View source for Social:Federal Arbitration Act

{{Short description|United States legal statute}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = United States Arbitration Act
| fullname = An Act To make valid and enforceable written provisions or agreements for arbitration of disputes arising out of contracts, maritime transactions, or commerce among the States or Territories or with foreign nations
| acronym = FAA
| nickname = Federal Arbitration Act
| enacted by = 68th
| effective date = January 1, 1926
| public law url = 
| cite public law = {{USPL|68|401}}
| cite statutes at large = ch. 213, {{USStat|43|883}}
| acts amended =
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| leghisturl =
| introducedin = <!-- House of Representatives --><!-- Note: introducedin and introducedbill are correct, but without specifying introducedby and introduceddate (which I can't find), the output is an ugly fragment; introduction was apparently in 1924, 65 Cong. Rec. 11081; in case anyone has access to get the actual date and name of Representative who introduced.  -->
| introducedbill = <!-- H.R. 646 -->
| introducedby =
| introduceddate = <!-- month date, 1924 -->
| committees =
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| passedas2 = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
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| agreedbody3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreeddate3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedvote3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedbody4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreeddate4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreedvote4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| passedbody4 =
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| signedpresident = Calvin Coolidge
| signeddate = February 12, 1925
| amendments =
| SCOTUS cases = {{Collapsible list|framestyle=line-height:1em|''Wilko v. Swan'', {{ussc|346|427|1953}}|''Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Manufacturing Co.'', {{ussc|388|395|1967}}|''Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.'', {{ussc|460|1|1983}}|''Southland Corp. v. Keating'', {{ussc|465|1|1984}}|''Dean Witter Reynolds Inc. v. Byrd'', {{ussc|470|213|1985}}|''Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc.'', {{ussc|473|614|1985}}|''Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon'', {{ussc|482|220|1987}}|''Perry v. Thomas'', {{ussc|482|483|1987}}|''Volt Inf. Sciences v. Stanford Univ.'', {{ussc|489|468|1989}}|''Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express Inc.'', {{ussc|490|477|1989}}|''Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp.'', {{ussc|500|20|1991}}|''Graham Oil v. ARCO Products Co.'', 43 F. 3d 1244 (9th Cir. 1994)|''Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson'', {{ussc|513|265|1995}}|''Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc.'', {{ussc|514|52|1995}}|''First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan'', {{ussc|514|938|1995}}|''Doctor's Associates, Inc. v. Casarotto'', {{ussc|517|681|1996}}|''Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America'', {{ussc|531|57|2000}}|''Green Tree Financial Corp.-Ala. v. Randolph'', {{ussc|531|79|2000}}|''Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams'', {{ussc|532|105|2001}}|''C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma'', {{ussc|532|411|2001}}|''Major League Baseball Players Assn. v. Garvey'', {{ussc|532|504|2001}}|''EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc.'', {{ussc|534|279|2002}}|''Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.'', {{ussc|537|79|2002}}|''PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc. v. Book'', {{ussc|538|401|2003}}|''Citizens Bank v. Alafabco, Inc.'', {{ussc|539|52|2003}}|''Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna'', {{ussc|546|440|2006}}|''Preston v. Ferrer'', {{ussc|552|346|2008}}|''Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc.'', {{ussc|552|576|2008}}|''Vaden v. Discover Bank'', {{ussc|556|49|2009}}|''14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett'', {{ussc|556|247|2009}}|''Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle'', {{ussc|556|624|2009}}|''Stolt-Nielsen S. A. v. AnimalFeeds Int'l Corp.'', {{ussc|559|662|2010}}|''Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson'', {{ussc|561|63|2010}}|''Granite Rock Co. v. Teamsters'', {{ussc|561|287|2010}}|''AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion'', {{ussc|563|333|2011}}|''KPMG LLP v. Cocchi'', {{ussc|565|18|2011}}|''CompuCredit Corp. v. Greenwood'', {{ussc|565|95|2012}}|''Marmet Health Care Center, Inc. v. Brown'', {{ussc|565|530|2012}}|''Nitro-Lift Technologies, L. L. C. v. Howard'', {{ussc|568|17|2012}}|''Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter'', {{ussc|569|564|2013}}|''Am. Express Co. v. Italian Colors Rest.'', {{ussc|570|228|2013}}|''DIRECTV, Inc. v. Imburgia'', {{ussc|docket=14-462|volume=577|date=2015}}|''Kindred Nursing Centers, L. P. v. Clark'', {{ussc|docket=16-32|volume=581|date=2017}}|''Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis'', {{ussc|docket=16-285|volume=584|date=2018}}|''Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc.'', {{ussc|docket=17-1272|volume=586|date=2019}}|''New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira'', {{ussc|docket=17-340|volume=586|date=2019}}|''Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela'', {{ussc|docket=17-988|volume=587|date=2019}}|''GE Energy Power Conversion France SAS v. Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC'', {{ussc|docket=18-1048|volume=590|date=2020}}|''Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc.'', {{ussc|docket=19-963|volume=592|date=2021}}|''Badgerow v. Walters'', {{ussc|docket=20-1143|volume=596|date=2022}}|''Morgan v. Sundance, Inc.'', {{ussc|docket=21-328|volume=596|date=2022}}|''Southwest Airlines Co. v. Saxon'', {{ussc|docket=21-309|volume=596|date=2022}}|''Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana'', {{ussc|docket=20-1573|volume=596|date=2022}}|''Coinbase, Inc. v. Bielski'', {{ussc|docket=22-105|volume=599|year=2023}}|''Bissonnette v. LePage Bakeries Park St., LLC'', {{ussc|docket=23-51|volume=|year=2024}}|''Coinbase, Inc. v. Suski'', {{ussc|docket=23-3|volume=|year=2024}}|''Smith v. Spizzirri'', {{ussc|docket=22-1218|volume=|year=2024}}}}
}}

