View source for Social:Ad eundem degree

{{Short description|Honorary degree for honorary alumni}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ad eundem'' degree}}
An '''{{lang|la|ad eundem}} degree''' is an [[Social:Academic degree|academic degree]] awarded by one [[Organization:University|university]] or [[Organization:College|college]] to an [[Social:Alumnus|alumnus]] of another, in a process often known as '''incorporation'''. The recipient of the {{lang|la|ad eundem}} degree is often a faculty member at the institution which awards the degree, e.g. at the University of Cambridge, where incorporation is expressly limited to a person who "has been admitted to a University office or a Headship or a Fellowship (other than an Honorary Fellowship) of a College, or holds a post in the University Press ... or is a Head-elect or designate of a College".<ref name="Section 8. Incorporation">Ordinances of the University of Cambridge, Chapter II, [http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/2016/chapter02-section8.html Section 8. Incorporation].</ref>

Although an {{lang|la|ad eundem}} degree is not an earned degree,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Merriam-Webster|quote=to, in, or of the same rank —used especially of the honorary granting of academic standing or a degree by a university to one whose actual work was done elsewhere|title=''ad eundem''|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ad%20eundem|access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|quote=by the last quarter of the nineteenth century most colleges abandoned the ''ad eundem gradum'' and substituted only the 'earned' degree|jstor=40223470|journal=AAUP Bulletin
|volume= 52|issue= 4 |title=''ad eundem gradum''|date= December 1966| pages= 433–436 |publisher=American Association of University Professors|author=Martha Wright|doi=10.2307/40223470}}</ref> both the original degree(s) and the incorporated (''ad eundem'') degree(s) are given in post-nominals listed in the Oxford University Calendar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazette.web.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gazette/documents/media/calendar_style_guide_2018.pdf|quote=In the case of incorporated degrees, the original degree and the incorporated degree should be shown: eg ‘MA Dub, MA Oxf’|title=Oxford University ''Calendar'': notes on style|date=2018|access-date=13 July 2019|page=3}}</ref>

== United Kingdom and Ireland ==

In earlier times it was common, when a graduate from one university moved into the neighborhood of another, for the new university to admit the graduate as a courtesy, "at the same degree" (in [[Social:Latin language|Latin]], {{lang|la|ad eundem gradum}}). Thus if someone was a Bachelor of Arts in the university that they had attended, they would likewise be a bachelor of arts of their new university. (Not every college extended this courtesy to all other colleges, however.)
The practice of incorporation diminished in the early 19th century, but it continues at the [[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]],<ref>University of Oxford, [https://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/regulations/307-072.shtml Council Regulations 22 of 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727184601/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/regulations/307-072.shtml |date=2016-07-27 }}, sec. 1.7-1.18.</ref> the [[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]],<ref name="Section 8. Incorporation"/> and Trinity College Dublin.<ref>[https://www.tcd.ie/registrar/assets/documents/statutes/statutes/2010-statutes-030316-updated-1.80MB.pdf The 2010 Consolidated Statutes of Trinity College Dublin and of the University of Dublin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213010907/https://www.tcd.ie/registrar/assets/documents/statutes/statutes/2010-statutes-030316-updated-1.80MB.pdf |date=2017-02-13 }}, Division - University, sec. 3.(4)(a), p. 157.</ref>
At the University of Oxford, incorporation first appears in the University Statutes in 1516, though the practice itself is older: In the 15th and early 16th centuries, incorporation was granted to members of universities from all over Europe. This continued until the 19th century, when in 1861 incorporation was restricted to members of Cambridge University and Trinity College, Dublin. In 1908, incorporation was further restricted to specific degrees from these universities.<ref>Oxford University Archives, ''[https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/oua/enquiries/incorporation A History of Incorporation at Oxford]''.</ref>

A number of female students at Oxford and Cambridge were awarded ''ad eundem'' University of Dublin degrees at Trinity College, Dublin, between 1904 and 1907, at a time when their own universities refused to confer degrees upon women and were nicknamed ''steamboat ladies''.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Timeline of the History of Women in Trinity|url=https://www.tcd.ie/about/trinity/events/Womens_Centenary/timeline.php|website=A Century of Women in Trinity College|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref>

