View source for Organization:One Laptop per Child

{{short description|Non-profit initiative}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                = One Laptop per Child
| image               = OLPC logo.png
| caption             = 
| map                 = 
| msize               = 
| mcaption            = 
| motto               = 
| formation           = {{Start date and age|2005|01|28}}
| extinction          = 
| type                = Non-profit
| headquarters        = Miami, Florida, U.S.
| membership          = 
| language            = Multilingual
| leader_title        = Founder
| leader_name         = [[Biography:Nicholas Negroponte|Nicholas Negroponte]]<ref name=wentwrong>{{Cite web|last=Robertson|first=Adi|date=April 16, 2018|title=OLPC's $100 laptop was going to change the world – then it all went wrong|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/16/17233946/olpcs-100-laptop-education-where-is-it-now|access-date=2020-07-10|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contradictheory: Digitalisation is not about giving everyone a smartphone {{!}} The Star|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/living/2020/06/22/contradictheory-digitalisation-is-not-about-giving-everyone-a-smartphone|access-date=2020-07-10|website=thestar.com.my}}</ref>
| key_people          = {{unbulleted list|[[Biography:Seymour Papert|Seymour Papert]]|Mary Lou Jepsen|[[Biography:Alan Kay|Alan Kay]]}}
| num_staff           = 
| budget              = 
| website             = {{URL|one.laptop.org}}
}}

'''One Laptop per Child''' ('''OLPC''') was a [[Engineering:Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] initiative established with the goal of transforming education for children around the world; this goal was to be achieved by creating and distributing educational devices for the [[Finance:Developing country|developing world]], and by creating software and content for those devices.

When the program launched in 2005, the typical retail price for a [[Engineering:Laptop|laptop]] was considerably in excess of $1,000 (US), so achieving this objective required bringing a low-cost machine to production. This became the [[Engineering:OLPC XO|OLPC XO Laptop]], a low-cost and low-power laptop computer designed by Yves Béhar<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://uxpamagazine.org/one_laptop_per_child/ |title = The Story Behind the One Laptop per Child PC: An {{as written|Intev|iew [sic]}} with Yves Béhar |magazine=User Experience |date=March 2011 |access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref> with Continuum, now [[Company:EPAM Systems|EPAM]] Continuum.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.continuuminnovation.com/en/what-we-do/case-studies/one-laptop-per-child |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926184456/https://www.continuuminnovation.com/en/what-we-do/case-studies/one-laptop-per-child |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |title=__Millions of schoolchildren don't have access to the educational resources__ that provide them with the __right start in life.__}}</ref> The project was originally funded by member organizations such as [[Engineering:AMD|AMD]], [[Company:EBay|eBay]], [[Company:Google|Google]], [[Company:Marvell Technology Group|Marvell Technology Group]], News Corporation, and Nortel. Chi Mei Corporation, [[Company:Red Hat|Red Hat]], and [[Company:Quanta Computer|Quanta]] provided in-kind support. After disappointing sales, the foundation shut down in 2014.<ref name=wentwrong/>

The OLPC project was the subject of much discussion. It was praised for pioneering low-cost, low-power laptops and inspiring later variants such as Eee PCs and [[Engineering:Chromebook|Chromebook]]s; for assuring consensus at ministerial level in many countries that [[Digital literacy|computer literacy]] is a mainstream part of education; for creating interfaces that worked without literacy in any language, and particularly without literacy in English.

It was criticized from many sides regarding its US-centric focus ignoring bigger problems, high total costs, low focus on maintainability and training and its limited success. The OLPC project is critically reviewed in a 2019 MIT Press book titled ''The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop per Child''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4y5DwAAQBAJ|title = The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop per Child|isbn = 9780262353908|last1 = Ames|first1 = Morgan G.|date = November 19, 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:OLPC Mission Video.ogg|thumb|upright=1.1|thumbtime=2|A short video covering OLPC's main mission principles]]
[[File:Thank You from the Children of OLPC.ogg|thumb|upright=1.1|Thank You from the Children of OLPC]]
The OLPC program has its roots in the pedagogy of [[Biography:Seymour Papert|Seymour Papert]], an approach known as [[Social:Constructionism (learning theory)|constructionism]], which espoused providing computers for children at early ages to enable full digital literacy. Papert, along with [[Biography:Nicholas Negroponte|Nicholas Negroponte]], were at the MIT Media Lab from its inception. Papert compared the old practice of putting computers in a computer lab to books chained to the walls in old libraries. Negroponte likened shared computers to shared pencils. However, this pattern seemed to be inevitable, given the then-high prices of computers (over $1,500 apiece for a typical laptop or small desktop by 2004).

In 2005, Negroponte spoke at the [[Organization:World Economic Forum|World Economic Forum]], in Davos. In this talk he urged industry to solve the problem, to enable a $100 laptop, which would enable constructionist learning, would revolutionize education, and would bring the world's knowledge to all children. He brought a mock-up and was described as prowling the halls and corridors of Davos to whip up support.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Economy; At Davos, the Johnny Appleseed of the digital era shares his ambition to propagate a $100 laptop in developing countries.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E1DA153BF932A05752C0A9639C8B63|website={{wipe|The New York Times}}|date = January 31, 2005|access-date=May 17, 2016|last1 = Markoff|first1 = John}}</ref> Despite the reported skepticism of [[Biography:Bill Gates|Bill Gates]] and others, Negroponte left Davos with committed interest from AMD, News Corp, and with strong indications of support from many other firms. From the outset, it was clear that Negroponte thought that the key to reducing the cost of the laptop was to reduce the cost of the display. Thus, when, upon return from Davos, he met Mary Lou Jepsen, the display pioneer who was in early 2005 joining the MIT Media Lab faculty, the discussions turned quickly to display innovation to enable a low-cost laptop. Convinced that the project was now possible, Negroponte led the creation of the first corporation for this: the Hundred Dollar Laptop Corp.

