View source for History:Bathing machine

{{short description|Device used for sea bathing during the 19th century}}
[[Image:BathingMachineGals.jpg|thumb|upright|Women posing near a bathing machine in 1902]]
[[File:Badekarren auf Wyk (1895).jpg|thumb|Horse drawn bathing machines in Wyk auf Föhr, Germany, 1895]]

The '''bathing machine''' was a device, popular from the 18th century until the early 20th century, to allow people at beaches to change out of their usual clothes, change into swimwear, and wade in the ocean.<!-- commented out, see Talk: without violating [[Philosophy:Victorian morality|Victorian notions]] of modesty. --> Bathing machines were roofed and walled wooden carts that rolled into the sea. Some had solid wooden walls, others canvas walls over a wooden frame, and commonly walls at the sides and curtained doors at each end.

The use of bathing machines was part of the [[Philosophy:Etiquette|etiquette]] for sea-bathing to be observed by both men and women who wished to behave "respectably."<ref name="Byrde2013">{{cite journal |last1=Byrde |first1=Penelope |title='That Frightful Unbecoming Dress' Clothes for Spa Bathing at Bath |journal=Costume |volume=21 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pages=44–56 |issn=0590-8876 |doi=10.1179/cos.1987.21.1.44}}</ref>

Especially in Britain, even with the use of the machine to protect modesty, bathing for men and women was usually segregated, so that people of the opposite sex would not see each other in their bathing suits which, although extremely modest by modern standards, were not considered proper clothing in which to be seen in public.

==Use==
[[File:Bathing place in Cardigan Bay, near Aberystwith.jpeg|thumb|Sea bathing in mid Wales {{circa|1800}}. Several bathing machines can be seen.]]

The bathing machines in use in Margate, Kent, were described by Walley Chamberlain Oulton in 1805 as:
{{blockquote|[F]our-wheeled carriages, covered with canvas, and having at one end of them an umbrella of the same materials which is let down to the surface of the water, so that the bather descending from the machine by a few steps is concealed from the public view, whereby the most refined female is enabled to enjoy the advantages of the sea with the strictest delicacy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Oulton|first= W. C.|date=1805|title=The Traveller's Guide; or, English Itinerary|volume= II|page= 245|location= Ivy-Lane, London|publisher= James Cundee}}</ref> }}

People entered the small room of the machine while it was on the beach, wearing their street clothing. In the machine they changed into their bathing suit, although men were allowed to bathe nude until the 1860s,<ref name="JASA">{{cite web |publisher=Jane Austen Society of Australia |title=Bathing - Jane Austen at the seaside |date=2007-03-26 |url=http://www.jasa.net.au/seaside/Bathing.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130514035307/http://www.jasa.net.au/seaside/Bathing.htm |archive-date=2013-05-14 |quote=Tobias Smollett in The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker. ... on each side a little window above ... 1789: ... over all their windows ... Diary and Letters of Madame d’Arblay, vol 5, pp. 35-6 ... men ... were able to bathe naked. ... make use of the bathing machines for changing ... Prudery did not win out until the 1860s. |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-10-11 }}</ref> placing their street clothes into a raised compartment where they would remain dry.<ref>Kidwell, Claudia. ''Women’s Bathing and Swimming Costume in the United States''. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968.</ref>
[[Image:MermaidsAtBrighton.jpg|thumb|''Mermaids at Brighton'' swim behind their bathing machines in this engraving by William Heath, {{circa|1829}}.]]
Probably all<!-- all the pictures on Commons, that include the whole machine, show windows --> bathing machines had small windows,<ref name="JASA"/> but one writer in the ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'' of May 26, 1906 considered them "ill-lighted" and wondered why bathing machines were not improved with a [[Earth:Skylight|skylight]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Evelyn |last=Sharp |title=How to dress in the water |date=1906-05-26 |newspaper={{wipe|The Guardian}} |url=http://www.guardiancentury.co.uk/1899-1909/Story/0,6051,126381,00.html |quote=ill-lighted |access-date=2009-12-28 |archive-date=2008-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827175549/http://www.guardiancentury.co.uk/1899-1909/Story/0,6051,126381,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The machine would be wheeled or slid into the water. The most common machines had large wide wheels and were propelled in and out of the surf by a horse, or a pair of horses, with a driver. Less common were machines pushed in and out of the water by human power. Some resorts had wooden rails into the water for the wheels to roll on, and a few had bathing machines pulled in and out of the sea using cables propelled by a steam engine.

Once in the water, the occupants disembarked from the sea side down steps into the water. Many machines had doors front and back; those with only one door would be backed into the sea or need to be turned around. It was considered essential that the machine blocked any view of the bather from the shore. Some machines were equipped with a canvas tent lowered from the seaside door, sometimes capable of being lowered to the water, giving the bather greater privacy.
Some resorts employed a '''dipper''', a strong person of the same sex who would assist the bather in and out of the sea. Some dippers were said to push bathers into the water, then yank them out, considered part of the experience.<ref name="Walton1983">{{cite book|last=Walton|first=John K. |title=The English Seaside Resort: A Social History, 1750-1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VmlQgAACAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Leicester University Press|isbn=978-0-312-25527-5}}</ref>

[[Image:BathingMachineDontBeAfraid.jpg|thumb|Man and woman in swimsuits, c. 1910. The woman is exiting a bathing machine. Once mixed-sex bathing became socially acceptable, the days of the bathing machine were numbered.]]

Bathing machines would often be equipped with a small flag which could be raised by the bather as a signal to the driver that they were ready to return to shore.

