View source for Religion:Ragi (Sikhism)

{{short description|Sikh musician who plays hymns in different ragas}}
[[File:Ragis in Sri Darbar Sahib.jpg|thumb|1860 artwork depicting ragis in Darbar Sahib]]
A '''Ragi''' ({{Lang-pa|ਰਾਗੀ}}; ''rāgī'') is a [[Religion:Sikhism|Sikh]] musician who plays hymns ([[Philosophy:Shabda|shabad]]s) in different [[Biology:Raga|raga]]s as prescribed in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/648154652 |title=A popular dictionary of Sikhism |date=1997 |publisher=NTC Pub. Group |others=Piara Singh Sambhi |isbn=978-0-203-98609-7 |location=Lincolnwood, Ill. |page=69 |oclc=648154652 |quote=Ragi - A musician who leads and accompanies the singing of kirtan, the hymns of the Guru Granth Sahib in the gurdwara.}}</ref> 

== Role ==
Professional Sikh musical performances are usually done within [[Religion:Gurdwara|gurdwaras]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Inderjit N. |date=2011 |title=Sikh Shabad Kīrtan and Gurmat Sangīt: What’s in the Name? |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume18/9_ShabadKirtan.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=251–278 |via=ebscohost}}</ref> Within the central room, there is a dedicated space beside the sacred scripture for the ''rāgī jathā'' (ragi ensemble) on an elevated stage.<ref name=":23" /> The ragis sit on the elevated stage facing the gathered Sikh congregation in the room, who sit directly on the floor at a lower level.<ref name=":23" /> Kirtan is performed within the gurdwaras on both regular and celebatory days.<ref name=":23" /> For the major and popular gurdwaras, Sunday (''Aitavāra'') tends to be the day where more kirtan performances are held throughout the day whilst for other days, kirtan performances usually occur in the evening time.<ref name=":23" />
[[File:Gurdwara_Guru_Nanak_Punjabi_Sabha_Chakala_Darbar_Hall.jpg|thumb|This is the interior of the Gurdwara Guru Nanak Punjabi Sabha Chakala, Mumbai, India. The raised stage to the right is where Ragi Jathas sit and perform Sikh music.]]
Kirtan within gurdwara is usually performed by the ragi jathi, typically consisting of three members in modern-times but four members in historical-times.<ref name=":23" /> Aside from being required to perform musically, they also are needed to perform the liturgy services.<ref name=":23" /> The ragis are traditionally all male and are given the honourifical prefix of ''[[Religion:Sikh titles|Bhāī]]'' (literally, "brother").<ref name=":23" /> In modern-times, there has been a rise of female ragi jathas, whose members are given the honourifical prefix of ''Bībī'' (literally, "lady").<ref name=":23" /> Mixed-gender ragi jathas are exceedingly rare.<ref name=":23" /> Ragis are not allowed to use caste-based surnames and thus only keep the names 'Singh' and 'Kaur' as a surname, some may further add the word 'Khalsa' to their name.<ref name=":23" /> However, it is acceptable for ragis to attach a location-based or employment-based suffix to their name for disambiguation purposes, such as ''Dilli Vale'' ("from Delhi") or ''Hazuri Ragi Harmandir Sahib'' ("ragi in service at the Harmandir Sahib gurdwara").<ref name=":23" /> The ragi jatha members tend to wear simplistic clothes, usually white or off-white long shirts and pants.<ref name=":23" /> Ragi males tend to wear white, navy, saffron, or black turbans and female ragis wear long scarves (''chunnī'').<ref name=":23" /> Younger ragis have started wearing different colours outside of traditional range.<ref name=":23" /> Ragis are paid a regular salary whilst employed at a gurdwara but they can also perform at private events for extra income.<ref name=":23" /> Ragi jathas performing at a ticketed venue is taboo.<ref name=":23" />
[[File:Sikh_Rāgis_Kirtan_Jatha._Nairobi._1942.jpg|thumb|Sikh Rāgis Kirtan Jatha. Nairobi, 1942.]]
What is now termed "traditional" (but it is not truly historically accurate to apply this appellation to this type as truly traditional kirtan differs substantially from what is described here) ragi jatha kirtan performances in gurdwaras nowadays employ simple melodies which are set to basic varieties of ''tāl''—usually the 8-beat ''kahirvā'' but also the 6-beat ''dādrā''.<ref name=":23" /> The performance of gurbani kirtan within gurdwaras was simplified to allow for the gathered congregation (''sadh sangat'') to be able to follow along and sing with the performers, it also allows for the laypersons to internalize the message of the underlying hymn rather than focus too much on the musical expression itself.<ref name=":23" /> The singing by vocalists is interspersed by supportive and harmonizing melodies played by the harmonium, with the drummer playing variations utilizing the tabla in "tempo and rhythmic variety".<ref name=":23" /> All these factors are geared towards producing a calm and spiritual setting and experience for the participants.<ref name=":23" /> Presentation and performance are the two important factors of the "traditional" ragi kirtan performance type.<ref name=":23" /> Lines from certain hymns tend to be repeated to allow for the listeners to join in on the singing.<ref name=":23" /> Various genres found within the "traditional" ragi kirtan sub-type are ''gīt'', ''ghazal'', and ''bhajan''.<ref name=":23" /> The most renowned and well-received performer of the "traditional" ragi kirtan style is Bhai Harjinder Singh Srinagar Vale.<ref name=":23" />

