating images of angry, acne-faced computer geeks, the phrase 'Internet water army' just sounds horrifying, like a force of besuited villains from a graphic novel. In reality, it's not that scary, but the continually booming business for paid spammers and mission-driven trolls is definitely unsettling."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Estes|first=Adam Clark|date=2011-11-23|title=The Spam-Slinging Habits of China's Internet Water Army|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/11/chinas-spam-slinging-internet-water-army/335081/|access-date=2021-10-31|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref>

Xinhua News Agency reported on a new name: "zombies" (''[[Unsolved:Jiangshi|jiangshi]]'' 僵尸, {{Translation|"zombie"}}), who are paid followers of [[Social:Sina Weibo|Sina Weibo]] microblogs, and "can be bought and sold online for as little as 4 yuan (63 cents) a thousand".<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2011-11/22/c_131261763.htm "Zombies" and "phantom" fans haunt online statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730041856/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2011-11/22/c_131261763.htm |date=2013-07-30 }}, 2011-11-22.</ref>

== Features ==
Paid posting involves thousands of individuals and posters using different online IDs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=November 22, 2011|title=Undercover Researchers Expose Chinese Internet Water Army|language=en|work=MIT Technology Review|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/426174/undercover-researchers-expose-chinese-internet-water-army/|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref> Every day, around 40 percent of the trending hashtags on the social media platform{{which|date=August 2023}} are created by Internet water armies.<ref name=":22" /> The content is usually well-prepared and there is a quality control team to check whether the postings meet the customer's standards.<ref name=":1" /> Some companies hire Internet water armies to leave good reviews, and some singers or film stars also pay them to be fake followers on [[Social:Sina Weibo|Sina Weibo]]. The price for posting good comments and bad comments depends on the content. If there are negative reviews about a product or some gossip targeting a person, they must pay the Internet water army to screen and delete the negative comments.<ref name=":1" />

There is some difference between internet water army and 50 Cent Party. The concept of 50 Cent Party is narrower since it only refers to paid posters who deflect political discussions and post any positive and supporting reviews related to the central government or CCP. According to a [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] study in 2017, it was estimated that there were 448 million social media comments fabricated by the 50 Cent Party hired by the Chinese government at the time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=King|first1=Gary|last2=Pan|first2=Jennifer|last3=Roberts|first3=Margaret E.|date=August 2017|title=How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=111|issue=3|pages=484–501|doi=10.1017/S0003055417000144|issn=0003-0554|doi-access=free}}</ref> These comments avoid touching upon controversial and sensitive issues.<ref name=":2" />

=== Types ===
There are three types of Internet water armies.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cssn.cn/xwcbx/xwcbx_xwll/201310/t20131026_607027.shtml|title=网络水军类型、多重信用及其治理 (Types and Governance of the Internet Water Army)|last=Yang|first=Zhihuang|website=www.cssn.cn|access-date=2018-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224904/http://www.cssn.cn/xwcbx/xwcbx_xwll/201310/t20131026_607027.shtml|archive-date=2018-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The first type voluntarily spreads posts promoting social justice,<ref name=":8" /> the second is mainly hired by the government or [[Finance:State-owned enterprise|state-owned companies]] to promote CCP propaganda,<ref name=":8" /> and the third works for private companies, such as public relations companies, to pursue their own interests.<ref name=":8" />

=== Tactics ===
A 2010 news story on China Central Television listed three customer services of Internet water armies: promotion of a specific product, company, person or message; slandering an adversary or their products or services, and helping delete negative or unfavorable posts or news articles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[焦点访谈]揭秘网络"推广" |url=http://news.cntv.cn/program/jiaodianfangtan/20101107/102619.shtml |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=news.cntv.cn}}</ref>

