View source for Physics:Nth Country Experiment

{{Short description|Cold War project to demonstrate the ease of building nuclear weapons}}
[[Image:Nth Country Experiment.png|right|thumb|220px|The cover sheet of the once secret summary report on the "Nth Country Experiment".]]
[[File:Implosion nuclear weapon design3.gif|thumb|Implosion style design replicated with the Nth Country experiment.]]
The '''''N''th Country Experiment''' was an experiment conducted by [[Organization:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] starting in May 1964 which sought to assess the risk of nuclear proliferation. The experiment consisted in paying three recent young physicists who had just received their PhDs, though had no prior weapons experience, to develop a working [[Engineering:Nuclear weapon design|nuclear weapon design]] using only unclassified information, and with basic computational and technical support. "The goal of the participants should be to design an explosive with a militarily significant yield", the report on the experiment read, "A working context for the experiment might be that the participants have been asked to design a nuclear explosive which, if built in small numbers, would give a small nation a significant effect on their foreign relations."

The experiment ended on April 10, 1967, after only three man-years of work over two and a half calendar years. According to a heavily redacted declassified version of the summary, it was apparently judged by lab weapons experts that the team had come up with a credible design for the technically more challenging implosion style [[Engineering:Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapon]]. It is likely that they would have been able to design a simpler gun combination weapon even more quickly, though in such a case the limiting factor in developing such a weapon is not usually design difficulty but rather the procurement of material ([[Physics:Enriched uranium|enriched uranium]]). The term "''N''th Country" referred to the goal in assessing the difficulty in developing basic weapons ''design'' (not the development of the weapons themselves) for any potential country with a relatively small amount of technical infrastructure&mdash;if the United States was the 1st country to develop nuclear weapons, and the USSR the 2nd, and so on, which would be the ''N''th country?

Due to the increased amount of publicly available resources regarding nuclear weapons, it is reasonable to assume that a viable weapon design could be reached with even less effort today. However in the history of nuclear weapons, the development of fission weapons was never strongly hindered by basic design questions except in the very first nuclear weapons programs.

The Summary Report of the Nth Country Experiment was declassified&mdash;though heavily excised&mdash;in 2003.

==Summary==
In April of 1964, physicists David A. Dobson and David N. Pipkorn were hired by [[Organization:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (then known as Livermore Radiation Laboratory) to design a nuclear explosive with "militarily significant yield".<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQxKAQAAQBAJ&q=david+pipkorn+nth&pg=PA15 |title = Defusing Armageddon: Inside NEST, America's Secret Nuclear Bomb Squad|isbn = 9780393244069|last1 = Richelson|first1 = Jeffrey T.|date = 2009-02-02}}</ref>

The following year, David Pipkorn dropped out of the project and was replaced by Robert W. Seldon, a captain in the United States Army Reserve. Like Pipkorn and Dobson, Seldon possessed a physics PhD and had no nuclear expertise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/24/usa.science|title=How to build an A-bomb|website=TheGuardian.com|date=24 June 2003}}</ref>

The experiments completed by the physicists was split into three phases, each representing the "attainment of a physical level of understanding." Phase I being the understanding of basic concepts and considerations of bomb design, much like the process of creation that was originally undertaken by [[Biography:J. Robert Oppenheimer|J. Robert Oppenheimer]] at [[Organization:Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]]. Phase II was the quantitative expansion of those basic concepts into practical application by making calculations for core mass, hole size, explosive thickness, etc. that are essential for the careful design of atomic weapons. Finally, Phase III was the "extension of Phase II" which involved actual implosion and fission calculations. Plutonium implosion style designs were then formulated. Certain aspects of the UCRL-50239 have been omitted from the report.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank |first=W.J. |date=March 1967 |title=Summary Report of the Nth Country Experiment |url=https://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/1967-Summary-Report-of-the-Nth-Country-Experiment.pdf |journal=Summary Report of the NTH Country Experiment |volume=1 |pages=66 |via=University of California Livermore}}</ref>

==See also==
*John Aristotle Phillips &mdash; a [[Organization:Princeton University|Princeton]] undergraduate who apparently accomplished a similar feat as those in the Nth Country Experiment in 1977.
*Nuclear terrorism
*Smyth Report &mdash; first U.S. release on nuclear weapons technical information (1945)
*''United States v. The Progressive, et al.'' &mdash; a court case regarding Howard Morland constructing the design for the hydrogen bomb from public domain documents.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/NC/nuchis.html "Summary Report of the NTH Country Experiment,"] W. J. Frank, ed., March 1967. [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20030701/nth-country.pdf (copy of original report in PDF format)]
*[http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/a863n52762l54225/?p=21edea5c73ba46eeba832d0505983014&pi=12 No Experience Necessary] [http://thebulletin.org Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists], Dan Stober, March/April 2003, pp.&nbsp;12
*[http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/12/15/atomic-john Atomic John A truck driver uncovers secrets about the first nuclear bombs.]

[[Category:Physics experiments]]

{{Sourceattribution|Nth Country Experiment}}