The '''United States Arbitration Act''' ({{USStatute|68|401|43|883|1925|2|12}}, codified at {{Usc-title-chap|9|1}}), more commonly referred to as the '''Federal Arbitration Act''' or '''FAA''', is an act of Congress that provides for non-judicial facilitation of private dispute resolution through [[Social:Arbitration|arbitration]]. It applies in both state courts and federal courts, as was held in ''Southland Corp. v. Keating''. It applies in all contracts, excluding contracts of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of workers involved in foreign or interstate commerce, and it is predicated on an exercise of the Commerce Clause powers granted to Congress in the U.S. Constitution.

The FAA provides for contract-based compulsory and binding arbitration, resulting in an ''[[Social:Arbitration award|arbitration award]]'' entered by an arbitrator or arbitration panel as opposed to a ''judgment'' entered by a court of law. In an arbitration, the parties give up the right to an appeal on substantive grounds to a court.

Once an award is entered by an arbitrator or arbitration panel, it must be "confirmed" in a court of law; and once confirmed, the award is reduced to an enforceable judgment, which may be enforced by the winning party in court, like any other judgment. Under the FAA, an award must be confirmed within one year, and any objection to an award must be challenged by the losing party within three months. An arbitration agreement may be entered "prospectively" (ie., in advance of any actual dispute), or may be entered into by the disputing parties once a dispute has arisen.

==Legal challenges==

The Supreme Court ruled in ''Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc.'' that the grounds for judicial review specified in the FAA may not be expanded, even if the parties to the arbitration agreement agree to allow expanded review of the decision.

On June 20, 2013, the Court ruled in ''American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant'' that class action waivers contained in mandatory [[Social:Arbitration clause|arbitration clause]]s were valid even if plaintiffs prove that it would not be economically practicable to maintain these actions individually.<ref>[http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/06/details-american-express-v-italian-colors-restaurant/ Mike Gottlieb, Details: American Express v. Italian Colors Restaurant, SCOTUSblog (June 20, 2013).]</ref><ref>[https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-133_19m1.pdf American Express v. Italian Colors Restaurant, No. 12-133 (June 20, 2013).]</ref>

In its decision on ''Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis'' on May 21, 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that the FAA is not overridden by the protection of concerted activity established by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, effectively making individual arbitration agreements in contracts wholly enforceable.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-rules-that-companies-can-force-workers-into-individual-arbitration/2018/05/21/09a3a968-5cfa-11e8-a4a4-c070ef53f315_story.html | title = Supreme Court rules that companies can require workers to accept individual arbitration | first =Robert |last =Barnes | date = May 21, 2018 | access-date = May 21, 2018 | newspaper = {{wipe|The Washington Post}} }}</ref>

Within ''New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira'', decided in January 2019, the Court decided unanimously that when contracts include mandatory arbitration clauses, employees still have the right to seek court oversight to determine if such employment falls within the exceptions outlined in section 1 of the FAA related to employees involved in interstate commerce, and that these protections apply to both those classified as employees and as independent contractors.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.natlawreview.com/article/us-supreme-court-unanimously-rules-favor-workers-holding-trucking-company-s | title=  US Supreme Court Unanimously Rules in Favor of Workers, Holding Trucking Company's Arbitration Agreement Exempt From Federal Arbitration Act | date = January 15, 2019 | access-date = January 15, 2019 | work = National Law Review }}</ref>

