View source for Religion:Dreamtime

{{Use Australian English|date=July 2018}} [[File:Aboriginal art Carnarvon Gorge.jpg|thumb|300px|Stencil art at Carnarvon Gorge, which may be memorials, signs from or appeals to totemic ancestors or records of Dreaming stories.{{sfn|Walsh|1979|pp=33–41}} ]]

'''Dreaming''' (also '''The Dreaming''', '''The Dreamings''' and '''Dreamtime''') is a term devised by early anthropologists to refer to a religio-cultural worldview attributed to Australian Aboriginal beliefs. It was originally used by Francis Gillen, quickly adopted by his colleague Baldwin Spencer and thereafter popularised by A. P. Elkin, who, however, later revised his views. The Dreaming is used to represent Aboriginal concepts of Everywhen during which the land was inhabited by ancestral figures, often of heroic proportions or with supernatural abilities. These figures were often distinct from Gods as they did not control the material world and were not worshipped, but only [[Philosophy:Reverence (emotion)|revered]]. The concept of the dreamtime has subsequently become widely adopted beyond its original Australian context and is now part of global popular culture.

The term is based on a rendition of the Arandic word ''alcheringa'', used by the Aranda (Arunta, Arrernte) people of Central Australia, although it has been argued that it is based on a misunderstanding or mistranslation. Some scholars suggest that the word's meaning is closer to "eternal, uncreated."{{sfn|Swain|1993|p=21}} Anthropologist William Stanner said that the concept was best understood by non-Aboriginal people as "a ''complex of meanings''".{{sfn|Nicholls|2014a}}

By the 1990s, Dreaming had acquired its own currency in [[Social:Popular culture|popular culture]], based on idealised or fictionalised conceptions of Australian mythology. Since the 1970s, Dreaming has also returned from academic usage via popular culture and tourism and are now ubiquitous in the English vocabulary of Aboriginal Australians in a kind of "[[Self-fulfilling prophecy|self-fulfilling academic prophecy]]".{{sfn|Swain|1993|p=21}}{{efn|Stanner warned about uncritical use of the term and was aware of its semantic difficulties, while at the same time he continued using it and contributed to its popularisation; according to Swain it is "still used uncritically in contemporary literature". {{cn|date=July 2018}}}}

==Origin of the term==
The station-master, magistrate and amateur ethnographer Francis Gillen first used the terms in an ethnographical report in 1896. With Walter Baldwin Spencer, Gillen published a major work, ''Native Tribes of Central Australia'', in 1899.{{sfn|James|2015|p=36}} In that work, they spoke of the ''Alcheringa'' as "the name applied to the far distant past with which the earliest traditions of the tribe deal".{{sfn|Spencer|Gillen|1899|p=73 n.1,645}}{{efn|"the dim past to which the natives give the name of the 'Alcheringa'." (p.119)}} Five years later, in their ''Northern tribes of central Australia'', they gloss the far distant age as "the dream times", link it to the word ''alcheri'' meaning "dream", and affirm that the term is current also among the Kaitish and Unmatjera.{{sfn|Spencer|Gillen|1904|p=745}}

=== Altjira ===
Early doubts about the precision of Spencer and Gillen's English gloss were expressed by the German Lutheran pastor and missionary Carl Strehlow in his 1908 book ''Die Aranda'' ("The Arrernte"), who noted that his Arrente contacts explained ''altjira'', whose etymology was unknown, as an eternal being who had no beginning. In Arrernte, the proper verb for "to dream" was ''altjirerama'': "to see God". Strehlow theorised that the noun is the somewhat rare word ''altjirrinja'', which Spencer and Gillen gave a corrupted transcription and a false etymology. "The native," they concluded, "knows nothing of 'dreamtime' as a designation of a certain period of their history."{{sfn|Hill|2003|pp=140–141}}{{efn|The Strehlows' informant, Moses (''Tjalkabota''), was a convert to Christianity, and the adoption of his interpretation suffered from a methodological error, according to Barry Hill, since his conversion made his views on pre-contact beliefs unreliable.}}

Strehlow gives ''Altjira'' or ''Altjira mara'' (''mara'' meaning "good") as the Arrente word for the eternal [[Religion:Creator deity|creator]] of the world and humankind. Strehlow describes him as a tall strong man with red skin, long fair hair and emu legs, with many red-skinned wives (with dog legs) and children. In Strehlow's account, ''Altjira'' lives in the sky (which is a body of land through which runs the [[Astronomy:Milky Way|Milky Way]], a river).{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=93–103}}