After the foundation of the University of Durham in 1832, Durham made attempts to have its degrees recognised in the ''ad eundem'' system, introducing the first external examiner system, with all examinations co-marked by an Oxford academic, to assure the other universities that it was maintaining comparable standards. These attempts were rebuffed by the other universities, and eventually abandoned by Durham.<ref name='universityhistories'>{{cite web|url=https://universityhistories.com/2016/08/12/durham-university-last-of-the-ancient-universities-and-first-of-the-new-1831-1871/|work=University Histories|first=Matthew|last=Andrews|date=12 August 2016|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330014552/https://universityhistories.com/2016/08/12/durham-university-last-of-the-ancient-universities-and-first-of-the-new-1831-1871/|archive-date=30 March 2022|title=Durham University: Last of the Ancient Universities and First of the New (1831-1871)|url-status=dead}}</ref> Still, Durham granted graduates from other universities degrees ''ad eundem'' until the practice was abolished by the adoption of new university statutes in 1909.<ref>{{Cite book |last=University of Durham |url=http://archive.org/details/calendar1011durhuoft |title=Calendar |date=1837 |publisher=Durham |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

== United States ==

In the United States, the {{lang|la|ad eundem}} Master of Arts as a regularly awarded academic qualification generally dates from the colonial period, and was awarded at a number of institutions including Harvard, Yale, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton, Columbia, and Williams.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Martha |date=1966 |title=Ad Eundem Gradum |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40223470 |journal=AAUP Bulletin |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=433–436 |doi=10.2307/40223470 |issn=0001-026X}}</ref> Harvard first awarded ''ad eundem'' degrees in 1714 and continued to do so until the early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Harvard Charter Ever Gave College Authority to Grant Honorary Degrees {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1931/3/17/no-harvard-charter-ever-gave-college/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> At Yale, the practice was widespread from 1724 until its abolition in 1874.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A.M. Degree before the Civil War? {{!}} H-Education {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/14281/discussions/179076/am-degree-civil-war |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref> Columbia (then King's College) awarded ''ad eundum gradum'' degrees at its first commencement in 1758<ref>{{Cite web |last=King's College (New York |first=N. Y. ) |title=The matricula or Register of admissions & graduations, & of officers employed in King's College at New-York |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_7441346_000/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref> and continued the practice until sometime during the Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Columbia University bulletin. 1896-98. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89061590477?urlappend=%3Bseq=171 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=HathiTrust |language=en}}</ref> These degrees were regularly awarded until 1884 at Princeton.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=SELDEN |first=WILLIAM K. |date=1990 |title="Honoris Causa" Honorary Degrees at Princeton University, 1748 – 1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26403802 |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=283–290 |doi=10.2307/26403802 |issn=0032-8456}}</ref>

Several US universities, including [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://guides.library.harvard.edu/hua/honorarydegrees|title=Honorary Degrees at Harvard: Quick Facts|date=3 December 2015|website=Harvard University Archives Research Guides|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{citation|title=Honorary degrees at Harvard|last=Elkins|first=Kimball C.|journal=Harvard Library Bulletin|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:419150|pages=326–353|volume=12|issue=3|year=1958}}</ref> [[Organization:Yale University|Yale]],<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/2883-the-private-yale-degree|title=The "private" Yale degree|date=July–August 2010|work=Yale Alumni Magazine|last1=Lassila|first1=Kathrin|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2006/03/23/profs-degrees-are-relics-of-old-university-tradition/|title=Profs' degrees are relics of old University tradition|date=March 23, 2006|work=Yale Daily News|last1=Mirkinson|first1=Jack|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> [[Organization:Brown University|Brown]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=H0200|title=Honorary Degrees|last=Mitchell|first=Martha|date=1993|website=[[Encyclopedia Brunoniana]]|publisher=Brown University Library|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> [[Organization:Amherst College|Amherst]] and [[Organization:Wesleyan University|Wesleyan]], follow a tradition that only alumni may be [[Social:Academic tenure in North America|tenured]] faculty, and in limited cases preserve the tradition of the ''ad eundem'' Master of Arts. Faculty of those universities who are granted tenure (or in some cases become full professors) but do not already hold an earned degree from the institution that employs them are therefore awarded an honorary master's degree ''ut in grege nostro numeretur'' ("so that (s)he may be numbered in our flock", as these degrees are described at Harvard).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Yale refers to this degree as the "M.A. ''Privatim''"<ref>[https://secretary.yale.edu/university-events/academic-ceremonies] Yale University, Office of the Secretary and Vice President for Student Life, 
Academic Ceremonies</ref> and at [[Organization:Wesleyan University|Wesleyan University]] it is called "MA ''ad eundem gradum''". This tradition began at Wesleyan somewhat more recently, at the commencement ceremony in June 1894.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commencement Program, Commencement 2021 - Wesleyan University |url=https://www.wesleyan.edu/commencement2021/commencement-program/index-plain.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.wesleyan.edu}}</ref> During the 150th anniversary of Princeton University, in 1896, 16 full professors were awarded the M.A. ''Privatim'', though this seems to be a singular event and not an ongoing part of campus tradition there.