Pricing for Internet water armies tactics varies. ''Shanghai Daily'' quoted Tang Jing, an employee of the Web PR company Shuijunshiwang.com, that prices range from a "basic zombie" for less than 5 yuan ($0.79) per 1,000 on the internet marketplace [[Finance:Taobao|Taobao]] to an "A-level zombie" having "the characteristics of a real person, with a photo, self-description, tags of categories and its own fans" for 120 yuan ($18.86) per 5,000.<ref name="Shanghai Daily 2011">Shanghai Daily (2011).</ref>

Cheng Chen, a [[Computer science|computer science]] researcher at the University of Victoria, and three colleagues performed an academic study of Internet water army activities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Chen|first1=Cheng|last2=Wu|first2=Kui|last3=Srinivasan|first3=Venkatesh|last4=Zhang|first4=Xudong|title=Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining |chapter=Battling the internet water army |date=2013-08-25|language=en|location=Niagara Ontario Canada|publisher=ACM|pages=116–120|doi=10.1145/2492517.2492637|isbn=978-1-4503-2240-9|s2cid=3444164}}</ref> To learn how online Chinese ghostwriters operate, Cheng registered undercover with an Internet PR company that trained and paid him to make social media postings.<ref name=":0" /> Each mission had a project manager; a trainer team that plans schedules, distributes shared user IDs, and maintains quality control; a posters team, typically college students and unemployed people, that gets 30 to 50 cents per validated post; a resources team that registers and collects online user IDs; and a PR team that maintains relationships with social media webmasters.<ref name=":0" />

== Reasons ==
Online marketing in China has become a big and profitable business and has spawned many Internet public relations agencies.<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/06/the-chinese-online-water-army/|title=The Chinese online 'Water Army'|last=Sterling|first=Bruce|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2018-11-20|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120456/https://www.wired.com/2010/06/the-chinese-online-water-army/|archive-date=2018-11-21|url-status=live}}</ref> Internet water armies working for these PR firms not only advertise products but also remove any negative feedback that they find.<ref name=":3" />

Many celebrity agencies in the entertainment industry and their die-hard fans have been willing to spend a lot of money to hire Internet water armies to generate positive online reviews for their songs and movies.<ref name=":22"/> The armies can range from a handful of people to hundreds, who often help celebrities inflate their social media accounts' followers with thousands of fake followers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/legal/2018-01/12/c_1122246989.htm|title=揭网络水军产业链运作内情：出售粉丝 (how do Internet water armies operate)|last=Zhao|first=Li|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2018-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120156/http://www.xinhuanet.com/legal/2018-01/12/c_1122246989.htm|archive-date=2018-11-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, some entertainment companies use Internet water armies to bump up film ratings and smear a rival's reputation.<ref name=":4" />

Many people who join an Internet water army think online paid posting is a new type of online part-time job opportunity and an easy way to make money.<ref name=":0" /> With the ubiquity of personal computers and smart phones along with easy-to-use microblogging platforms, the entry barrier is low. The income of Internet water armies is a primary reason why many people choose to join them,<ref name=":62"/> more than 60% of Internet water army members earn more than a thousand yuan per month by posting and deleting reviews.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kknews.cc/zh-cn/society/5jnpx2.html|title="网络水军"透露你不知道的"赚钱道"(how do Internet water armies make money)|access-date=2018-11-20|language=zh-cn}}</ref>

== Current affairs ==
In 2017, Chinese Internet regulators imposed strict bans on hiring paid posters as a part of a sweeping campaign to tighten Internet control.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1000746/china-bars-netizens-from-commenting-anonymously|title=China Bars Netizens From Commenting Anonymously|last=Lianzhang|first=Wang|date=2017-08-25|work=Sixth Tone|access-date=2018-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203708/http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1000746/china-bars-netizens-from-commenting-anonymously|archive-date=2018-11-21|url-status=live}}</ref> Police arrested more than 200 people in 40 water army cases and closed 5,000 paid poster accounts since May 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infzm.com/content/133220|title=起底"网络水军"犯罪活动:只要客户给钱,什么内容都能发(Criminal activities of "Internet water army")|last=Liu|first=Yizhan|website=www.infzm.com|access-date=2018-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203823/http://www.infzm.com/content/133220|archive-date=2018-11-21|url-status=live}}</ref> In June, a man was sentenced to five years and nine months in prison and fined 920,000 yuan ($135,000) for generating fake transactions and product reviews on Taobao;<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjnews.com.cn/inside/2017/06/21/447535.html|title=网购刷单第一案组织者获刑5年9个月(First judicial case,men imprisoned for generating fake transactions)|last=Ni|first=Xueying|website=www.bjnews.com.cn|access-date=2018-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120500/http://www.bjnews.com.cn/inside/2017/06/21/447535.html|archive-date=2018-11-21|url-status=live}}</ref> it is the first judicial case that a suspect was charged with this offense in China.<ref name=":5" />

