View source for Place:Kafr Zabad

{{Infobox settlement
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|official_name          = Kafr Zabad
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|native_name            =كفر زبد<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
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|subdivision_name1      = Beqaa Governorate
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|subdivision_name2      = Zahlé
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|coordinates            = {{coord|33|45|30|N|35|58|02|E|type:city|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    = <ref name=localiban>[http://www.localiban.org/kfar-zabad-3974 Kfar Zabad], localiban</ref>
|elevation_m            = 986
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{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Kafr Zabad
|native_name = كفر زبد
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|cultures = [[History:Ancient Rome|Roman]]
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|condition = Ruins
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'''Kafr Zabad'''   ({{lang-ar| كفر زبد}}) is a village in [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanon]].<ref name="Kaizer2008">{{cite book|author=Ted Kaizer|title=The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East: In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KgVD3WL0vAsC&pg=PA87|access-date=15 November 2012|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16735-3|pages=87–}}</ref> It is also the site of two ancient Roman [[Engineering:Antae temple|antae temple]]s.<ref name="Taylor1967">{{cite book|author=George Taylor|title=The Roman temples of Lebanon: a pictorial guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXchNqgyNdkC|access-date=1 November 2012|year=1967|publisher=Dar el-Machreq Publishers}}</ref>

==History==

The village is very old; probably was founded during early Roman centuries. It is located at nearly 986 meters of altitude. It is famous because of its Roman temples.

George F. Taylor classed the temples in a group of Temples of the Beqaa Valley.<ref>[http://www.discoverlebanon.com/en/panoramic_views/roman-temples-lebanon.php Roman temples in Lebanon]</ref> They are situated {{convert|1000|ft|m}} above the village on a hill. The temples had almost been completely destroyed when Taylor visited the site. He noted only foundations and some parts of the [[Engineering:Cella|cella]] walls and [[Engineering:Pediment|pediment]] of the upper temple had survived. Remains of [[Engineering:Architrave|architrave]]s, carved stones and door frames littered the hill.<ref name="Taylor1967"/>

The lower temple had only one section of upright door frame, again with blocks of pediment, architrave and [[Engineering:Cornice|cornice]] lying scattered about the landscape of the Anti-Lebanon. There is a relief carved into a rock approximately {{convert|100|m|ft}} east of the temple with the figure of a Roman [[Philosophy:Goddess|goddess]] (probably Venus). The figure is barely recognisable and had been mostly destroyed with only the lower half remaining distinguishable:<ref name="Taylor1967"/> indeed to the northeast of the lower temple there it is a rock-cut relief of Venus, called "Bint El Malik" or the king's daughter by the local people. 

There it is also a Roman sanctuary probably dedicated to the god Mercury; the area also has ancient quarries and shaft tombs from the Roman period.<ref>[https://books.openedition.org/ifpo/1456#tocfrom1n14 Roman temples in the Bekaa Valley: Kafr Zabad]</ref> 

In 1838, Eli Smith noted  ''Kefr Zebad''  as a [[Philosophy:Druze|Druse]] and [[Religion:Christians|Christian]] village in the [[Place:Baalbek|Baalbek]] area.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/145/mode/1up 145]</ref>

== Geography ==
The town is situated 58 km (36 mi) to the east of the Lebanese capital [[Place:Beirut|Beirut]]. It is possible to drive a car from the village to Beirut in  75 minutes, depending on traffic and speed.

== Climate ==
Kafr Zabad is located in the East of Lebanon. Located in the Beqaa Valley it is normal to have a dry weather. It rarely rains in Kafr Zabad in the summer rather very warm. Winters, however, are rather cold, and are also characterized by heavy snows. The Litani river (which is one of the most polluted rivers in the middle east) flows just around the outskirts of the town.

==See also==
* Temples of the Beqaa Valley
* [[Place:Temnin el-Foka|Temnin el-Foka]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|  location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.localiban.org/article3974.html Kfar Zabad], Localiban

{{Archaeological sites in Lebanon}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Lebanon]]

{{Sourceattribution|Kafr Zabad}}