At the 2006 Wikimania, [[Biography:Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales]] announced that the One Laptop Per Child Project would be including [[Wikipedia]] as the first element in their content repository. Wales explained, "I think it is in my rational self interest to care about what happens to kids in Africa,"<ref>{{cite web| url = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Jimmy_Wales&diff=55321582&oldid=55105689 |title = Talk:Jimmy Wales: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia}}</ref> elaborating in his fundraising appeal:<ref>{{cite journal|title=How can education through One Laptop Per Child empower scholars, siblings, parents and teachers|author=IG Kennedy, R van Olst|date=2006|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259362398}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fundraising_committee/2006/Fundraising_appeal|title=Fundraising committee/2006/Fundraising appeal|publisher=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jimmywales.com/2005/12/31/a-personal-appeal-from-jimmy-wales/|title=A personal appeal from Jimmy Wales|publisher=Jimmy Wales|date=December 2005}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I'm doing this for the child in Africa who is going to use free textbooks and reference works produced by our community and find a solution to the crushing poverty that surrounds him. But for this child, a website on the Internet is not enough; we need to find ways to get our work to people in a form they can actually use. And I'm doing this for my own daughter, who I hope will grow up in a world where culture is free, not proprietary, where control of knowledge is in the hands of people everywhere, with basic works they can adopt, modify, and share freely without asking permission from anyone. We're already taking back the Internet. With your help, we can take back the world.}}

At the 2006 [[Organization:World Economic Forum|World Economic Forum]] in Davos, Switzerland, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) announced it would back the laptop. UNDP released a statement saying they would work with OLPC to deliver "technology and resources to targeted schools in the least developed countries".<ref name="AP-UN" />

Starting in 2007, the Association managed development and logistics, and the Foundation managed fundraising such as the Give One Get One campaign ("G1G1").<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 24, 2018|title=The spectacular failure of One Laptop Per Child|url=https://www.philanthropydaily.com/the-spectacular-failure-of-one-laptop-per-child/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Philanthropy Daily|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Laptop09053.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|OLPC XO-1 original design proposal]]

[[Company:Intel|Intel]] was a member of the association for a brief period in 2007. Shortly after OLPC's founder, Nicholas Negroponte, accused Intel of trying to destroy the non-profit, Intel joined the board with a mutual non-disparagement agreement between them and OLPC. Intel resigned its membership on January 3, 2008, citing disagreements with requests from Negroponte for Intel to stop [[Social:Dumping (pricing policy)|dumping]] their [[Engineering:Classmate PC|Classmate PC]]s.<ref name="Intel Resigns" /><ref name="ZDNet Intel Leaves" />

In 2008, Negroponte showed some doubt about the exclusive use of [[Open-source software|open-source software]] for the project,<ref name="Eric Li" /> and made suggestions supporting a move towards adding [[Software:Windows XP|Windows XP]], which [[Company:Microsoft|Microsoft]] was in the process of porting over to the XO hardware.<ref name= "Cherlin" /> Microsoft's Windows XP, however, was not seen by some as a sustainable [[Operating system|operating system]].<ref name="Chachra" /> Microsoft announced that they would sell them Windows XP for $3 per XO.<ref name= "northwestern.edu" /> It would be offered as an option on XO-1 laptops and possibly be able to dual boot alongside Linux.<ref name="OLPC-XP-BBC" /> In response, Walter Bender, who was the former President of Software and Content for the OLPC project, left OLPC<ref name= "Krstic resigns" /><ref name= "Laptopi" /> and founded [[Organization:Sugar Labs|Sugar Labs]] to continue development of the open source [[Software:Sugar|Sugar]] software which had been developed within OLPC. No significant deployments elected to purchase Windows licenses.

[[File:LaptopOLPC b.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|OLPC XO-1 laptop in e-book mode]]
Charles Kane became the new President and Chief Operating Officer of the OLPC Association on May 2, 2008.<ref name="Technology Review" /><ref name="Vota" /> In late 2008, the NYC Department of Education purchased some XO computers for use by New York schoolchildren.<ref name= "nysun" />

Advertisements for OLPC began streaming on the [[Engineering:Streaming media|video streaming]] website [[Software:Hulu|Hulu]] and others in 2008. One such ad has [[Biography:John Lennon|John Lennon]] advertising for OLPC, with an unknown voice actor redubbing over Lennon's voice.<ref name= "OLPC-Lennon" />

In 2008, OLPC lost significant funding. Their annual budget was slashed from $12 million to $5 million which resulted in a restructuring on January 7, 2009. Development of the Sugar operating environment was moved entirely into the community, the Latin America support organization was spun out and staff reductions, including Jim Gettys, affected approximately 50% of the paid employees. The remaining 32 staff members also saw salary reductions.<ref name="Fund loss staggers" /><ref name="2009 Restructuring Announcement" /> Despite the downsizing, OLPC continued development of the XO-1.5 laptops.

In 2010, OLPC moved its headquarters to Miami. The Miami office oversaw sales and support for the XO-1.5 laptop and its successors, including the XO Laptop version 4.0 and the OLPC Laptop. Funding from [[Company:Marvell Technology Group|Marvell]], finalized in May 2010, revitalized the foundation and enabled the 1Q 2012 completion of the ARM-based XO-1.75 laptops and initial prototypes of the XO-3 tablets. OLPC took orders for mass production of the XO 4.0, and shipped over 3 million XO Laptops to children around the world.{{Citation needed |date=August 2018}}

== Criticism ==
{{criticism section|date=August 2021}}

At the [[Organization:World Summit on the Information Society|World Summit on the Information Society]] held by the {{wipe|United Nations}} in Tunisia from November 16–18, 2005, several African representatives, most notably Marthe Dansokho (a missionary of United Methodist Church), voiced critic towards the motives of the OLPC project and claimed that the project presented solutions for misplaced priorities, stating that African women would not have enough time to research new crops to grow. She added that clean water and schools were more important. Mohammed Diop specifically criticized the project as an attempt to exploit the governments of poor nations by making them pay for hundreds of millions of machines and the need of further investments into internet infrastructure.<ref name="cnn-wind-up" /> Others have similarly criticized laptop deployments in very low income countries, regarding them as cost-ineffective when compared to far simpler measures such as deworming and other expenses on basic child health.<ref name="warschauer" />

[[Biography:Lee Felsenstein|Lee Felsenstein]], a computer engineer who played a central role in the development of the personal computer, criticized the centralized, top-down design and distribution of the OLPC.<ref name="fonly" />

In September 2009, Alanna Shaikh offered a eulogy for the project at ''UN Dispatch,'' stating "It’s time to call a spade a spade. OLPC was a failure."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keating|first=Joshua|title=Why did One Laptop Per Child fail?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/09/09/why-did-one-laptop-per-child-fail/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Foreign Policy|date=September 9, 2009 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Cost ===

The project originally aimed for a price of 100 US dollars. In May 2006, Negroponte told the Red Hat's annual user summit: "It is a floating price. We are a nonprofit organization. We have a target of $100 by 2008, but probably it will be $135, maybe $140."<ref name="Donoghue" /> A BBC news article in April 2010 indicated the price still remained above $200.<ref name="East Africa" />