In July 2018, the producer of ''Asura'' said that their movie's ratings was brought down by fake comments on an influential rating platform.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b4f27934-944a-11e8-b67b-b8205561c3fe|title=China's battle with the 'internet water army'|last=Yang|first=Yuan|website=Financial Times|date=August 2018|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161650/https://www.ft.com/content/b4f27934-944a-11e8-b67b-b8205561c3fe|archive-date=2018-11-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2018, Guangzhou's latest move targeting the Internet water army was about a larger scale crackdown launched by China's public security authority, involving 77 suspects and 4 million yuan ($635,000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2018/02-07/8443048.shtml|title=广州警方打击"网络水军" 系列案件揭开完整链条 (Guangdong police cracks down on "Internet water army")|last=Yang|first=Boyu|website=www.chinanews.com|access-date=2018-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120120/http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2018/02-07/8443048.shtml|archive-date=2018-11-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legality ==
Net marketing companies like Internet water armies sometimes operate on murky legal grounds, particularly under [[Finance:International law|international law]]. The US companies Facebook and Digg sent [[Social:Cease and desist|cease and desist]] orders to the Australian company uSocial, which ignored them and continues to market "friends" and "votes".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8370302.stm Facebook acts on follower trade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907124841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8370302.stm |date=2011-09-07 }}, BBC News, 20 November 2009.</ref><ref>Michael Learmonth, [http://adage.com/article/digital/usocial-sell-twitter-followers-facebook-friends/138770/ Want 5,000 More Facebook Friends? That'll Be $654.30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828235755/http://adage.com/article/digital/usocial-sell-twitter-followers-facebook-friends/138770/ |date=2015-08-28 }}, ''Advertising Age'' September 02, 2009.</ref>

China, unlike many countries, has a strict [[Cyber defamation law|cyber defamation law]], and some Internet Water Army companies have been accused of violating it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Trends/China-s-strict-new-cybersecurity-law-ensnares-Japanese-companies|title=China's strict new cybersecurity law ensnares Japanese companies|website=Nikkei Asian Review|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112014356/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Trends/China-s-strict-new-cybersecurity-law-ensnares-Japanese-companies|archive-date=2018-11-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

Internet water army practices often result in privacy violations or damaged reputations, and the 2009 revision of China's Tort Liability Law stipulated that in such cases, "the victim has the right to inform the Internet service provider (ISP) to delete harmful postings and that the ISP must face joint liability for damages if it fails to act".<ref>Mo (2010).</ref> China's State Council Information Office announced in 2011 that it "is working out laws to regulate the increasing numbers in the "Internet Army." Wang Chen, director of the office, announced that the Chinese government has paid constant attention to the posters and commentators, who have been found damaging social order both in the real and the virtual world."<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/business/2011-01/07/content_21690990.htm Taobao takes aim at 'Internet Army'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121201919/http://china.org.cn/business/2011-01/07/content_21690990.htm |date=2011-01-21 }}, ''Shanghai Daily'', January 7, 2011.</ref>