However, the truly traditional ragi kirtan style, as found in earlier times, employed stringed instruments rather than the now commonplace harmonium.<ref name=":23" /> It also involved more ''ragas'' in its performances.<ref name=":23" /> Traditional Sikhs attempting to revive the more historical expressions of their music, such as by playing instruments like the rabab, saranda, and taus, are referred to as the ''gurmat sangīt'' genre of kirtan.<ref name=":23" /> It is largely based upon the contemporary ''khyāl'' style of Hindustani classical music.<ref name=":23" />

There are two different kinds of shabad kirtan performances by ragi jathas:<ref name=":23" />

# ''Parmāṇ''-style kirtan - characterized by the ragi interspersing verses from related hymns to elaborate on the main, overarching theme.<ref name=":23" />
# ''Viākhiā''-style kirtan - characterized by the ragi pausing the singing to elaborate on the hymn being performed and present a short discourse or exposition.<ref name=":23" />

There now exists various Sikh educational institutions solely dedicated to teaching Sikh music, that specialize in the training of ragis.<ref name=":23" /> However, traditionally the training of ragis occurred at more general Sikh educational institutions (known as a ''ṭaksāl''), which had a section dedicated for the training of Sikh musicians, such as at the Damdami Taksal near Amritsar or Jawaddi Kalan in Ludhiana.<ref name=":23" /> Training of Sikh kirtanis usually starts when they are young and aside from their musical training, they are also educated in the Sikh scriptures and correct pronunciation of their contents (known as ''[[Religion:Santhiya|santhiya]]'').<ref name=":23" /> True mastery of kirtan requires a deep understanding and knowledge of Sikh philosophy, history, and culture.<ref name=":23" /> According to the late Bhai Avtar Singh, a preeminent ragi of his time, the most important criteria for becoming a good kirtankar was first living a life in line with the principles set out in the Guru Granth Sahib, and then an education in its prescribed ragas.<ref name=":23" />

== History ==
Developing alongside the earlier Rababi tradition as a parallel tradition were the ''kīrtankārs'', who were Sikh kirtan singers.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Inderjit N. |date=2011 |title=Sikh Shabad Kīrtan and Gurmat Sangīt: What’s in the Name? |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume18/9_ShabadKirtan.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=251–278 |via=ebscohost}}</ref>'' The institution was born out of a few amateur or non-professional singers during the period of the Sikh gurus.''<ref name=":2" />'' As time went-on, this amateur trend of Sikh singers eventually developed into the professional tradition now known as ''rāgīs''.''<ref name=":2" />''