However, by the time Strehlow was writing, his contacts had been converts to Christianity for decades, and critics suggested that ''Altjira'' had been used by missionaries as a word for the [[Religion:God in Christianity|Christian God]].{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=93–103}}

In 1926, Spencer conducted a field study to challenge Strehlow's conclusion about ''Altjira'' and the implied criticism of Gillen and Spencer's original work. Spencer found attestations of ''altjira'' from the 1890s that used the word to mean "associated with past times" or "eternal", not "god".{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=93–103}}

Academic Sam Gill finds Strehlow's use of ''Altjira'' ambiguous, sometimes describing a supreme being and sometimes describing a totem being, but not necessarily a supreme one. He attributes the clash partly to Spencer's cultural evolutionist beliefs that Aboriginal people were at a pre-religion "stage" of development (and thus could not believe in a supreme being), while Strehlow as a Christian missionary found presence of belief in the divine a useful entry point for proselytising.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=93–103}}

Linguist David Campbell Moore is critical of Spencer and Gillen's "Dreamtime" translation, concluding:{{sfn|Moore|2016|pp=85–108}}

{{Quote|text="Dreamtime" was a mistranslation based on an etymological connection between "a dream" and "Altjira", which held only over a limited geographical domain. There was some semantic relationship between "Altjira" and "a dream", but to imagine that the latter captures the essence of "Altjira" is an illusion.|sign=|source=}}

=== Other terms ===
The complex of religious beliefs encapsulated by The Dreamings are also called:

* "Ngarrankarni" or "Ngarrarngkarni" by the Gija people{{sfn|Nicholls|2014a}}
* "the Jukurrpa" or "Tjukurpa" by the Warlpiri people and in the Pitjantjatjara dialect{{sfn|Nicholls|2014a}}{{sfn|Nicholls|2014b}}
* "the Ungud" or "Wungud" by the Ngarinyin people{{sfn|Nicholls|2014a}}
* "Manguny" in the language Martu Wangka{{sfn|Nicholls|2014a}}
* "Wongar" in North-East [[Place:Arnhem Land|Arnhem Land]]{{sfn|Nicholls|2014a}}
* "Daramoolen" in Ngunnawal language and Ngarigo language{{sfn|Nicholls|2014b}}
* "Nura" in the Dharug language{{sfn|Nicholls|2014b}}

In English, anthropologists have variously translated words normally understood to mean Dreaming or Dreamtime in a variety of other ways, including Everywhen "world-dawn", "Ancestral past", "Ancestral present", "Ancestral now" (satirically), "Abiding Events" or "Abiding Law".{{sfn|Swain|1993|pp=21–22}}

=== Translations ===
Most translations of The Dreaming into other languages are based on the translation of the word "dream". Examples include ''Espaces de rêves'' in French ("dream spaces") and ''Snivanje'' in Croatian (a gerund derived from the verb "to dream").{{sfn|Nicholls|2014c}}

== Aboriginal beliefs and culture ==
[[File:Ku-ring-gai Chase - petroglyph.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ku-ring-gai Chase-petroglyph, via Waratah Track, depicting [[Religion:Baiame|Baiame]], the Creator God and Sky Father in the dreaming of several Aboriginal language groups.]]
[[File:Bibbulmun Track Markings.jpg|thumb|200px|Waugals (yellow triangles with a black snake in the centre) are the official Bibbulmun Track trailmarkers between Kalamunda and Albany in Western Australia. The Noongar believe that the Waugal, or Wagyl, created the Swan River and is represented by the Darling scarp.]]

Related entities are known as ''Mura-mura'' by the Dieri and as ''Tjukurpa'' in Pitjantjatjara.