In April 2011, the price remained above $209.<ref name="above-209" /> In 2013, more than 10% of the world population lived on less than US$2 per day.<ref name="poverty">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty|title=Poverty|publisher=[[Organization:World Bank|World Bank]]|access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref>{{original research inline|date=September 2023}} The latter income segment would have to spend more than a quarter of its annual income to purchase a single laptop, while the global average of [[Engineering:Information and communications technology|Information and communications technology]] (ICT) spending is 3% of income.<ref name="HilbertWD38,5" /> Empirical studies show that the borderline between ICT as a necessity good and ICT as a luxury good is roughly around the "magical number" of US$10 per person per month, or US$120 per year.<ref name="HilbertWD38,5" />

John Wood, founder of Room to Read (a non-profit which builds schools and libraries), emphasizes affordability and scalability over high-tech solutions. While in favor of the One Laptop per Child initiative for providing education to children in the developing world at a cheaper rate, he has pointed out that a $2,000 library can serve 400 children, costing just $5 a child to bring access to a wide range of books in the local languages (such as [[Social:Khmer language|Khmer]] or [[Social:Nepali language|Nepali]]) and English; also, a $10,000 school can serve 400–500 children ($20–$25 a child). According to Wood, these are more appropriate solutions for education in the dense forests of Vietnam or rural Cambodia.<ref name="Lashinsky" />

The Scandinavian aid organization FAIR proposed setting up computer labs with recycled second-hand computers as a cheaper initial investment. Negroponte argued against this proposition, stating the expensive running cost of conventional laptops.<ref name="iTWire-04-30" /> Computer Aid International doubted the OLPC sales strategy would succeed, citing the "untested" nature of its technology. CAI refurbishes computers and printers and sells them to developing countries for £42 a piece (compare it to £50 a piece for the OLPC laptops).<ref name="zdnet.co.uk" />

=== Teacher training and ongoing support ===

The OLPC project has been criticized for allegedly adopting a "one-shot" deployment approach with little or no technical support or teacher training, and for neglecting pilot programs and formal assessment of outcomes in favor of quick deployment. Some authors attribute this unconventional approach to the promoters' alleged focus on [[Philosophy:Constructivism (philosophy of education)|constructivist education]] and digital utopianism.<ref name="warschauer" /> Mark Warschauer, a Professor of University of California at Irvine and Morgan Ames, at the time of writing, a PhD candidate at Stanford University, pointed out that the laptop by itself does not completely fill the need of students in underprivileged countries. The "children’s machines", as they have been called, have been deployed to several countries, for example Uruguay, Peru, and in the US, Alabama, but after a relatively short time, their usage declined considerably, sometimes because of hardware problems or breakage, in some cases, as high as 27% to 59% within the first two years, and sometimes due to a lack of knowledge on the part of the users on how to take full advantage of the machine.

However, another factor has recently been acknowledged: a lack of a direct relation to the pedagogy needed in the local context to be truly effective. Uruguay reports that only 21.5% of teachers use the laptop in the classroom on a daily basis, and 25% report using it less than once a week. In Alabama, 80.3% of students say they never or seldom use the computer for class work, and Peru, teachers report that in the first few months, 68.9% use the laptop three times per week, but after two months, only 40% report such usage. Those of a low socio-economic level tend to not be able to effectively use the laptop for educational purposes on their own, but with scaffolding and mentoring from teachers, the machine can become more useful. According to one of the returning OLPC executives, Walter Bender, the approach needs to be more holistic, combining technology with a prolonged community effort, teacher training and local educational efforts and insights.<ref name="columbia1" />

The organization has been accused of simply giving underprivileged children laptops and "walking away". Some critics claim this "drive-by" implementation model was the official strategy of the project. While the organisation has learning teams dedicated to support and working with teachers, Negroponte has said in response to this criticism that "You actually can" give children a connected laptop and walk away, noting experiences with self-guided learning.<ref name="good.is" />

Other explanations of failure included a high minimum order, low reliability and maintainability, unsuitability to local conditions and culture, and encouragement of children to learn new ways of thinking instead of remaining loyal to old ways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Blurry Vision: Reconsidering the Failure of the One Laptop Per Child Initiative » Writing Program » Boston University|url=https://www.bu.edu/writingprogram/journal/past-issues/issue-3/shah/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=bu.edu|language=en}}</ref>

== Technology ==

{{Main|Engineering:OLPC XO}}
[[File:Laptop-crank.jpg|thumb|A second generation prototype came with a crank that proved unviable.<ref name=wentwrong/>]]
[[File:LaptopOLPC a.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|OLPC XO-1 laptop]]
[[File:Xo3-fuse-4.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|XO-3 concept]]

The XO, previously known as the "$100 Laptop" or "Children's Machine", is an inexpensive laptop computer designed to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world,<ref name="Ward" /> to provide them with [[Access to Knowledge movement|access to knowledge]], and opportunities to "explore, experiment and express themselves" ([[Social:Constructionism (learning theory)|constructionist learning]]).<ref name="vision" /> The laptop was designed by Yves Béhar with Design Continuum, and manufactured by the Taiwanese computer company [[Company:Quanta Computer|Quanta Computer]].

The [[Rugged computer|rugged]], [[Physics:Low-power electronics|low-power]] computers use [[Flash memory|flash memory]] instead of a hard drive, run a [[Software:Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]]-based operating system and use the SugarLabs Sugar user interface.<ref name="OLPC's Software" /> [[Engineering:Mobile ad hoc network|Mobile ad hoc network]]ing based on the [[IEEE 802.11s|802.11s]] [[Wireless mesh network|wireless mesh network]] protocol allows students to collaborate on activities and to share Internet access from one connection. The wireless networking has much greater range than typical consumer laptops. The XO-1 was designed for lower cost and much longer life than typical laptops.

