View source for Engineering:Turbocharged direct injection

[[File:TDI Schriftzug.jpg|thumb|TDI badge]]
[[File:TDIBLOCK.JPG|thumb|TDI embossed on the engine cover]]
[[File:VW TDI 265-6.JPG|thumb|Volkswagen Marine 3.0-litre V6 TDI 265-6 marine engine]]
[[File:TDIBADGE.JPG|thumb|Volkswagen Group products which feature a TDI engine display a TDI badge]]

'''Turbocharged direct injection''' or '''TDI'''<ref name=VW-UK-TDI>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/technology/tdi|title=Technology – TDI – Super-efficient diesel engines for power with economy|work=Volkswagen.co.uk|publisher=[[Company:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]] UK|year=2010|accessdate=4 March 2010}}</ref> is a design of turbodiesel engines featuring [[Engineering:Turbocharger|turbocharging]] and [[Engineering:Fuel injection#Direct injection|cylinder-direct fuel injection]]<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/> that was developed and produced by the [[Company:Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Group]] (VW AG).<ref name=VWAG>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen AG – TDI Technical Glossary|url=http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/experience/innovation/technical_glossary/tdi.index.html|work=Volkswagen.com|publisher=[[Company:Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen AG]]|accessdate=5 November 2009}}</ref>  These TDI engines are widely used in all mainstream Volkswagen Group marques of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles made by the company<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gates.com/europe/file_save_common.cfm?thispath=Europe%2Fdocuments_module&file=TB_020_addendum.pdf|title=TB 20 addendum – Technical Bulletin for Volkswagen Group timing belt renewal intervals|work=Gates.com|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref> (particularly those sold in [[Earth:Europe|Europe]]).  They are also used as [[Engineering:Marine propulsion|marine engines]] in Volkswagen Marine<ref name=VW_Marine>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw-m.de/index.php?id=6&L=1|title=Volkswagen Marine > Engines <|work=www.vw-m.de|publisher=[[Company:Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Group]]|year=2009|accessdate=4 November 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719113053/http://www.vw-m.de/index.php?id=6&L=1|archivedate=19 July 2011|df=}}</ref><ref name=VW-Marine-SSP>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Self-study_programme_061214999999.pdf|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine – Self-study programme M001 – Design and function|format=PDF|work=www.vw-m.de|publisher=Volkswagen Marine|date=April 2001|accessdate=18 February 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719113107/http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads%2Fvwm%2FSelf-study_programme_061214999999.pdf|archivedate=19 July 2011|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads/vwm/Selbststudienprogramm_V6_engl_1_070115122148.pdf|title=Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine – Self-study programme M002 – Design and Operation|format=PDF|work=www.vw-m.de|publisher=Volkswagen Marine|date=August 2006|accessdate=18 February 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719113134/http://www.vw-m.de/download.php?d=uploads%2Fvwm%2FSelbststudienprogramm_V6_engl_1_070115122148.pdf|archivedate=19 July 2011|df=}}</ref> and Volkswagen Industrial Motor<ref name=VW-Industrial>{{citation|url=http://www.mi-uk.com/products/engines/downloads/sdi19industrial.pdf|title=The SDI 1.9 Industrial Engine|format=PDF|work=www.mi-uk.com|publisher=[[Company:Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen AG]]|date=March 2005|accessdate=4 November 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714082530/http://www.mi-uk.com/products/engines/downloads/sdi19industrial.pdf|archivedate=14 July 2011|df=}}</ref> applications.

TDI engines installed in 2009 to 2015 model year Volkswagen Group cars sold through 18 September 2015 had an emissions defeat device,<ref name="epa1"/><ref name="epa2"/> which activated emissions controls only during emissions testing. The emissions controls were suppressed otherwise, allowing the TDI engines to exceed legal limits on emissions.<ref name="nyt1"/> VW has admitted to using the illegal device in its TDI diesel cars.<ref name="nyt2"/>

In many countries, '''TDI''' is a registered trademark of [[Company:Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen AG]].<ref name=VWAG/>

The '''TDI''' designation has also been used on vehicles powered by [[Company:Land Rover|Land Rover]]-designed diesel engines. These are unrelated to Volkswagen Group engines.