"Dreaming" is now also used as a term for a system of totemic symbols, so that an Aboriginal person may "own" a specific "Dreaming", such as Kangaroo Dreaming, Shark Dreaming, Honey Ant Dreaming, Badger Dreaming, or any combination of Dreamings pertinent to their country.
This is because in The Dreaming an individual's entire ancestry exists as one, culminating in the idea that all worldly knowledge is accumulated through one's ancestors. Many Aboriginal Australians also refer to the Creation time as "Dreamtime". The Dreaming laid down the patterns of life for the Aboriginal people.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}}

Creation is believed to be the work of culture heroes who travelled across a formless land, creating sacred sites and significant places of interest in their travels. In this way, "songlines" (or ''Yiri'' in the [[Social:Warlpiri language|Warlpiri language]]) were established, some of which could travel right across Australia, through as many as six to ten different language groupings. The dreaming and travelling trails of the Spirit Beings are the songlines. The signs of the Spirit Beings may be of spiritual essence, physical remains such as [[Unsolved:Petrosomatoglyph|petrosomatoglyph]]s of body impressions or footprints, among natural and elemental simulacra.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

Dreaming existed before the life of the individual begins, and continues to exist when the life of the individual ends. Both before and after life, it is believed that this spirit-child exists in the Dreaming and is only initiated into life by being born through a mother. The spirit of the child is culturally understood to enter the developing [[Biology:Fetus|fetus]] during the fifth month of pregnancy.{{sfn|Bates|1996}} When the mother felt the child move in the womb for the first time, it was thought that this was the work of the spirit of the land in which the mother then stood. Upon birth, the child is considered to be a special custodian of that part of their country and is taught the stories and songlines of that place. As Wolf (1994: p.&nbsp;14) states: "A 'black fella' may regard his totem or the place from which his spirit came as his Dreaming. He may also regard tribal law as his Dreaming."

In the Wangga genre, the songs and dances express themes related to death and regeneration.{{sfn|Marett|2005|p=1}} They are performed publicly with the singer composing from their daily lives or while Dreaming of a ''nyuidj'' (dead spirit).{{sfn|Povinelli|2002|p=200}}

Dreaming stories vary throughout Australia, with variations on the same theme. The meaning and significance of particular places and creatures is wedded to their origin in The Dreaming, and certain places have a particular potency or Dreaming. For example, the story of how the sun was made is different in New South Wales and in Western Australia. Stories cover many themes and topics, as there are stories about creation of sacred places, land, people, animals and plants, law and custom. In Perth, the ''Noongar'' believe that the Darling Scarp is the body of the ''Wagyl'' – a serpent being that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and lakes and who created the Swan River. In another example, the ''Gagudju'' people of Arnhemland, for which Kakadu National Park is named, believe that the sandstone escarpment that dominates the park's landscape was created in the Dreamtime when ''Ginga'' (the crocodile-man) was badly burned during a ceremony and jumped into the water to save himself.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

==In popular culture==
An early reference is found is Richard McKenna's 1960s speculative fiction novella, ''Fiddler's Green'', which mentions "Alcheringa... the Binghi spirit land", i.e. the Aranda concept translated as "Dream time".
Early 1970s references to the concept include Dorothy Bryant's ''The Kin of Ata are Waiting for You'', (1971) Ursula K. Le Guin's novella ''The Word for World is Forest'' (1972) and Peter Weir's films ''The Last Wave'' (1977) and ''Picnic at Hanging Rock'' (1975).

"Dreamtime" became a widely cited concept in popular culture in the 1980s, and by the late 1980s was adopted as a cliché in [[Philosophy:New Age|New Age]] and feminist spirituality alongside related appeals to other "[[Social:Noble savage|Rouseauian natural people]]", such as the Native Americans idealized in 1960s hippie counterculture.{{sfn|di Leonardo|2000|p=377 n.42}}