In 2009, OLPC announced an updated XO (dubbed ''XO-1.5'') to take advantage of the latest component technologies. The XO-1.5 includes a new [[Company:VIA Technologies|VIA]] [[Engineering:VIA C7|C7-M]] processor and a new chipset providing a 3D graphics engine and an HD video decoder. It has 1GB of RAM and built-in storage of 4 GB, with an option for 8 GB. The XO-1.5 uses the same display, and a network wireless interface with half the power dissipation.<ref name="XO-1.5" />

Early prototype versions of the hardware were available in June 2009, and they were available for software development and testing available for free through a developer's program.<ref name="Updating the XO hardware" />

An XO-1.75 model was developed that used a Marvell ARM processor, targeting a price below $150 and date in 2011.<ref name="roadmap updates" />

[[File:XO-3 Photo10 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|XO-3 production model]]

The XO-2 two sheet design concept was canceled in favor of the one sheet XO-3.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 4, 2009|title=OLPC XO-2 cancelled: tablet will be developed next|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/nov/04/olpc-negroponte-tablet-ebook|access-date=2021-04-21|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

An [[Engineering:OLPC XO-3|XO-3]] concept resembled a [[Engineering:Tablet computer|tablet computer]] and was planned to have the inner workings of the XO 1.75.<ref name="XO-3 concept" /> Price goal was below $100 and date was 2012.<ref name="Marvell-olpcnews" />

As of May 2010, OLPC was working with [[Company:Marvell Technology Group|Marvell]] on other unspecified future tablet designs.<ref name="gizmag" /> In October 2010, both OLPC and Marvell signed an agreement granting OLPC $5.6 million to fund development of its XO-3 next generation tablet computer. The tablet was to use an ARM chip from Marvell.<ref name="Xconomy" /><ref name="Thomson" />

At [[Engineering:Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] 2012, OLPC showcased the XO-3 model, which featured a touchscreen and a modified form of SugarLabs "Sugar".<ref name="CES 2012" /> In early December 2012, however, it was announced that the XO-3 would not be seeing actual production, and focus had shifted to the XO-4.<ref name="XO-3 Tablet" />

The XO-4 was launched at International CES 2013 in Las Vegas<ref name="CES 2013" /> The XO Laptop version 4 is available in two models: XO 4 and XO 4 Touch, with the latter providing multi-touch input on the display. The XO Laptop version 4 uses an ARM processor to provide high performance with low power consumption, while keeping the industrial design of the traditional XO Laptop.

=== Software ===

The laptops include an anti-theft system which can, optionally, require each laptop to periodically make contact with a server to renew its cryptographic lease token. If the cryptographic lease expires before the server is contacted, the laptop will be locked until a new token is provided. The contact may be to a country-specific server over a network or to a local, school-level server that has been manually loaded with cryptographic "lease" tokens that enable a laptop to run for days or even months between contacts. Cryptographic lease tokens can be supplied on a [[Engineering:USB flash drive|USB flash drive]] for non-networked schools.<ref name="Krstić" /> The mass production laptops are also [[Tivoization|tivoized]], disallowing installation of additional software or replacement of the operating system. Users interested in development need to obtain the unlocking key separately (most developer laptops for Western users already come unlocked). It is claimed that locking prevents unintentional [[Engineering:Brick (electronics)|bricking]] and is part of the anti-theft system.<ref name="developer keys" />

In 2006, the OLPC project was heavily criticised over [[Company:Red Hat|Red Hat]]'s [[Social:Non-disclosure agreement|non-disclosure agreement]] (NDA) with Marvell concerning the wireless device in OLPC, especially in light of the OLPC project being positioned as an open-source friendly initiative. An open letter for documentation was inked by Theo de Raadt (a recipient of the 2004 Award for the Advancement of Free Software), and the initiative for open documentation has been supported by [[Biography:Richard Stallman|Richard Stallman]], the President of the Free Software Foundation.<ref name="deraadt.misc.20061005" /> De Raadt later clarified that he finds an issue with OLPC having proprietary firmware files that are not allowed to be independently re-distributed (even in the binary form) by third-party operating systems like [[Organization:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]], as well as receiving no documentation to write the necessary drivers for the operating system.<ref name="deraadt.misc.20061010" /><ref name="deraadt.jemreport.2006" /> De Raadt has pointed out that the [[Organization:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]] project requires no firmware source code, and no low-level documentation to work on firmware, only requiring the binary distribution rights and documentation to interface with the said binary firmware that runs outside of the main CPU, a quite simple request that is generally honoured by many other wireless device vendors like [[Company:Ralink|Ralink]].<ref name="rum" /> Stallman fully agreed with de Raadt's request to open up the documentation,<ref name="deraadt.misc.20061005" />{{Failed verification|date=May 2015}} since Stallman is known to hold an even stronger and more idealistic position in regards to the proprietary components, and requires that even the firmware that runs outside of the main CPU must be provided in its source code form, something de Raadt does not require. De Raadt later has had to point out that such more idealistic and less realistic position has instead been misattributed to [[Organization:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]]'s more practical approach to make it look unreasonable, and stood on record that [[Organization:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]]'s position is much easier to satisfy, yet it nonetheless remained unresolved.<ref name="deraadt.misc.20061010" />

OLPC's dedication to "Free and open source" was questioned with their May 15, 2008, announcement that large-scale purchasers would be offered the choice to add an extra cost, special version of the proprietary [[Software:Windows XP|Windows XP]] OS developed by [[Company:Microsoft|Microsoft]] alongside the regular, free and open [[Software:Linux|Linux]]-based operating system with the SugarLabs "Sugar OS" GUI. Microsoft developed a modified version of Windows XP and announced in May 2008 that Windows XP would be available for an additional cost of 10 dollars per laptop.<ref name="Fildes" /> James Utzschneider, from Microsoft, said that initially only one operating system could be chosen.<ref name="James Utzschneider blog" /><ref name="CNET Fried" /> OLPC, however, said that future OLPC work would enable XO-1 laptops to dual boot either the free and open Linux/Sugar OS or the proprietary Microsoft Windows XP. Negroponte further said that "OLPC will sell Linux-only and dual-boot, and will not sell Windows-only <nowiki>[XO-1 laptops]</nowiki>". OLPC released the first test firmware enabling XO-1 dual-boot on July 3, 2008.<ref name="James Utzschneider blog" /><ref name="AnnounceFAQ" /><ref name="Microsoft Press Release 2008-05-15" /><ref name="OLPC Firmware q2e10" /><ref name="InformationWeek XP on OLPC" /> This option did not prove popular. As of 2011, a few pilots had received a few thousand total dual-boot machines, and the new ARM-based machines do not support Windows XP. No significant deployment purchased Windows licenses.<ref name="no-Windows" /> Negroponte stated that the dispute had "become a distraction" for the project, and that its end goal was enabling children to learn, while constructionism and the open source ethos was more of a means to that end.<ref name="Technology Review" /> Charles Kane concurred, stating that anything which detracted from the ultimate goal of widespread distribution and use was counterproductive.<ref name="Technology Review" />

=== Bugs ===

The organization has been criticized for its lack of troubleshooting support. Teachers in Peru are told to handle problems in one of two ways. If the problem is a software issue, they are to flash the computer, and if it is a hardware problem, they are to report it. In the classroom environment this black-boxing approach is being criticized for causing the teachers and students to feel disconnected with, and confused by the laptop, which results, in many cases, in the laptops eventually going unused.<ref name="Patzer-blame" /> Several defects in OLPC XO-1 hardware have emerged in the field, and laptop repair is often neglected by students or their families (who are responsible for maintenance) due to the relatively high cost of some components (such as displays).<ref name="warschauer" />