Guru Arjan Dev, the 5th Guru of the Sikhs, started the ragi tradition of amateur musicians, as he didn't want the Sikhs to depend on professionals for their connection to the divine with sacred music. Ragis now are often professional and have much knowledge of the scriptures. Thus, they are highly respected. However, they are not a privileged elite as some today see them -- rather, the ragi tradition was meant to bring musical experience of the Sikh scriptures to a layperson, without a middleman (or woman).

Some notable Sikh kirtankars during the period of the Sikh gurus include:''<ref name=":2" />''

* Dipa and Bula, both of whom served Guru Angad''<ref name=":2" />''
* Narain Das, Padha, and Ugrsain, all three of whom served Guru Amar Das''<ref name=":2" />''
* Ramu, Jhaju, and Mukand, all three of whom served Guru Arjan''<ref name=":2" />''
* Banvali and Parsram, both of whom served Guru Hargobind''<ref name=":2" />''
* Gulab Rai, Bhel, Mansud, and Gurbaksh, all four of whom served Guru Tegh Bahadur''<ref name=":2" />''

[[File:Photograph_of_Sant_Shaam_Singh_Sewapanthi_(celebrated_Sikh_saranda_player),_ca.1920.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Sikh ragi Sham Singh, who performed kirtan music at the Golden Temple complex for 70 years.''<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Inderjit N. |date=2011 |title=Sikh Shabad Kīrtan and Gurmat Sangīt: What’s in the Name? |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume18/9_ShabadKirtan.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=251–278 |via=ebscohost}}</ref>'']]
A renowned ragi or kirtankar during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's [[Place:Sikh Empire|Sikh Empire]] was Bhai Mansa Singh, who performed at the Golden Temple.''<ref name=":2" />'' Similar to the rababi tradition, the ragi tradition also received the patronage of Sikh polities, such as by Nabha, Patiala, and Kapurthala.''<ref name=":2" />'' One notable ragi who received the sponsorship of Sikh states was Baba Pushkara Singh.''<ref name=":2" />'' Bhai Sham Singh is renowned for his long service as a ragi at the Golden Temple, serving as a kirtan performer for some 70 years around the later 19th and early 20th century.''<ref name=":2" />'' Notable ragis of the early 20th century include Hira Singh, Santa Singh, Sunder Singh, Sammund Singh, Surjan Singh, and Gopal Singh.''<ref name=":2" />'' Later on in the same century, names of ragis like Bhai Jwala Singh (a tenth generation member of a traditional kirtankar family), his sons Avtar Singh and Gurcharan Singh, are important to note.''<ref name=":2" />'' Furthermore, Balbir Singh and Dyal Singh should also be mentioned.''<ref name=":2" />''

Today, the ragi tradition is slightly different than in the Guru's time. Music is often not sung in the correct raag and often does not use the Guru's instruments but rather relies heavily on the [[Engineering:Harmonium|harmonium]], brought by the British colonizers. The lines of the shabads before the rahaos are not emphasized as they are prescribed either. Today also there are no female ragis allowed in Sri Harimandir Sahib, the most important temple for Sikhs, which goes against the Sikh principle of gender equality. Now, some efforts are being made to revive Gurmat Sangeet, kirtan the way the Gurus prescribed it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-05-25 |title=SGPC to revive 'gurbani kirtan' with string instruments in Golden Temple |url=https://theprint.in/india/sgpc-to-revive-gurbani-kirtan-with-string-instruments-in-golden-temple/971031/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfSikhReligionAndCulture/page/n383/mode/2up?q=ragi Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture]


pnb:حضور صاحب

[[Category:Sikh terminology]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ragi (Sikhism)}}