In 2007, the cosmetics firm Doctor Bai and health-food company BiosTime both sued the consumer protection website 315ts.net for posting fake comments about their products. "Judges eventually ruled in the website's favor because there was no evidence to suggest the posts were not genuine."<ref>Duan Yan [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-06/17/content_9981056.htm The invisible hands behind Web postings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111070911/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-06/17/content_9981056.htm |date=2012-01-11 }}, ''China Daily'', 2010-06-17.</ref> According to a 2010 ''China Daily'' report, Mengniu Dairy denied paying a Wangluo zhujun company to spread false rumors about dairy products of their competitors Yili Group and Synbutra International.<ref>Chen Xiu, [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-10/21/content_11437735.htm Dairy giant Mengniu in smear scandal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110100939/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-10/21/content_11437735.htm |date=2012-01-10 }}, China Daily 2010-10-21.</ref> The ''Shanghai Daily'' reported in 2011 that the online shopping website [[Finance:Taobao|Taobao]] shut down over 200 Internet Water Army companies selling microblog followers.<ref name="Shanghai Daily 2011"/>

== Detection ==
Internet water armies are a big threat for cyber security.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last=Zheng|first=Lei|date=2013-10-01|title=Social media in Chinese government: Drivers, challenges and capabilities|journal=Government Information Quarterly|language=en|volume=30|issue=4|pages=369–376|doi=10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.017|issn=0740-624X}}</ref>

Some scholars adopted the [[Dirichlet process]] mixture model (DPMM)-based GSP algorithm to detect Internet water armies from Tianya forum.<ref name=":7">{{Citation|last1=Li|first1=Dan|title=An Approach to Detect the Internet Water Army via Dirichlet Process Mixture Model Based GSP Algorithm|date=2014|work=Applications and Techniques in Information Security|pages=82–95|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-45670-5_9|isbn=9783662456699|last2=Li|first2=Qian|last3=Hu|first3=Yue|last4=Niu|first4=Wenjia|last5=Tan|first5=Jianlong|last6=Guo|first6=Li}}</ref> They used DPMM to effectively analyze Internet water army user behavior and use the sequential pattern mining algorithms to determine paid posters' accounts.<ref name=":7" />

An information technology engineer, blogging as Chen Chuanliang Peter, claimed to have developed software that differentiated paid blog "followers", and found that about 17 percent of followers on Sina's ten most popular microblogs "never interacted or responded to those they were following. In other words, they were zombies."<ref>Xinhua (2011).</ref>

Cheng Chen ''et al.'' chose a detection case study of online comments about the 360 v. Tencent conflict between two major Chinese IT companies, each of which was suspected of paying for posts. In 2010, Qihoo, creator of [[Software:360 Safeguard|360 Safeguard]], claimed that Tencent's instant message client [[Software:Tencent QQ|Tencent QQ]] secretly scanned users' hard drives.<ref name=":0" /> After Tencent blocked 360 Safeguard users from using their messenger app, controversy erupted on social media websites. Cheng's researchers analyzed two large datasets of 360 v. Tencent postings, over 1000 comments from 200 users on Sohu.com and over 20,000 comments from 500 users on Sina.com. They concluded: "Although both 360 and Tencent claimed that they did not hire online paid posters, we now have strong evidence suggesting the opposite. Some special patterns are definitely unusual, e.g., many negative comments or replies came from newly registered user IDs but these user IDs were seldom used afterwards. This clearly indicates the use of online paid posters."<ref name=":0" /> The researchers designed and validated detection software, and concluded the "test results on real-world datasets show[ed] very promising performance".<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*Trolls from Olgino
*Web brigades
*[[Public opinion brigades]]
*State-sponsored internet sockpuppetry
*[[Social:Little Pink|Little Pink]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/chinas-cybersecurity-law-what-you-need-to-know/ China's Cybersecurity Law: What You Need to Know], The Diplomat
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/27357/ Undercover Researchers Expose Chinese Internet Water Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125230323/http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/27357/ |date=2012-01-25 }}, Technology Review


[[Category:Internet manipulation and propaganda]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]
[[Category:Propaganda techniques]]
[[Category:Public relations techniques]]

{{Sourceattribution|Internet water army}}