On the software side, the [[Software:Bitfrost|Bitfrost]] security system has been known to deactivate improperly, rendering the laptop unusable until it is unlocked by support technicians with the proper keys (this is a time-consuming process, and the problem often affects large numbers of laptops at the same time). The Sugar interface has been difficult for teachers to learn, and the mesh networking feature in the OLPC XO-1 was buggy and went mostly unused in the field.<ref name="warschauer" />

The OLPC XO-1 hardware lacks connectivity to external monitors or projectors, and teachers are not provided with software for remote assessment. As a result, students are unable to present their work to the whole class, and teachers must also assess students' work from the individual laptops. Teachers often find it difficult to use the keyboard and screen, which were designed with student use in mind.<ref name="warschauer" />

=== Environmental impact ===

In 2005 and prior to the final design of the XO-1 hardware, OLPC received criticism because of concerns over the environmental and health impacts of hazardous materials found in most computers.<ref name="worldchanging" /> The OLPC asserted that it aimed to use as many environmentally friendly materials as it could; that the laptop and all OLPC-supplied accessories would be fully compliant with the EU's [[Chemistry:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive|Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive]] (RoHS); and that the laptop would use an order of magnitude less power than the typical consumer netbooks available as of 2007 thus minimizing the environmental burden of power generation.<ref name="FAQ" />

The XO-1 delivered (starting in 2007) uses environmental friendly materials, complies with the EU's RoHS and uses between 0.25 and 6.5 watts<ref name="power draw" /> in operation. According to the Green Electronics Council's Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool, whose sole purpose is assessing and measuring the impact laptops have on the environment, the XO is not only non-toxic and fully recyclable, but it lasts longer, costs less, and is more energy efficient. The XO-1 is the first laptop to have been awarded an EPEAT Gold level rating.<ref name="Environmental Impact" /><ref name="EPEAT Gold Award" />

=== Anonymity ===

Other discussions question whether OLPC laptops should be designed to promote anonymity or to facilitate government tracking of stolen laptops. A June 2008 ''New Scientist'' article critiqued Bitfrost's P_THEFT security option, which allows each laptop to be configured to transmit an individualized, non-repudiable digital signature to a central server at most once each day to remain functioning.<ref name="Barras" />

== Distribution ==

[[File:One Laptop per Child at Kagugu Primary School, Kigali, Rwanda-19Sept2009.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|At a primary school in [[Place:Kigali|Kigali]], Rwanda in 2009, running [[Scratch (programming language)|Scratch]]]]

The laptops are sold to governments,<ref name="recipient-FAQ" /> to be distributed through the ministries of education with the goal of distributing "one laptop per child". The laptops are given to students, similar to school uniforms and ultimately remain the property of the child. The operating system and software is [[Internationalization and localization|localized]] to the languages of the participating countries.

OLPC later worked directly with program sponsors from the public and private sectors to implement its educational program in entire schools and communities. As a non-profit organization, OLPC did require a source of funding for its program so that the laptops are given to students at no cost to child or to his/her family.

=== Early distributions ===

Approximately 500 developer boards (Alpha-1) were distributed in mid-2006; 875 working prototypes (Beta 1) were delivered in late 2006; 2400 "Beta 2" machines were distributed at the end of February 2007;<ref name="nyt20061130" /> full-scale production started November 6, 2007.<ref name="Melin" /> Around one million units were manufactured in 2008.

=== Give 1 Get 1 program ===

OLPC initially stated that no consumer version of the XO laptop was planned.<ref name="commercialize" /> The project, however, later established the laptopgiving.org website to accept direct donations and ran a "Give 1 Get 1" (G1G1) offer starting on November 12, 2007. The offer was initially scheduled to run for only two weeks, but was extended until December 31, 2007 to meet demand. With a donation of $399 (plus US$25 shipping cost) to the OLPC "Give 1 Get 1" program, donors received an XO-1 laptop of their own and OLPC sent another on their behalf to a child in a developing country. Shipments of "Get 1" laptops sent to donors were restricted to addresses within the United States, its territories, and Canada.

Some 83,500 people participated in the program. Delivery of all of the G1G1 laptops was completed by April 19, 2008.<ref name="G1G1" /> Delays were blamed on order fulfillment and shipment issues both within OLPC and with the outside contractors hired to manage those aspects of the G1G1 program.<ref name="contractors" />

[[File:OLE Nepal cover.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|OLE Nepal, One Laptop Per Child image from Nepal]]

Between November 17 and December 31, 2008, a second G1G1 program<ref name="G1G1-2" /> was run through Amazon.com and Amazon.co.uk.<ref name="Nystedt" /> This partnership was chosen specifically to solve the distribution issues of the G1G1 2007 program. The price to consumers was the same as in 2007, at US$399.

The program aimed to be available worldwide. Laptops could be delivered in the US, in Canada and in more than 30 European countries, as well as in some Central and South American countries (Colombia, Haiti, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay), African countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Madagascar, Rwanda) and Asian countries (Afghanistan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nepal).<ref name="G1G1 International" /> Despite this, the program sold only about 12,500 laptops and generated a mere $2.5 million, a 93 percent decline from the year before.<ref name="boston.com" />

OLPC no longer advertises direct to consumers, focusing instead on fundraising efforts.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} In 2011, they launched a new website designed by Pentagram<ref name="pentagram" /> and Upstatement.<ref name="Winter 2010" />

=== Laptop shipments ===

[[File:OLPC-First Shipment of Laptops.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The first of shipment OLPC machines in Cambridge, MA]]
[[File:Olpc2 cambodia.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|Children in a remote Cambodian school where a pilot laptop program has been in place since 2001]]
[[File:OLPC Class - Mongolia Ulaanbaatar.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|An OLPC class in [[Place:Ulaanbaatar|Ulaanbaatar]], Mongolia]]

{{As of|2015}}, OLPC reports 'more than 3 million laptops' have been shipped.<ref name="laptop-partnership">{{cite web|url=http://blog.laptop.org/2015/09/03/olpc-announces-partnership-with-zamora-teran-foundation/|title=OLPC Announces Partnership with Zamora Teran Foundation|work=laptop.org|date=September 3, 2015 }}</ref>

== Regional responses ==

=== Uruguay ===

In October 2007, Uruguay placed an order for 100,000 laptops, making Uruguay the first country to purchase a full order of laptops. The first real, non-pilot deployment of the OLPC technology happened in Uruguay in December 2007.<ref name="ivan krstić · code culture » First OLPC deployment: now it’s real" /> Since then, 200,000 more laptops have been ordered to cover all public school children between 6 and 12 years old.

President Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay presented the final laptop at a school in [[Place:Montevideo|Montevideo]] on October 13, 2009.<ref name="Uruguay-bbc">{{cite web|first=Verónica|last=Psetizki|date=October 16, 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8309583.stm|title=Laptop for every pupil in Uruguay|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Over the last two years 362,000 pupils and 18,000 teachers have been involved, and has cost the state $260 (£159) per child, including maintenance costs, equipment repairs, training for the teachers and internet connection.<ref name=Uruguay/> The annual cost of maintaining the programme, including an information portal for pupils and teachers, will be US$21 (£13) per child.<ref name=Uruguay/>

The country reportedly became the first in the world where every primary school child received a free laptop on October 13, 2009 as part of the ''Plan Ceibal'' (Education Connect).<ref name=Uruguay/><ref name="Laptop for each pupil in Uruguay" />

Even though roughly 35% of all OLPC computers went to Uruguay, a 2013 study by the Economics Institute (University of the Republic, Uruguay) of the Ceibal plan concluded that use of the laptops did not improve literacy and that the use of the laptops was mostly recreational, with only 4.1% of the laptops being used "all" or "most" days in 2012. The main conclusion was that the results showed no impact of the OLPC program on the test scores in reading and math.<ref name="Exploring the Effects of the Plan Ceibal">Gioia del Melo et al (August 1, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131001163055/http://www.ccee.edu.uy/jacad/2013/file/MESAS/Economia%20de%20la%20educacion_plan%20ceibal/Profundizando%20en%20los%20efectos%20del%20Plan%20Ceibal.pdf " Exploring the Effects of the Plan Ceibal"]</ref> Still, more recent sudies give an opposite view of the project's results, regarding it a success, like in the case of the 2020 publication by [[Organization:Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development|Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadbandcommission.org/Documents/working-groups/SchoolConnectivity_report.pdf|title=The Digital Transformation of Education: Connecting Schools, Empowering Learners|author=Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development}}</ref>

=== Artsakh ===
On January 26, 2012, prime minister Ara Harutyunyan and entrepreneur Eduardo Eurnekian signed a memorandum of understanding launching an OLPC program in [[Place:Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]]. The program is geared towards elementary schools throughout Artsakh. Eurnekian hopes to decrease the gap by giving the war-zoned region an opportunity to engage in a more solid education. The New York-based nonprofit, Armenian General Benevolent Union, is helping to undertake the responsibility by providing on-the-ground support. The government of Artsakh is enthusiastic and is working with OLPC to bring the program to fruition.<ref name="Karabagh" />

=== Nigeria ===

Lagos Analysis Corp., also called Lancor, a Lagos, US-based Nigerian-owned company, sued OLPC in the end of 2007 for {{wipe|United States dollar}}20 million, claiming that the computer's keyboard design was stolen from a Lancor patented device.<ref name="Lagos Analysis Corp" /> OLPC responded by claiming that they had not sold any multi-lingual keyboards in the design claimed by Lancor,<ref name="LANCOR v. OLPC" /> and that Lancor had misrepresented and concealed material facts before the court.<ref name="Nigerian Court" /> In January 2008, the Nigerian Federal Court rejected OLPC motion to dismiss LANCOR's lawsuit and extended its injunction against OLPC distributing its XO Laptops in Nigeria. OLPC appealed the Court's decision, the Appeal is still pending in the Nigerian Federal Court of Appeals. In March 2008, OLPC filed a lawsuit in Massachusetts to stop LANCOR from suing it in the United States.<ref name="patent suit" /> In October 2008, MIT News magazine erroneously reported that the Middlesex Superior Court granted OLPC's motions to dismiss all of LANCOR's claims against OLPC, Nicholas Negroponte, and Quanta.<ref name="Suit Dismissed" /> On October 22, 2010 OLPC voluntarily moved the Massachusetts Court to dismiss its own lawsuit against LANCOR.

In 2007, XO laptops in Nigeria were reported to contain pornographic material belonging to children participating in the OLPC Program.<ref name="reu1905" /> In response, OLPC Nigeria announced they would start equipping the machines with filters.<ref name="reu1905" /><ref name="LinuxInsider" />

=== India ===

India's Ministry of Human Resource Development, in June 2006, rejected the initiative, saying "it would be impossible to justify an expenditure of this scale on a debatable scheme when public funds continue to be in inadequate supply for well-established needs listed in different policy documents".<ref name="HRD" /><ref name="Kraemer" /> Later they stated plans to make laptops at $10 each for schoolchildren. Two designs submitted to the Ministry from a final year engineering student of Vellore Institute of Technology and a researcher from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in May 2007 reportedly describe a laptop that could be produced for "$47 per laptop" for even small volumes.<ref name="$10 Laptops" /> The Ministry announced in July 2008 that the cost of their proposed "$10 laptop" would in fact be $100 by the time the laptop became available.<ref name="Presented by CDW" /> In 2010, a related $35 Sakshat Tablet was unveiled in India, released the next year as the "Aakash".<ref name="Stevens" /><ref name="India-35" /> In 2011, each Aakash sold for approximately $44 by an Indian company, [[Company:DataWind|DataWind]]. DataWind plans to launch similar projects in Brazil, Egypt, Panama, Thailand and Turkey.<ref name="zaks123" />
OLPC later expressed support for the initiative.<ref name="colab" />

In 2009, a number of states announced plans to order OLPCs. However, as of 2010, only the state of Manipur had deployed 1000 laptops.