==Overview==
The TDI engine uses [[Engineering:Fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]],<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref name=VWAG/> where a fuel injector sprays atomised fuel directly into the main [[Engineering:Combustion chamber|combustion chamber]] of each [[Physics:Cylinder (engine)|cylinder]],<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref name=VWAG/> rather than the pre-combustion chamber prevalent in older diesels which used [[Engineering:Indirect injection|indirect injection]].  The engine also uses forced induction by way of a [[Engineering:Turbocharger|turbocharger]]<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref name=VWAG/> to increase the amount of air which is able to enter the engine cylinders,<ref name=VWAG/> and most TDI engines also feature an [[Physics:Intercooler|intercooler]] to lower the temperature (and therefore increase the [[Physics:Density|density]]) of the 'charged', or compressed air from the turbo, thereby increasing the amount of fuel that can be injected and combusted.<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/><ref>[http://www.ro-des.com/mecanica/motores-tdi/ TDI engines] - Operation of these engines.</ref>  These, in combination, allow for greater engine efficiency, and therefore greater [[Physics:Power|power]] outputs<ref name=VWAG/> (from a more complete combustion process compared to indirect injection), while also decreasing emissions and providing more [[Physics:Torque|torque]]<ref name=VWAG/> than the non-turbo and non-direct injection petrol engined counterpart from VAG.

Similar technology has been used by other automotive companies, but "TDI" specifically refers to these [[Company:Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Group]] engines.  Naturally aspirated direct-injection diesel engines (those without a turbocharger) made by Volkswagen Group use the [[Engineering:SDI (engine)|Suction Diesel Injection]] (SDI) label.

Because these engines are relatively low displacement and quite compact, they have a low surface area. The resulting reduced surface area of the direct injection diesel engine reduces heat losses, and thereby increases engine [[Physics:Fuel efficiency|efficiency]], at the expense of slightly increased combustion noise. A direct injection engine is also easier to start when cold,<ref>{{cite web|title=Self-study programme 316 The 2.0 ltr. [sic] TDI engine|url=http://www.volkspage.net/technik/ssp/ssp/SSP_316.pdf|publisher=Volkswagen AG}}</ref> because of more efficient placing and usage of [[Engineering:Glowplug|glowplug]]s.

Direct injection turbodiesel engines are frequent winners of various prizes in the [[Engineering:International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year]] Awards. In 1999 in particular, six out of twelve categories were won by direct injection engines: three were [[Company:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]], two were [[Company:BMW|BMW]], and one [[Company:Audi|Audi]].{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}  Notably that year, the Volkswagen Group [[Engineering:List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#3L|1.2 TDI 3&nbsp;L]] beat the [[Engineering:Toyota Prius|Toyota Prius]] to win "Best Fuel Economy" in its class.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The TDI engine has won "Green Car of the Year" award in the years 2009 (Volkswagen Jetta 2.0-litre common-rail TDI clean diesel) and 2010 (Audi A3 TDI clean diesel) beating other various electric cars.

==History==
[[File:Croma B.JPG|thumb|The Fiat Croma]]
The first passenger car to be powered by direct injection was the 1986 [[Engineering:Fiat Croma|Fiat Croma]] 2.0 TD i.d. (The ''Turbo Diesel iniezione diretta'' pump was developed by Bosch in accordance with Fiat's engineering specifications).{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

Rover introduced its MDI turbocharged direct injection diesel developed with Perkins, (also known as the Perkins Prima) in 1988 in the Rover Montego. It was also sold in marine form by Volvo. It used a Bosch VE injection pump. The engine had been launched in naturally aspirated form for commercial vehicles in 1986.

The first Volkswagen Group TDI engine was the [[Company:Audi|Audi]]-developed [[Engineering:List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.5R5TDI|2.5-litre R5 TDI]] – an inline five-cylinder engine (R5), introduced in the [[Engineering:Audi 100|Audi 100]] in 1989{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} – and this variant is still used today in Volkswagen Marine applications. The TDI arrangement has been enhanced through various stages of development – by improving the efficiency of the turbocharger, increasing the pressure at which fuel can be injected, and more precisely timing when the injection of fuel takes place. There have been a few major 'generations', starting with what are known as "VE", and "VP" ({{lang-de|VerteilerPumpe}}) engines,{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} which use a distributor-type [[Engineering:Injection pump|injection pump]]. In 2000, the Pumpe Düse (PD, variously translated "pump nozzle", "unit injector", "pump injector") TDI engine<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/> began to appear in [[Earth:Europe|Europe]], eventually coming to [[Earth:North America|North America]] a few years later.

The Pumpe Düse design was a reaction to the development of high-pressure [[Engineering:Common rail|common rail]] fuel injection systems by competitors – an attempt by Volkswagen Group to create an in-house technology of comparable performance that would not require any royalties to be paid.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} While Pumpe Düse engines had a significantly higher injection pressure than older engines, they are slightly less refined when compared to the very latest common rail{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} and, with the original solenoid-operated unit injectors, were not able to control injection timing as precisely (a major factor in improving emissions).{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Some current PD TDI engines now use [[Physics:Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] unit injectors, allowing far greater control of injection timing and fuel delivery.