===1980s===
* [[Biography:Philip K. Dick|Philip K. Dick]] uses Dreamtime, among a plethora of other concepts, to describe his breakdown in his novel ''VALIS'' (1981).
* A 1982 album by Kate Bush is entitled ''The Dreaming'', the title track of which deals with the upheaval and displacement of the Aboriginal people.
* A scene in the 1983 movie ''The Right Stuff'' shows Aboriginals partaking in a Dreaming ceremony just outside the [[Astronomy:Muchea Tracking Station|Muchea Tracking Station]] while Astronaut Gordon Cooper maintained radio communication with Astronaut [[Biography:John Glenn|John Glenn]], who was experiencing a potentially catastrophic equipment malfunction during the [[Astronomy:Mercury-Atlas 6|Mercury-Atlas 6]] spaceflight.
* During the 1980s, the UK band The Stranglers recorded an album called ''Dreamtime'', with a title track inspired by the Aboriginal concept.
* The Cult's 1984 album is entitled ''Dreamtime''. The album deals with Aboriginal themes, owing to singer Ian Astbury's interest in the book ''Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee''.
* Werner Herzog's ''Where the Green Ants Dream (Wo die grünen Ameisen träumen)'' (1984) posited an Aboriginal protest against uranium mining based on the taboo against disturbing the dream of green ants and thus causing the destruction of the world.
* ''Frog Dreaming'' (1986) (renamed ''The Quest'' when released in the USA) included certain aspects of Aboriginal Dreaming.
* Daryl Hall solo single "Dreamtime" (1986).
* Bruce Chatwin wrote the blended fiction/non-fiction novel, ''The Songlines'' (1987), in exploration of some important Aboriginal concepts.
* The ''Star Trek'' novel ''Strangers from the Sky'' (1987) by Margaret Wander Bonanno has Captain Kirk using Dreamtime to investigate an altered reality.
* Steve Roach's 1988 album is entitled Dreamtime Return. The album deals with the concept of the Dreamtime.
* The Marvel Comics character Gateway, an Aboriginal "mutant" that lives in the Outback and first appeared in a 1988 ''Uncanny X-Men'' comic, accesses Dreamland through his mutant powers, giving him precognition and the ability to teleport others from place to place.

===1990s===
* Neil Gaiman's graphic novel ''The Sandman'' (1989–March 1996) is partially set in "The Dreaming", referred to in early volumes as "Dreamtime", and also reference "[[Unsolved:Fiddler's Green|Fiddler's Green]]".
* [[Social:Dreamtime Village|Dreamtime Village]], an intentional community in Wisconsin founded in 1990, dedicated to "various permaculture, hypermedia, and sustainability projects".
* British Folk Metal band Skyclad have a polemical song on their debut album ''The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth'' (1991) called "Trance Dance (A Dreamtime Walkabout)", whose narrator is Aboriginal.
* Spider Robinson's trilogy ''Stardance'' touches upon this in the second volume (1991).
* In ''The Maxx'', The Outback represents a primeval landscape of a fictional Australia where the characters travel from the real world. The Outback takes heavy inspiration from Australian Aboriginal Dreamtime.
* Chapter 7 of Don Rosa's 12-part comic book series ''The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck'' (1992-1994) is titled ''Dreamtime Duck of the Never-Never'' (1993). Set in 1896, the chapter shows a young Scrooge McDuck encountering an Aboriginal Elder on a pilgrimage.
* Grant Morrison's character King Mob in his comic ''The Invisibles'' (1994–2000) visits Uluru and speaks telepathically with an Aboriginal Elder, he remarks that this is possible because he is a "Scorpion dreaming".
* Tad Williams four-volume science fiction epic ''Otherland'' (1996) touches upon Dreamtime and other aboriginal myths.
* "In the Dreamtime", a song written by Ralph McTell, was used in Billy Connoly's World Tour of Australia (1996).
* Terry Pratchett's novel ''The Last Continent'' (1998) uses several Dreamtime concepts.