== See also ==

* Child computer
* Computer literacy
* [[Social:Digital divide|Digital divide]]
* [[Digital textbook]]
* [[Engineering:Dynabook|Dynabook]]
* [[Engineering:Educational technology in sub-Saharan Africa|Educational technology in sub-Saharan Africa]]
* [[Organization:No Child Left Unplugged|No Child Left Unplugged]]
* [[Engineering:Simputer|Simputer]]
* Universal access to education
* Web (2013 film)
* [[Organization:World Computer Exchange|World Computer Exchange]]

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<ref name = deraadt.jemreport.2006>{{ cite web | url = http://www.thejemreport.com/mambo/content/view/286 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061126210900/http://www.thejemreport.com/mambo/content/view/286 | archive-date = November 26, 2006 | title = Making sense of the One Laptop Per Child proprietary software row | first = Jem | last = Matzan | date = October 9, 2006 | access-date = January 17, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name = rum>{{ cite web | url = http://bxr.su/OpenBSD/sys/dev/microcode/rum/rum-license | title = rum-license (covers rum-rt2573 for rum(4), as well as run-rt2870 and run-rt3071 for run(4)) | author = Ralink Technology Corp. |  editor = Damien Bergamini | date = February 7, 2010 | access-date = January 17, 2015 | website = BSD Cross Reference, OpenBSD src/sys/dev/microcode/rum/ }}</ref>
<ref name="James Utzschneider blog">{{ cite web | url = http://blogs.technet.com/jamesu/archive/2008/05/15/look-windows-on-the-olpc-xo.aspx | title = Look! Windows on the OLPC XO! | author = James Utzschneider | date = May 15, 2008 | access-date = July 4, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080621121125/http://blogs.technet.com/jamesu/archive/2008/05/15/look-windows-on-the-olpc-xo.aspx | archive-date = June 21, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="CNET Fried">{{ cite web | url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-9945438-56.html | title = Microsoft, OLPC officially team up | quote = Microsoft, meanwhile, said the first XO laptops with Windows that start rolling out in June will not be dual-boot machines. | date = May 15, 2008 | access-date = December 7, 2008 | first = Ina | last = Fried }}</ref>
<ref name="AnnounceFAQ">{{ cite web | url = http://wiki.laptop.org/go/AnnounceFAQ | title = AnnounceFAQ | date = May 15, 2008 | publisher = OLPC | access-date = July 5, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft Press Release 2008-05-15">{{ cite web | url = http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2008/may08/05-15MSOLPCPR.mspx | title = Microsoft and One Laptop per Child Partner to Deliver Affordable Computing to Students Worldwide | date = May 15, 2008 | publisher = Microsoft | access-date = July 4, 2008 | quote = This is the initial implementation customers will be able purchase when the product RTMs and will be a "Windows only" XO | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080910161318/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2008/may08/05-15MSOLPCPR.mspx | archive-date = September 10, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="OLPC Firmware q2e10">{{ cite web | url = http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Firmware_q2e10 | title = OLPC Firmware q2e10 | quote = This firmware is the first test candidate for the new OFW2 series which supports dual-boot of Linux and WindowsXP. | date = July 3, 2008 | access-date = July 7, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="InformationWeek XP on OLPC">{{ cite news | url = http://www.informationweek.com/news/windows/operatingsystems/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207800623 | title = OLPC Adds Windows XP To XO Laptop | date = May 16, 2008 | first = Paul | last = McDougall | access-date = July 4, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="no-Windows">{{ cite web | url = http://blog.laptop.org/2011/09/01/every-xo-runs-linux/ | title = 0% of XOs run Windows &#124; One Laptop per Child | publisher = Blog.laptop.org | date = September 1, 2011 | access-date = April 30, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="Patzer-blame">{{ cite web | url = http://jeffpatzer.com/2011/01/03/part-3-who%E2%80%99s-to-blame-why-the-olpc-plan-in-peru-is-failing-and-who-is-causing-it-2/ | title = Who's to Blame | access-date = January 2, 2011 | publisher = Jeff Patzer | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110119043311/http://jeffpatzer.com/2011/01/03/part-3-who%E2%80%99s-to-blame-why-the-olpc-plan-in-peru-is-failing-and-who-is-causing-it-2/ | archive-date = January 19, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="worldchanging">{{ cite web | url = http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003881.html | title = Evaluation + Tools + Best Practices: How Much E-Waste Per Child? | website = Worldchanging.com | date = February 22, 1999 | access-date = April 30, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060320031137/http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003881.html | archive-date = March 20, 2006 }}</ref>
<ref name="FAQ">OLPC Frequently Asked Questions, ''OLPC Wiki'', Retrieved April 25, 2006</ref>
<ref name="power draw">XO power draw, ''OLPC Wiki'', Retrieved November 3, 2008</ref>
<ref name="Environmental Impact">OLPC:Environmental Impact</ref>
<ref name="EPEAT Gold Award">{{ cite web | url = http://wiki.laptop.org/images/c/cf/Epeat.ps | title = IEEE 1680-2006 EPEAT Criteria Detail for OLPC | date = September 7, 2007 | publisher = EPEAT | access-date = February 14, 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Barras">{{ cite web | url = https://www.newscientist.com/channel/tech/electronic-threats/mg19826596.100-laptops-could-betray-users-in-the-developing-world.html | title = Laptops could betray users in the developing world | first = Colin | last = Barras | date = June 5, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="recipient-FAQ">{{ cite web | url = http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Official_OLPC_FAQ#Can_I_or_my_organization_be_a_recepient_of_the_XO_laptop.3F | title = Official OLPC FAQ | access-date = January 24, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name = nyt20061130>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/30/technology/30laptop.html For $150, Third-World Laptop Stirs Big Debate]. ''{{wipe|The New York Times}}'', November 30, 2006.</ref>
<ref name="Melin">Jan Melin (November 7, 2007). [http://www.nyteknik.se/art/53339 100-dollarsdatorn masstillverkas]. NYTeknik. Retrieved on December 24, 2007.</ref>
<ref name="commercialize">{{ cite web | url = http://digital50.com/news/items/BW/2001/07/14/20070112005706/one-laptop-per-child-has-no-plans-to-commercialize-xo-computer.html | title = One Laptop per Child has no plans to commercialize XO Computer | publisher = Business Wire | access-date = January 16, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070120091352/http://digital50.com/news/items/BW/2001/07/14/20070112005706/one-laptop-per-child-has-no-plans-to-commercialize-xo-computer.html | archive-date = January 20, 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="G1G1">{{ cite web | url = http://lists.laptop.org/pipermail/community-news/2008-April/000108.html | title = OLPC News (2008-04-12) | date = April 12, 2008 | publisher = One Laptop Per Child | access-date = November 25, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="contractors">{{ cite web | url = http://lists.laptop.org/pipermail/community-news/2008-January/000095.html | title = OLPC News (2008-01-19) | date = January 19, 2008 | publisher = One Laptop Per Child | access-date = November 25, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="G1G1-2">{{ cite web | url = https://www.amazon.com/xo/ | title = One Laptop per Child Foundation | publisher = Amazon | date = 2008 | access-date = April 26, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="Nystedt">{{ cite web | url = http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9120479&intsrc=news_ts_head | title = Amazon launches OLPC 'Give 1 Get 1' laptop drive | first = Dan | last = Nystedt | publisher = IDG | date = November 17, 2008 | access-date = November 17, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081205070551/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9120479&intsrc=news_ts_head | archive-date = December 5, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="G1G1 International">{{ cite web | url = http://blog.laptop.org/2008/11/23/g1g1-international-update-44-countries-and-counting/ | date = November 23, 2008 | access-date = November 26, 2008 | publisher = One Laptop per Child | title = G1G1 International : the US, Canada, and 42+ other countries }}</ref>