From the 2009 [[Physics:Model year|model year]] onwards, TDI engines using the [[Engineering:Common rail|common rail]] (CR) technique, again with piezoelectric injectors, are now used in various Volkswagen Group models.<ref name=VW-UK-TDI/> The CR engines are available in many sizes, including 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.7, 3.0, 4.2 and 6.0 litres, with outputs from {{convert|75|to|500|PS|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}} from these engines.

===Emissions testing falsification===

{{Main|Engineering:Volkswagen emissions scandal}}

On 18 September 2015 the US EPA and [[Engineering:California Air Resources Board|California Air Resources Board]] served notice to VW that approximately 480,000 VW and Audi automobiles equipped with 2.0 TDI engines sold in the US between 2009 and 2015 had an emissions compliance defeat device installed.<ref name="epa1">{{cite web|url=http://www3.epa.gov/otaq/cert/documents/vw-nov-caa-09-18-15.pdf|title=VW Notice of Violation, Clean Air Act (18 September 2015)|author=Phillip A. Brooks|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=20 September 2015|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="epa2">{{cite web|url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/dfc8e33b5ab162b985257ec40057813b!opendocument|title=EPA, California Notify Volkswagen of Clean Air Act Violations|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=20 September 2015}}</ref> The defeat device, in the form of specially crafted [[Engine control unit|engine management unit]] [[Firmware|firmware]], detects emissions testing conditions, and in such conditions will cause the vehicle to comply with emissions regulations by properly activating all emissions controls. However, under normal driving conditions, the emissions controls are suppressed, allowing the engine to produce more torque and get better fuel economy, at the expense of emitting up to 40 times more [[Chemistry:Nitrogen oxide|nitrogen oxide]]s than allowed by law.<ref  name="nyt1">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/business/international/volkswagen-chief-apologizes-for-breach-of-trust-after-recall.html|title=Volkswagen to Stop Sales of Diesel Cars Involved in Recall|author=Jack Ewing and Coral Davenport|publisher=New York Times|date=20 September 2015|accessdate=21 September 2015}}</ref> Such NOx emission levels are not in compliance with US regulations. VW has since admitted to these allegations, and said that the illegal software was in use in its diesel cars worldwide, affecting some 11 million vehicles.<ref  name="nyt2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/business/international/volkswagen-diesel-car-scandal.html||title=Volkswagen Says 11 Million Cars Worldwide Are Affected in Diesel Deception|work=The New York Times|date=22 September 2015|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Audi R10 1.JPG|thumb|Audi R10 TDI LMP race car]] 	
[[File:2008 Y Muller Macau.JPG|thumb|[[Engineering:SEAT León|SEAT León]] Mk2 TDI race car]]

==Motor racing==
A motor racing version of the common rail TDI engine made an impact in March 2006 when it was used in the Le Mans Prototype (LMP) Audi R10 TDI, and made its debut win in the 12 Hours of Sebring race.<ref>{{cite web|title=12 Hours of Sebring|url=http://www.audi.ca/ca/brand/en/exp/motorsport/races/sebring.html|work=Audi Canada website|publisher=Audi Canada|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2006 Audi R10|url=http://www.topspeed.com/cars/audi/2006-audi-r10-ar13988.html|work=topspeed.com car reviews|publisher=''TopSpeed.com''|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bosch Clean Diesel Helps Audi Dominate American Le Mans Series|url=http://www.bosch-press.com/tbwebdb/bosch-usa/en-US/PressText.cfm?nh=00&Search=0&id=352|work=Bosch website|publisher=Bosch NA|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref>   This victory was followed three months later by another one in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, becoming the first [[Chemistry:Diesel fuel|diesel]]-powered car to win these prestigious endurance races.<ref>{{cite news|last=Richards|first=Giles|title=Audi is first manufacturer to take Le Mans 24 Hours race with hybrid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jun/17/audi-le-mans-24-hours-race|work=guardian.co.uk website|publisher=The guardian|accessdate=11 January 2013|location=London|date=17 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Audi R10 TDI – a history maker|url=http://www.audi.co.uk/audi-innovation/audi-motorsport/audi-r10-tdi.html|work=Audi UK website|publisher=audi.co.uk|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Audi on course for a 10th victory ?|url=http://www.lemans.org/en/news/audi-on-course-for-a-10th-victory-_6460.html?m=2|work=Auto News – Site officiel du Mans|publisher=''Lemans.org''|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref> Fuel economy was a significant factor, as the car did not have to refuel as often as petrol engined race cars in the race.<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 Audi R10|url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/3335.html|work=Stories by Audi, edited by Supercars.net|publisher=Supercars.net|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref>  The car was fueled with a special synthetic V-Power diesel from Shell.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shell V-Power Diesel race fuel takes Audi R10 TDI to historic victory at Sebring|url=http://www.shell.be/fr/aboutshell/media-centre/news-and-media-releases/2006/vpower-audi.html|work=Shell website|publisher=Shell|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref>  The Audi R10, R15 and R18 TDIs have won at Le Mans seven times in eight years, from 2006 to 2011, with only the 2009 race being won by Peugeot's [[Engineering:Peugeot 908 HDi FAP|908 HDi FAP]], which is also a diesel powered car.