==Partial preemption of state law==
Section 2 of the FAA declares that arbitration provisions will be subject to invalidation only for the same grounds applicable to contractual provisions generally, such as unconscionability or duress. Consequently, most state law that disfavors the enforcement of arbitration agreements will be preempted by the FAA.<ref>{{cite web|title=New York Arbitration|url=http://eguides.cmslegal.com/pdf/arbitration_volume_I/CMS%20GtA_Vol%20I_NEW%20YORK.pdf|publisher=CMS Legal|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> State laws that govern the procedures of arbitration, but do not affect its enforcement, are outside the Act's preemptive scope.

Not all state laws regarding arbitration are preempted, for example:
*NASD rule 12204 of 1992 (now FINRA Rule 2268), which allows investor class actions to proceed in federal court nullifies arbitration agreements when class certification is sought, is not preempted.<ref name=L1>{{cite book|last=Fields|first=Michael S|title=FORMS (California forms of pleading and practice)|pages=Chapter 32 - Contractual Arbitration}}</ref>
*California H&SC 1363.1 is partially preempted.<ref name=L1/>

However, a recent Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) Office of Hearing Officers (OHO) decision in a disciplinary action against Charles Schwab & Co. questions the ability of a regulator to enforce arbitration agreement restrictions such as NASD Rule 12204 (FINRA Rule 2268).<ref>FINRA Disciplinary Proceeding No. 2011029760201</ref><ref>[http://www.finra.org/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2013/P209249 FINRA Hearing Panel Dismisses Two of Three Causes of Action in Complaint Against Charles Schwab & Company]</ref> The dispute arose when Charles Schwab & Co. revised its pre-dispute arbitration agreement to preclude a customer from participating in a class action against the firm, effectively removing the ability for a customer to have a claim heard in court. FINRA rules require arbitration through a FINRA arbitration panel, except in the case of class actions, which are reserved for the court system.

Specifically, the OHO Panel cited the Supreme Court decision in ''Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon'' that securities law claims are no exception to the FAA's mandate that parties to an otherwise valid arbitration agreement submit the claim to arbitration.<ref>Shearson/American Express Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220 (1987)</ref> The OHO Panel also applied the Supreme Court decision in ''AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion'' where the Court established that class actions also are not an exception to the FAA, stating that a party to an arbitration agreement has no right to participate in a class action instead of an arbitration on an individual basis and that an exception to the FAA's mandate requires clear expression of Congressional intent. FINRA has appealed the OHO decision to the National Adjudicatory Council.<ref>FINRA to Appeal Ruling on Schwab Class-action Ban - Wall Street Journal, Feb. 26, 2013</ref>

A case-by-case analysis is required to determine whether a specific California law is preempted. In general, where the FAA has no procedural provisions applicable in state court, there is no preemption.<ref name=L1/>

A number of Supreme Court cases have dealt with the preemption of state laws by the Federal Arbitration Act:

==Proposed reform==
Following on a number of recent Supreme Court decisions that found in favor of employers in arbitration disputes, Democrats in both houses of Congress introduced the Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act (FAIR Act) in February 2019. The proposed bill would modify the FAA to make any contract that requires forced arbitration invalid, outside of limited conditions, making judges the decision-making body in disputes where arbitration may be required, and prevent employment contracts from blocking the employee's engagement with labor unions due to arbitration. The bill was introduced following events at several large tech firms, including [[Company:Google|Google]], that led to the companies eliminating forced arbitration from their employee contracts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/28/18244752/google-organizers-fair-act-bill-forced-arbitration | title = Google organizers join lawmakers in forced arbitration fight | first = Colin | last= Lecher | date = February 28, 2019 | access-date= February 28, 2019 | work = [[The Verge]] }}</ref> While the bill did not pass the Senate during the 116th Congress, it passed the House of Representatives with support from all House Democrats and sole Republican [[Biography:Matt Gaetz|Matt Gaetz]], and the FAIR Act has been reintroduced in the 117th Congress.

==See also==
* Arbitration in the United States
* ''Doe et al. v. Trump Corp. et al.''
* United States labor law

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Arbitration]]

{{Sourceattribution|Federal Arbitration Act}}