===2000s===
* In Big Finish Productions Doctor Who audio drama, ''Dreamtime'' (2005), the Seventh Doctor and his companions deal with Aboriginal mysticism and [[Earth:Uluru|Uluru]].
* The Italian painter Giuliano Ghelli painted a series of canvases informally known as ''"aborigeni"'' inspired by a trip to Australia and a reading of Bruce Chatwin's novel The Songlines.{{sfn|Vanni|Pedretti|2005|pp=18, 70}}
* Alexis Wright's novel ''Carpentaria'' (2006) alludes to Dreaming narrative from the Gulf of Carpentaria through her stories of contemporary Aboriginal characters, a form of Australian magical realism.
* Sandra McDonald's novels, ''The Outback Stars'', ''The Stars Down Under'' and ''The Stars Blue Yonder'' (2007–2009), use Aboriginal myth extensively.
* The film ''Australia'' (2008) includes aspects of Aboriginal Dreaming (songlines).
* The Finnish band Korpiklaani recorded a track called "Uniaika" (Dreamtime) on the album ''Karkelo'' in 2009.
* Tuomas Holopainen's 2014 album ''Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge'' includes a track entitled "Dreamtime," which directly references the Scrooge McDuck comic ''Dreamtime Duck of the Never-Never'', and includes a didgeridoo in its instrumentation.
* Sam Kieth's comic ''Maxx'' relies heavily on the psychology and concept of Dreamtime.
* Jeff Smith says that aspects of his [[Engineering:Cartoon|cartoon]]/fantasy epic ''Bone'' were inspired by Dreamtime, among other things.{{sfn|Smith|loc=Bone–A–Fides section}}
* Queenie Chan's manga ''The Dreaming'' (2005) takes place in {{wipe|Australia}} and deals with students from a boarding school who mysteriously go missing. Aboriginal legends feature in the series.
* Betty Clawman from DC Comics' ''New Guardians'' was an Aboriginal girl chosen to be part of the next stage in man's evolution – i.e. the New Guardians. Dreamtime figured in the story.
* In issues #89–90 of DC Comics' ''Hellblazer'', John Constantine ventures into the Dreamtime.
* Wildstorm's ''Planetary'' issue #15 briefly deals with the Dreamtime.
* In the graphic novel ''Y: The Last Man'', the protagonist's love interest, Beth, spends time in Australia. Events in the Dreamtime are presented as a possible reason for the worldwide plague that killed almost all male mammals.
* In ''[[Software:Dreamfall: The Longest Journey|Dreamfall]]'' and ''[[Software:Dreamfall Chapters|Dreamfall Chapters]]'' there's a place which draws heavily from the concept of Dreamtime, as well as from other Aboriginal mythologies: the Storytime. It is described as the place where every story begins and ends.
* In the episode "Walkabout" of the animated series ''Gargoyles'', an Aboriginal mentor to Dingo teaches him of the Dreamtime. In the same episode, Goliath and Dingo enter the Dreamtime in order to communicate with an AI nanotech entity called the Matrix.
* In ''[[Software:Ty the Tasmanian Tiger|Ty the Tasmanian Tiger]]'', the Dreaming/Dreamtime is an alternate universe inhabited by mystical beings known as the [[Religion:Bunyip|Bunyip]], the title characters family is sealed within the Dreaming by Boss Cass before the events of the first game, and in ''Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 3: Night of the Quinkan'', Dreamtime becomes a warzone between the Bunyip and the Quinkan.
* In the third [[Software:Sly Cooper|Sly Cooper]] game ''[[Software:Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves|Sly 3]]'', Murray is a student of Dreamtime, and his master joins the gang as well.
* In the animated series ''ExoSquad'', two of the main characters talk to an Aboriginal aid who explains the nature of the Dreamtime and the cave art are shown depicting their current events.
* The Australian fantasy superhero television series ''Cleverman'' draws its premise and many concepts from various Dreaming stories, including those of the "hairymen", a monster known as the Namorrodorr, and the Cleverman himself. The Dreaming is referenced explicitly several times.

==See also==
* [[Religion:Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)|Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)]]
* Aboriginal mythology
** [[Religion:Rainbow Serpent|Rainbow Serpent]]
** Tjilbruke
* [[Astronomy:Apeiron|Apeiron]], the concept of the eternal or unlimited in Greek philosophy
* [[Philosophy:Wuji|Wuji]] and [[Philosophy:Taiji|Taiji]], concepts of the eternal or limitless in Chinese philosophy
* Indigenous All Stars, a rugby league team also known as Indigenous Dreamtime