==History==
According to some sources, the bathing machine was developed in 1750 in Margate, Kent. That version was probably intended to conceal the user until they were mostly submerged in the water because, at the time, bathing costumes were not yet common and most people bathed nude. "Mr. Benjamin Beale, a Quaker, was the inventor of the Bath Machine. Their structure is simple, but quite convenient; and by means of the umbrella, the pleasures of bathing may be enjoyed in so private a manner, as to be consistent with the strictest delicacy."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Kentish Traveller's Companion | first=T. |last=Fisher |year=1776| url=https://archive.org/stream/kentishtravelle00fishgoog#page/n166/mode/2up|access-date=25 Sep 2012|page=119}}</ref> In the Scarborough Public Library, there is an engraving by John Setterington dated 1736 which shows people bathing and is popularly believed to be first evidence for bathing machines; however [[Earth:Devon|Devon]] claims this was a year earlier in 1735.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081011091002/http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/culturetourism/libraries/library_services/children/thezone/maxhome/maxcomix/max-devon-etchings.htm Library Etchings] (archived) at Devon</ref>

[[File:Woman in bathing suit (1893).jpg|thumb|Woman in bathing suit, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, 1893]]
Bathing machines were most common in the United Kingdom and parts of the [[Place:British Empire|British Empire]] with a British population, but were also used in France, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, the United States, Mexico, and other nations. 

[[File:Queen Victoria&#039;s Bathing Machine. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Queen Victoria's bathing machine (restored)]]
Prince Albert used one at Osborne Beach near Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, as did Queen Victoria, who used it to sketch and for bathing. She wrote about such an experience in her diary in July 1847.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/queen-victoria-bathing-machine/|title=Why does the Queen use a "bathing machine" to go swimming in ITV's Victoria?|website=Radio Times}}</ref> After the monarch's death, her machine was used as a chicken coop, but it was restored in the 1950s and put on display in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/victoria/7.html|title=The Queen's Bathing Machine at Osborne|website=www.victorianweb.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-18867194|title=How Queen Victoria swam in the sea|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> According to a news report, "The queen's bathing machine was unusually ornate, with a front verandah and curtains which would conceal her until she had entered the water. The interior had a changing room and a plumbed-in WC".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/victoria-s-plunge-queen-s-beach-open-public-7946869.html|title=Victoria's plunge: Queen's beach to open to public|date=July 17, 2012|website=The Independent}}</ref>

Bathing machines remained in active use on English beaches until the 1890s, when they began to be parked on the beach. Legal segregation of bathing areas in Britain ended in 1901, and the use of bathing machines declined rapidly. They were then used as stationary changing rooms for a number of years.<ref name=Seaside /> Most of them had disappeared in the United Kingdom by 1914,<ref name=Austen>[http://www.jasa.net.au/seaside/Bathing.htm Bathing] by Jane Austen Society of Australia</ref> and, by the start of the 1920s they were almost extinct, even on beaches catering to an older clientele.<ref name=Seaside>Manning-Sanders, Ruth. ''Seaside England''. B T Batsford, 1951.</ref> However, in Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Eric Ravilious was able to paint bathing machines on wheels with winches still in use as late as 1938.<ref>Lara Feigel, Alexandra Harris, ''Modernism on Sea: Art and Culture at the British Seaside'' (2009), p. 212</ref> In many places around the world they have survived to this day as stationary [[Engineering:Beach hut|bathing boxes]].

==In fiction==
* In ''The Hunting of the Snark'' a Snark's fondness for bathing machines is listed as the fourth "unmistakable mark" that Snark hunters should consider.
* In ''Iolanthe'', the Lord Chancellor's "Nightmare Song" describes a passenger ship as not much larger than a bathing machine.
* The use of the bathing machine and segregated swimming is depicted in the 2019 ITV series ''Sanditon'', based on the 1817 unfinished novel of the same name by Jane Austen.
* In ''Persuasion'' by Jane Austen, the principal street in the town of Lyme is said to be “animated with bathing machines” during the season.
* In "Of Human Bondage," Somerset Maugham describes the main character, Philip, swimming in the ocean, after which, "he crawled back, dripping and cold, into his bathing-machine".
* Chapter 22 of ''Vanity Fair'' (1847–48) by William Makepeace Thackeray,  records that, following Amelia Sedley and George Osborne's wedding: "Some ten days after the above ceremony, three young men of our acquaintance were enjoying that beautiful prospect of bow windows on the one side and blue sea on the other, which Brighton affords to the traveller. Sometimes it is towards the ocean - smiling with countless dimples, speckled with white sails, with a hundred bathing-machines kissing the skirt of his blue garment - that the Londoner looks enraptured (...)"
* In ''Devil In Spring'' by Lisa Kleypas, "Serapfina led her to a bathing-machine that had been left near a dune. It was a small enclosed room set on high wheels, with a set of steps leading up to the door".
*The bathing machine is referred to in ''The Woman in White'' by [[Social:Wilkie Collins|Wilkie Collins]].
*The 2020 film, ''Ammonite'', depicts Charlotte Murchison using a bathing machine.
*Chapter 24 in ''Agnes Grey'' by Anne Brontë describes the morning preparations on a beach in a bathing town, including the mention bathing machines.

==See also==
*[[Engineering:Bath chair|Bath chair]]
*[[Engineering:Beach hut|Beach hut]]
*[[Philosophy:Victorian morality|Victorian morality]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Ferry, Kathryn. ''Beach Huts and Bathing Machines'', Shire Publications, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-7478-0700-1}}
* Schaefer, Mary & David. ''Where Did You Change?'', Mica Publishers, 2006.

==External links==
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/tags/bathingmachines/ Bathing machines] at Flickr Commons
* [http://www.womenofbrighton.co.uk/martha-gunn.html Martha Gunn] page about a professional dipper, with an illustration of a row of bathing machines employing dippers.

[[Category:Victorian era]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bathing machine}}