At [[Organization:Amherst College|Amherst College]] the granting of a Master of Arts degree by the college to its faculty occurs even though the college itself grants only bachelor's degrees (AB) to its matriculated students.

At Brown<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia Brunoniana {{!}} Honorary degrees |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=H0200 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.brown.edu}}</ref> and Harvard<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Has Broadened Idea of Honorary Degrees {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1959/6/8/university-has-broadened-idea-of-honorary/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> the degrees are awarded to those faculty who are granted tenure and the rank of associate professor, while at Amherst,<ref name="amherst.edu">{{Cite web |title=Convocation {{!}} Events & Calendars {{!}} Amherst College |url=https://www.amherst.edu/news/events/convocation |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.amherst.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Convocation 2022 - Amherst College |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVrKdga9asI |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=en}}</ref> Wesleyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Faculty Honored with MA Ad Eundem Gradum Degrees |url=https://newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu/2021/05/26/4-faculty-honored-with-ma-ad-eundem-gradum/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wesleyan University's 189th Commencement {{!}} You are cordially invited to join us for our virtual Commencement! We look forward to celebrating the Class of 2021 and their accomplishments. For all... {{!}} By Wesleyan University {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/wesleyan.university/videos/wesleyan-universitys-189th-commencement/302845521388095/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> and Yale<ref name="secretary.yale.edu">{{Cite web |title=Academic Ceremonies {{!}} Office of the Secretary and Vice President for University Life |url=https://secretary.yale.edu/university-events/academic-ceremonies |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=secretary.yale.edu}}</ref> the degrees are conferred only upon those who rise to the rank of full professor. Because these degrees do not involve any further study, most faculty members do not list them on their curricula vitae,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> although some choose to do so given the exclusivity of the degree. Finally, the location of these ceremonies varies. At Amherst, in recent years, the degrees are awarded during first year convocation in August,<ref name="amherst.edu"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Convocation 2022 - Amherst College |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVrKdga9asI |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=en}}</ref> while at Yale it is an "elegant, brief ceremony, usual in February or March."<ref name="secretary.yale.edu"/>  At Brown<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-01 |title=Brown to confer 2,921 degrees at 255th Commencement |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2023-05-26/numbers |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Brown University |language=en}}</ref> and Wesleyan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Faculty Honored with MA Ad Eundem Gradum Degrees |url=https://newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu/2021/05/26/4-faculty-honored-with-ma-ad-eundem-gradum/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> the degrees have been awarded as a part of the annual May commencement ceremony. It is unclear if Harvard has an official ceremony to confer the degree. Although the practice is poorly documented at Harvard, as the last reference to the degrees in the Harvard Crimson is from 1959, some professors, such as Francesca Gino, do occasionally list the degrees on their CVs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://francescagino.com/about |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Francesca Gino |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2023, the President of Yale, Peter Salovey, awarded M.A. ''Privatim'' degrees posthumously to Reverend James W. C. Pennington  and Reverend Alexander Crummell, the first two black students at Yale, both of whom faced numerous incidents of discrimination and left Yale without earning degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-22 |title=Honoring the Rev. James W. C. Pennington and the Rev. Alexander Crummell |url=https://president.yale.edu/president/statements/honoring-rev-james-w-c-pennington-and-rev-alexander-crummell |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Office of the President |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=TheGrio |date=2023-04-27 |title=Black men who suffered racial injustice at Yale finally get degrees |url=https://thegrio.com/2023/04/27/black-men-at-yale-finally-get-degrees/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=TheGrio |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Other countries ==

Rhodes University in South Africa uses the term {{lang|la|ad eundem gradum}} to give a student status to undertake a research higher degree based on experience, as opposed to an explicit qualification.<ref name="rhodes">[http://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/documents/research/higherdegreesguide.pdf Higher Degrees Guide] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010140740/http://www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/documents/research/higherdegreesguide.pdf |date=October 10, 2012 }}, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 2010</ref> In this case the student does not acquire a qualification, but is exempt from an entry requirement. In yet another variation, the University of Sydney may confer an ''ad eundem gradum'' degree on a retiring staff member (academic or otherwise) who has had at least 10 years' service and is not a Sydney graduate, though in this case, the Sydney award is at the same level as an existing qualification.<ref name="sydney">[http://sydney.edu.au/policies/showdoc.aspx?recnum=PDOC2011/55&RendNum=0 Degrees conferred ''ad eundem gradum''], The University of Sydney, 2007</ref>

==See also==
*Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)

==References==
<references/>

{{Academic degrees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ad Eundem Degree}}
[[Category:Academic degrees]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ad eundem degree}}