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book| title = Aboriginal Perth and Bibbulmun biographies and legends
 | last = Bates | first = Daisy | year = 1996
 | publisher = Hesperion Press
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Religious Evolution
 | last = Bellah | first = Robert N. | year = 2013
 | orig-year = First published 1970
 | title = Readings in Social Evolution and Development
 | publisher = [[Company:Elsevier|Elsevier]]
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LkttBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA220
 | pages = 211–244
 | isbn = 978-1-483-13786-5
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Introduction
 | last1 = Charlesworth | first1 = Max
 | last2 = Murphy | first2 = Howard
 | last3 = Bell | first3 = Diane
 | last4 = Maddock | first4 = Kenneth
 | year = 1984
 | title = Religion In Aboriginal Australia: An Anthology
 | publisher = University of Queensland Press
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia| title = the Dreaming
 | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
 | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171252/the-Dreaming
 | access-date = 26 January 2013
 | ref = {{harvid|Encyclopædia Britannica}}
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Storytracking: Texts, Stories & Histories in Central Australia
 | last = Gill | first = Sam D.
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | url = https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Storytracking.html?id=IlfnCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=altjira&f=false
 | date = 1998 | pages = 93–103
 | isbn = 978-0195115871
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book| title = Broken Song: T G H Strehlow and Aboriginal Possession
 | last = Hill | first = Barry | year = 2003
 | publisher = {{wipe|Random House}}
 | isbn = 978-1-742-74940-2
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Australian Dreaming: 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History
 | last = Isaacs | first = Jennifier | year = 1980
 | publisher = Lansdowne Press | location = Sydney
 | isbn = 0-7018-1330-X
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Tjukurpa Time'
 | last = James | first = Diana | year = 2015
 | title = Long History, Deep Time: Deepening Histories of Place
 | editor1-last = McGrath | editor1-first = Ann
 | editor2-last = Jebb | editor2-first = Mary Anne
 | publisher = [[Company:ANU Press|Australian National University Press]]
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6nDSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36
 | pages = 33–46
 | isbn = 9781--925-02253-7
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Voices Of The First Day: Awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime
 | last = Lawlor | first = Robert | year = 1991
 | publisher = Inner Traditions International | location = Rochester, Vermont
 | isbn = 0-89281-355-5
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Exotics at Home: Anthropologies, Others, and American Modernity
 | last = di Leonardo | first = Micaela | year = 2000
 | publisher = [[Organization:University of Chicago Press|University of Chicago Press]]
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dt54NXnN_3UC&pg=PA377
 | page = 377 n.42
 | ref = harv
}}("Into the Crystal Dreamtime", promotional pamphlet, late 1980s; "Crystal Woman: isters of the Dreamtime" 1987; p. 36:"the prescriptive New Age genre, which sells one-hundred-proof ethnological antimodernism without overmuch worry about bothersome ethnographic facts")
*{{Cite book| title = Songs, Dreamings, and Ghosts: the Wangga of North Australia
 | last = Marett | first = Allan | year = 2005
 | publisher = Wesleyan University Press | location = Middletown, Connecticut
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oFhUE_AlE8QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=wangga&hl=en&ei=SRSqTd3MG4XuuAPMu_2QCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
 | page = 1
 | isbn = 978-0-8195-6618-8
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Altjira, Dream and God
 | last = Moore | first = David
 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306037801_Altjira_Dream_and_God
 | date = 1 January 2016 | pages = 85–108
 | isbn = 978-1472443830
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite web| title = 'Dreamtime' and 'The Dreaming' – an introduction
 | last = Nicholls | first = Christine Judith
 | website = The Conversation
 | url = http://theconversation.com/dreamtime-and-the-dreaming-an-introduction-20833
 | date = 22 January 2014a | access-date = 7 January 2019
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite web| title = 'Dreamtime' and 'The Dreaming': who dreamed up these terms?
 | last = Nicholls | first = Christine Judith
 | website = The Conversation
 | url = http://theconversation.com/dreamtime-and-the-dreaming-who-dreamed-up-these-terms-20835
 | date = 28 January 2014c | access-date = 7 January 2019
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite web| title = 'Dreamings' and dreaming narratives: what's the relationship?
 | last = Nicholls | first = Christine Judith
 | website = The Conversation
 | url = http://theconversation.com/dreamings-and-dreaming-narratives-whats-the-relationship-20837
 | date = 5 February 2014b | access-date = 7 January 2019
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = The Cunning of Recognition: Indigenous Alterities and the Making of Australian Multiculturalism
 | last = Povinelli | first = Elizabeth A.. | year = 2002
 | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham, North Carolina
