View source for Physics:Directional freezing

{{Short description|Thermodynamic process}}
'''Directional freezing''' freezes from only one direction.

Directional [[Physics:Freezing|freezing]] can freeze water, from only one direction or side of a container, into [[Earth:Clear ice|clear ice]].<ref name="alcademics/doesnt">{{cite web |title=What to Try When Directional Freezing Doesn't Produce Clear Ice |url=https://www.alcademics.com/2018/11/what-to-try-when-directional-freezing-doesnt-produce-clear-ice.html |website=Alcademics |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="alcademics/what">{{cite web |title=What is Directional Freezing? |url=https://www.alcademics.com/2016/04/what-is-directional-freezing.html |website=Alcademics |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Making clear ice at home with tap water and directional freezing |url=http://liquorlabs.tv/making-clear-ice-at-home-with-tap-water-and-directional-freezing |website= LiquorLabs.tv |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>

Directional freezing in a domestic freezer can be done by putting water in a insulated container so that the water freezes from the top down, and removing before fully frozen, so that the minerals in the water are not frozen.<ref>{{cite news |first=G. Clay |last=Whittaker |date=January 11, 2021 |title=How to Make Clear Ice at Home for Cocktails |url=https://www.mensjournal.com/food-drink/directional-freezing-method-how-to-make-clear-ice-mens-journal/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |work=Men's Journal}}</ref>

F Hoffmann La Roche AG, Roche Diagnostics GmbH has a 2017 directional freezing patent for drying solid material.<ref name="google/patent/EP2877795B1">{{cite web |last1=Dittrich |first1=Jürgen |last2=Ziegler |first2=Günter |title=Directional freezing EP2877795B1 European Patent Office |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2877795B1/en |website=Google Patents |access-date=13 October 2022 |language=en |date=18 January 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chemistry:Aquamelt|Aquamelt]]
* [[Biology:Beluga whale|Beluga whale]]
* [[Earth:Clear ice|Clear ice]]
* [[Chemistry:Hydrogel|Hydrogel]]
* [[Earth:Freeze-casting#Static vs. dynamic freezing profiles|Freeze-casting§Static vs. dynamic freezing profiles]]
* [[Chemistry:Molecular self-assembly|Molecular self-assembly]]

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Haifei |last2=Hussain |first2=Irshad |last3=Brust |first3=Mathias |last4=Butler |first4=Michael F. |last5=Rannard |first5=Steven P. |last6=Cooper |first6=Andrew I. |title=Aligned two- and three-dimensional structures by directional freezing of polymers and nanoparticles |journal=Nature Materials |date=1 October 2005 |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=787–793 |doi=10.1038/nmat1487 |pmid=16184171 |bibcode=2005NatMa...4..787Z |s2cid=26987500 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7580423}}{{open access}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Arav |first1=Amir |last2=Natan |first2=Yehudit |title=Directional Freezing: A Solution to the Methodological Challenges to Preserve Large Organs |journal=Seminars in Reproductive Medicine |date=November 2009 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=438–442 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1241052 |pmid=19806511 |url=https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0029-1241052}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Munier |first1=Pierre |last2=Gordeyeva |first2=Korneliya |last3=Bergström |first3=Lennart |last4=Fall |first4=Andreas B. |title=Directional Freezing of Nanocellulose Dispersions Aligns the Rod-Like Particles and Produces Low-Density and Robust Particle Networks |journal=Biomacromolecules |date=9 May 2016 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=1875–1881 |doi=10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00304 |pmid=27071304 |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A936852&dswid=-5657}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bahari |first1=Liat |last2=Bein |first2=Amir |last3=Yashunsky |first3=Victor |last4=Braslavsky |first4=Ido |title=Directional freezing for the cryopreservation of adherent mammalian cells on a substrate |journal=PLOS ONE |date=15 February 2018 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=e0192265 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192265 |pmid=29447224 |pmc=5813933 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392265B |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=El Kadi |first1=Khadije |last2=Adeyemi |first2=Idowu |last3=Janajreh |first3=Isam |title=Application of directional freezing for seawater desalination: Parametric analysis using experimental and computational methods |journal=Desalination |date=December 2021 |volume=520 |pages=115339 |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2021.115339 |s2cid=239073390 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916421004100}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Tongxin |last2=Wang |first2=Lilin |last3=Wang |first3=Zhijun |last4=Li |first4=Junjie |last5=Wang |first5=Jincheng |title=Single Ice Crystal Growth with Controlled Orientation during Directional Freezing |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B |date=28 January 2021 |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=970–979 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11028 |pmid=33459018 |arxiv=2012.04183 |s2cid=227737465 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11028}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ortner |first1=Teresa S. |title=Bi-directional freezing affords elastic and durable artificial tooth enamel |journal=Communications Chemistry |date=December 2022 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=50 |doi=10.1038/s42004-022-00663-x |pmid=36697685 |pmc=9814660 |s2cid=247924578 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xiaolong |last2=Ling |first2=Shangwen |last3=Zeng |first3=Li |last4=He |first4=Hanna |last5=Liu |first5=Xingang |last6=Zhang |first6=Chuhong |title=Directional Freezing Assisted 3D Printing to Solve a Flexible Battery Dilemma: Ultrahigh Energy/Power Density and Uncompromised Mechanical Compliance |journal=Advanced Energy Materials |date=April 2022 |volume=12 |issue=14 |pages=2200233 |doi=10.1002/aenm.202200233 |s2cid=247100187 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aenm.202200233 |language=en |issn=1614-6832}}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}



[[Category:Phase transitions]]
[[Category:Cryobiology]]
[[Category:Molecular physics]]
[[Category:Intermolecular forces]]
[[Category:Nanotechnology]]

{{Sourceattribution|Directional freezing}}