<ref name="boston.com">{{ cite news | url = http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2009/01/09/fund_loss_staggers_group_giving_laptops_to_poor_children/ | work = The Boston Globe | title = Fund loss staggers group giving laptops to poor children | first = Hiawatha | last = Bray | date = January 9, 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="pentagram">{{ cite web | url = http://pentagram.com/en/new/2011/01/new-work-one-laptop-org-child-2.php | title = New Work: One Laptop per Child &#124; New at | publisher = Pentagram | date = October 23, 2011 | access-date = October 30, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110311222756/http://pentagram.com/en/new/2011/01/new-work-one-laptop-org-child-2.php | archive-date = March 11, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="Winter 2010">{{ cite web | author = Time:Winter 2010 | url = http://upstatement.com/portfolio/one-laptop-per-child | title = One Laptop per Child | publisher = Upstatement | access-date = March 4, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120206170155/http://upstatement.com/portfolio/one-laptop-per-child/ | archive-date = February 6, 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="Uruguay">{{ cite web | author = América Latina y el Caribe | url = http://www.scidev.net/es/news/uruguay-logra-la-meta-de-una-laptop-para-cada-escolar.html | title = Uruguay logra la meta de una laptop para cada escolar | website = Scidev.net | access-date = April 30, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="ivan krstić · code culture » First OLPC deployment: now it’s real">{{ cite web | url = http://radian.org/notebook/first-deployment | title = ivan krstić · code culture » First OLPC deployment: now it's real | access-date = January 24, 2008 | first = Ivan |last = Krstić | website = Ivan Krstić's code culture blog | date = December 1, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080122133805/http://radian.org/notebook/first-deployment | archive-date = January 22, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="Laptop for each pupil in Uruguay">{{cite web | author = Hayley Jarvis | url = http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/uruguaychildrenlaptop.htm | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121224041110/http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/uruguaychildrenlaptop.htm | archive-date = December 24, 2012 | title = Laptop for each pupil in Uruguay | date = October 16, 2009 | access-date = October 18, 2009 | publisher = SOS Children's Villages }}</ref>
<ref name="Karabagh">{{ cite web | url = http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/02/05/one-laptop-per-child/ | title = 'One Laptop Per Child' in Karabagh | work = Armenian Weekly | date = February 5, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="Lagos Analysis Corp">[http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyId=15&articleId=9054868&intsrc=hm_topic ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422220710/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyId=15&articleId=9054868&intsrc=hm_topic |date=April 22, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="LANCOR v. OLPC">{{ cite web | url = http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20071226210020415 | title = News about LANCOR v. OLPC&nbsp;— Updated | work = Groklaw }}</ref>
<ref name="Nigerian Court">{{ cite web | url = http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20080103211653578 | title = OLPC Tells Nigerian Court: We Don't Use LANCOR's Keyboard | work = Groklaw }}</ref>
<ref name="patent suit">{{ Cite news | url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/03/13/lawsuits_over_keyboard_press_on_against_laptop_group/ | title = Nigerian patent suit still dogs OLPC | website = boston.com | date = March 13, 2008 | last1 = Bergstein | first1 = Brian }}</ref>
<ref name="Suit Dismissed">{{ cite web | url = http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N60/olpc.html | title = OLPC Patent Infringement Suit Dismissed by Middlesex Judge | work = The Tech | first = Pearle | last = Lipinski | publisher = mit.edu }}</ref>
<ref name="reu1905">{{ cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1966647020070720 | title = News &#124; Africa | agency = Reuters| date = July 19, 2007 | access-date = July 23, 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name = LinuxInsider>{{ cite web | url = http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/58453.html?welcome=1202785357 | title = Low-Cost OLPC Laptop Hits Assembly Line | website = linuxinsider.com | date = July 23, 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="HRD">{{cite news | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-03/india/27814789_1_hrd-ministry-million-laptops-laptop-scheme | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811133331/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-03/india/27814789_1_hrd-ministry-million-laptops-laptop-scheme | archive-date = August 11, 2011 | title = HRD rubbishes MIT's laptop scheme for kids | date = July 3, 2006 | first = Akshaya | newspaper = The Times of India | last = Mukul }}</ref>
<ref name="Kraemer">
Kraemer, Kenneth L., Parkul Sharma, and Jason Dedrick. "One Laptop Per Child: Vision vs. Reality." Communications of the ACM 52.6 (2009): 73-73. Web.</ref>
<ref name="$10 Laptops">{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/HRD_hopes_to_make_10_laptops_a_reality/articleshow/1999828.cms | title = HRD hopes to make $10 laptops a reality | date = May 7, 2007 | author = Akshaya Mukul | newspaper = The Times of India | access-date = July 1, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="Presented by CDW">{{ cite news | url = https://www.pcworld.com/article/149131/indias_10_laptop_to_cost_us100_after_all.html | title = India's '$10 Laptop' to Cost US$100 After All | work = Business Center | publisher = PC World | date = July 29, 2008 | access-date = December 5, 2008 }}</ref>
<ref name="Stevens">{{ cite web | url = https://www.engadget.com/2010/07/23/35-tablet-from-india-looks-to-be-worth-every-paisa-video/ | title = $35 tablet from India looks to be worth every paisa (video) | author = Tim Stevens | publisher = AOL | work = Engadget }}</ref>
<ref name="India-35">{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10740817 | title = India unveils prototype for $35 touch-screen computer | publisher = BBC News | access-date = April 30, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="zaks123">{{ citation | title = A Few Stumbles on the Road to Connectivity | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/arts/design/a-few-stumbles-on-the-road-to-connectivity.html?pagewanted=all | work = The New York Times | first = Alice | last = Rawsthorn | date = December 18, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="colab">{{ citation | title = OLPC's Negroponte offers to help India realize $35 tablet | date = August 3, 2010 | url = https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2010/08/olpcs-negroponte-offers-to-help-india-realize-35-tablet.ars | publisher = Arstechnica.com | access-date = April 30, 2015 }}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |last = Robertson |first = Adi |title = OLPC's $100 laptop was going to change the world – then it all went wrong |work=[[The Verge]] |date=April 16, 2018 |url = https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/16/17233946/olpcs-100-laptop-education-where-is-it-now |access-date=April 17, 2018 }}

== External links==

[[Category:Appropriate technology organizations]]
[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]

{{Sourceattribution|One Laptop per Child}}