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq9r6HpvLakC&pg=PA200&dq=wangga&hl=en&ei=bLSqTdnVOYKEvgOW1JiTCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=wangga&f=false
 | page = 200
 | isbn = 978-0-8223-2868-1
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = The waking dream in ethnographic perspective
 | last = Price-Williams | first = Douglas | year = 1987
 | title = Dreaming: Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations
 | editor-last = Tedlock | editor-first = Barbara
 | publisher = {{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eRk9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA249
 | pages = 246–262
 | isbn = 978-0-521-34004-5
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Altjira, Dream and God
 | last = Price-Williams | first = Douglas | year = 2016
 | title = Religion and non-religion among Australian Aboriginal Peoples
 | editor1-last = Cox | editor1-first = James L.
 | editor2-last = Possamai | editor2-first = Adam
 | publisher = [[Company:Routledge|Routledge]]
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo2iDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT115
 | pages = 85–108
 | isbn = 978-1-317-06795-5
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book| title = Bone #46, Tenth Anniversary
 | last = Smith | first = Jeff
 | publisher = Self-published
 | nopp = true
 | pages = Bone-A–Fides section
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book| title = Native Tribes of Central Australia
 | last1 = Spencer | first1 = Baldwin
 | last2 = Gillen | first2 = F. J.
 | year = 1899
 | publisher = Macmillan & Co
 | url = https://archive.org/details/nativetribesofce00spenuoft
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book| title = The northern tribes of central Australia
 | last1 = Spencer | first1 = Baldwin
 | last2 = Gillen | first2 = F. J.
 | year = 1904
 | publisher = Macmillan & Co
 | url = https://archive.org/details/northerntribesc00gillgoog
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = The Native Tribes of Central Australia
 | last1 = Spencer | first1 = Walter Baldwin
 | last2 = Gillen | first2 = Francis James
 | year = 1968 | orig-year = First published 1899
 | publisher = Dover | location = New York
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = White Man Got No Dreaming: Essays 1938–1973
 | last = Stanner | first = Bill | year = 1979
 | publisher = Australian National University Press | location = Canberra
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = After The Dreaming
 | last = Stanner | first = W.H. | year = 1968
 | publisher = ABC
 | series = Boyer Lecture Series
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book| title = A Place for Strangers: Towards a History of Australian Aboriginal Being
 | last = Swain | first = Tony | year = 1993
 | publisher = {{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B040KquZAEIC&pg=PA21
 | isbn = 978-0-521-44691-4
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Giuliano Ghelli. Le vie del tempo
 | last1 = Vanni | first1 = Maurizio
 | last2 = Pedretti | first2 = Carlo
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = Carlo Cambi Editore | location = Poggibonsi (province of Siena), Italy
 | language = Italian, English, German
 | pages = 18, 70
 | isbn = 88-88482-41-5
 | quote = "Ghelli's work appears as an authentic initiatory experience, with important ordeals to overcome. No Aboriginal boy can be considered a man, nor can an Aboriginal girl marry, until he or she has overcome all the initiatory rituals. One of these, perhaps the most feared, is the interpretation of symbols in paintings associated with Dreamtime."
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Wisdom Of The Earth: the living legacy of the Aboriginal dreamtime
 | last1 = Voigt | first1 = Anna
 | last2 = Drury | first2 = Neville
 | year = 1997
 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = East Roseville, NSW
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Mutilated hands or signal stencils? A consideration of irregular hand stencils from Central Queensland
 | last = Walsh | first = GL
 | journal = Australian Archaeology
 | year = 1979 | number = 9 | pages = 33–41
 | url = https://dspace2.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/708/1979009033041_FINAL.pdf
 | format = PDF
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| title = The Dreaming Universe: a mind-expanding journey into the realm where psyche and physics meet
 | last = Wolf | first = Fred Alan | year = 1994
 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York
 | isbn = 0-671-74946-3
 | ref = harv
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Should the Subaltern Dream? "Australian Aborigines" and the Problem of Ethnographic Ventriloquism
 | last = Wolfe | first = Patrick | year = 1997
 | title = Cultures of Scholarship
 | editor-last = Humphreys | editor-first = Sarah C.
 | publisher = [[Organization:University of Michigan Press|University of Michigan Press]]
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dS5-RMhAP_QC&pg=PA74
 | pages = 57–96
 | isbn = 978-0-472-06654-4
 | ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box
 | by=no
 | onlinebooks=no
 | others=no
 | about=yes
 | label=Dreamtime
}}
* [http://www.dreamhawk.com/oz.htm Australian Aborigine Dream Beliefs]
* [http://www.travelnt.com/en/experience/aboriginal-culture/ Northern Territory Official Tourism Site]
* [http://www.ausemade.com.au/aboriginal/resources/dreamtime/index.htm Aboriginal Tourism The Dreamtime]

{{Time in religion and mythology}}

[[Category:Creation myths]]

{{Sourceattribution|Dreamtime|1}}