View source for Finance:Hotelling's law

{{Short description|Observation in economics}}

'''Hotelling's law''' is an observation in [[Finance:Economics|economics]] that in many markets it is [[Philosophy:Rationality|rational]] for producers to make their products as similar as possible. This is also referred to as the '''principle of minimum differentiation''' as well as '''Hotelling's [[Finance:Location model|linear city model]]'''. The observation was made by [[Biography:Harold Hotelling|Harold Hotelling]] (1895&ndash;1973) in the article "Stability in Competition" in ''Economic Journal'' in 1929.<ref>{{Citation |first=Harold |last=Hotelling |title=Stability in Competition |journal=Economic Journal |volume=39 |issue=153 |year=1929 |pages=41–57 |doi=10.2307/2224214 |jstor=2224214 |url=http://people.bath.ac.uk/ecsjgs/Teaching/Industrial%20Organisation/Papers/Hotelling%20-%20Stability%20in%20Competition.pdf |access-date=2014-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221155849/http://people.bath.ac.uk/ecsjgs/Teaching/Industrial%20Organisation/Papers/Hotelling%20-%20Stability%20in%20Competition.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The opposing phenomenon is [[Social:Product differentiation|product differentiation]], which is usually considered to be a business advantage if executed properly.

==Example==

[[Image:Mrzezyno2Apteki.jpg|thumb|240px|Two pharmacies on the main street in Mrzeżyno. Possibly an effect of Hotelling's location competition.]]

Suppose there are two competing shops located along the length of a street running north and south, with customers spread equally along the street. Both shop owners want their shops to be where they will get most [[Finance:Market share|market share]] of customers. If both shops sell the same range of goods at the same prices then the locations of the shops are themselves the 'products'. Each customer will always choose the nearer shop as it is disadvantageous to travel to the farther.

===One shop===
For a single shop, the optimal location is anywhere along the length of the street. The shop owner is completely indifferent about the location of the shop since it will draw all customers to it, by default. However, from the point of view of a [[Social:Social welfare function|social welfare function]] that tries to minimize the distance that people need to travel, the optimal point is halfway along the length of the street.

===Two shops: halfway===
Hotelling's law predicts that a street with two shops will also find both shops right next to each other at the same halfway point. Each shop will serve half the market; one will draw customers from the north, the other all customers from the south.

Another example of the law in action is that of two takeaway food pushcarts, one at each end of a beach. If there is an equal distribution of rational consumers along the beach, each pushcart will get half the customers, divided by an invisible line equidistant from the carts. But, each pushcart owner will be tempted to push his cart slightly towards the other, moving the invisible line so that the owner is on the side with more than half the beach. Eventually, the pushcart operators will end up next to each other in the center of the beach.

===Social optimum ===
It would be more socially beneficial if the shops separated themselves and moved to one quarter of the way along the street from each end &mdash; each would still draw half the customers but customers would, on average, make a shorter journey. However, neither shop would be willing to do this independently, as it would then allow the other to relocate and capture more than half the market.

===Deviating assumptions===
When people along the street, or along the range of possible different product positions, consume more than a minimum number of goods (i.e. have discretionary income), companies can position their products to sections where consumers exist to maximize profit; this will often mean that companies will position themselves in different sections of the street, occupying niche markets. When prices are not fixed, companies can modify their prices to compete for customers; in those cases it is in the company's best interest to differentiate themselves as far away from each other as possible so they face less competition from each other.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v47y1979i5p1145-50.html|title = On Hotelling's "Stability in Competition"|last1 = D'Aspremont|first1 = C.|date = 1979|journal = Econometrica|doi = 10.2307/1911955 |last2 = Gabszewicz|first2 = J. Jaskold|first3 = J.-F.|last3 = Thisse|volume = 47|issue = 5|page = 1145|jstor = 1911955}}</ref>

===Political Science===
Especially true in the American two-party system, political parties want to maximize vote allocated to their candidate. Political parties will adjust their platform to comply with the median voters' demand. The Comparative Midpoints Model represents this idea best: Both political parties will get as close as possible to the competing party's platform while preserving its own identity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Primary Election Systems and Candidate Deviation|last1 = Westley|first1 = Christopher|date = 2004|journal = Eastern Economic Journal|last2 = Calcagno|first2 = Peter T.|last3 = Ault|first3 = Richard|volume = 30|issue = 3|pages = 365–376|jstor = 40326400}}</ref> However, party primaries can complicate the dynamic and make the stable points harder to find.<ref name="Harrenstein Lisowski Sridharan Turrini 2021">{{cite web | last=Harrenstein | first=P | last2=Lisowski | first2=G | last3=Sridharan | first3=R | last4=Turrini | first4=P | title=A Hotelling-Downs framework for party nominees | publisher=Association for Computing Machinery | date=2021 | issn=2523-5699 | url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f04c1912-1199-486c-b5ff-9439fc4697b5 | access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref>

==Application==
The street is a metaphor for product differentiation; in the specific case of a street, the stores differentiate themselves from each other by location. The example can be generalized to all other types of horizontal product differentiation in almost any product characteristic, such as sweetness, colour, or size. The above case where the two stores are side by side would translate into products that are identical to each other. This phenomenon is present in many markets, particularly in those considered to be primarily commodities, and results in less variety for the consumer.

An extension of the principle into other environments of rational choice such as election "markets" can explain the common complaint that, for instance, the presidential candidates of the two largest American political parties are "practically the same".  The candidates elected during primaries are usually established figures within their own partisan camps. Electors in the middle of the [[Social:Political spectrum|political spectrum]] are more likely to be swing voters, and there is a tendency for the candidates to "rush for the middle" to appeal to this crucial bloc. The assumption is that people will choose the candidate with a closer [[Philosophy:Ideology|ideology]] to their own, so that the most votes can be had by being directly in the center.

==In real life==
This phenomenon can be observed in real life, not just in commodity businesses like bars, restaurants, and gas stations, but even in large, branded chains:<ref>[http://www.planetizen.com/node/65765 Why Do Certain Retail Stores Cluster Together?]</ref>

* [[Company:McDonald's|McDonald's]] and Burger King<ref>[https://mindyourdecisions.com/blog/2012/10/23/why-are-mcdonalds-and-burger-king-usually-located-near-each-other-fast-food-location-game-theory/ Why are McDonald's and Burger King usually located near each other? Fast food location game theory]</ref>
* [[Company:McDonald's|McDonald's]] and Jollibee in the Philippines
* Alfamart and Indomaret in Indonesia
* [[Company:Target Corporation|Target]] and [[Company:Walmart|Walmart]]
* [[Company:Lowe's|Lowe's]] and Home Depot
* CVS and Walgreens<ref>[http://www.startribune.com/nation-s-biggest-pharmacies-sidle-right-up-to-each-other/176188911/ Nation's biggest pharmacies sidle right up to each other]</ref>
* Whole Foods and Trader Joe's

== See also ==
* [[Finance:Location model|Location model]]
* [[Braess's paradox]]
* [[Nash equilibrium]]
*[[Median voter theorem]]
* Commoditization
* [[Engineering:Central place theory|Central place theory]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economics laws]]

{{Sourceattribution|Hotelling's law|1}}