In 2007, SEAT—with the [[Engineering:SEAT León#1P|León Mk2 TDI]] at the Motorsport Arena Oschersleben in {{wipe|Germany}}—became the first manufacturer to win a round of the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) series in a diesel car,<ref>{{cite web|title=ROUNDS 15 & 16 – OSCHERSLEBEN, GERMANY RACE 1 REPORT|url=http://www.fiawtcc.com/uploads/files/eventdetail/124/oschersleben_race1_report.pdf|work=WTCC Beru Race of Germany – Motorsport Arena, Oschersleben – 25 / 26 August 2007|publisher=FIA World Touring Car Championship|accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=First victory for SEAT León TDI|url=http://www.volkswagen-group-motorsport.info/press/indexdetail.php?SID&this=10&parent=10&tree=-45-&ebene=2&id=541&usersprache=2|work=SEAT motorsport|publisher=www.volkswagen-group-motorsport.info|accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref> only a month after announcing it will enter the FIA World Touring Car Championship with the León TDI.  SEAT's success with the León TDI was continued, and resulted in winning consecutively 2008 World Touring Car Championship and 2009 World Touring Car Championship both titles (for drivers as well as for manufacturers).<ref>{{cite news|title=SEAT Leon TDI: A double-double world champion|url=https://www.theguardian.com/seat-leon-tdi/world-touring-car-championship|work=WTCC season review|publisher=The guardian|accessdate=12 January 2013|location=London|date=18 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Year by year SEAT's racing history|url=http://www.seat-sport.com/en/compania/seat-competicion.php|work=SEAT sport website|publisher=SEAT sport|accessdate=12 January 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313073925/http://www.seat-sport.com/en/compania/seat-competicion.php|archivedate=13 March 2012|df=}}</ref>
 
In 2008, SEAT – with the [[Engineering:SEAT León#1P|León Mk2 TDI]] at Donington Park in {{wipe|England}} – became the first manufacturer to win a round of the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) in a diesel-powered car. Jason Plato won race 1 of the weekend and Darren Turner won race 3.<ref>{{cite web|title=BTCC race reports 04/May/2008|url=http://www.btcc.net/html/racereport_detail.php?race_id=47&season_id=51|work=BTCC Donington Park|publisher=BTCC|accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref>

==Fuel==
The fuels required for TDI engines include [[Chemistry:Diesel fuel|diesel fuel]] (also known as petrodiesel), or B5, B20, or B99 [[Chemistry:Biodiesel|biodiesel]], depending on emissions equipment, location dependent.

A 2007 [[Engineering:Volkswagen Jetta|Volkswagen Jetta Mk5]] with a [[Engineering:List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#1.9TDI-PD|1.9 TDI engine]] and a five-speed [[Engineering:Manual transmission|manual transmission]] achieves {{convert|5.2|L/100 km|0|lk=on}} on the European combined-cycle test (a US EPA test of the same vehicle would achieve around 34 MPG), while a six-speed [[Engineering:Direct-shift gearbox|direct-shift gearbox]] (DSG) automatic version reaches {{convert|5.9|L/100 km|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/new_cars/jetta/engines|title=Jetta engines|publisher=[[Company:Volkswagen|Volkswagen Passenger Cars]]|accessdate=2007-06-04}} {{Dead link|date=November 2009}}</ref>

Newer TDI engines, with higher injection pressures, are less forgiving of poor-quality fuel than their 1980s ancestors.  Volkswagen Group's warranty does not cover damage due to bad fuel (diesel or bio), and has in the past recommended that only mixtures up to 5% biodiesel (B5) be used.  Volkswagen Group has recently permitted mixes up to B20, and has recommended B5 be used in place of 100% petroleum-based diesel because of biodiesel's improved lubricating properties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.tdiclub.com/showthread.php?t=82466|title=Biodiesel FAQ|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=September 2012}}{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

In [[Earth:North America|North America]], [[Chemistry:Fuel oil|No. 2]] diesel fuel is recommended, since it has a higher cetane number than No. 1 fuel, and has lower [[Physics:Viscosity|viscosity]] (better ability to flow) than heavier fuel oils. Some owners in North America, where cetane levels are generally poor (as low as 40), use additives, or premium diesel, to get cetane numbers closer to the standard levels found in the European market (at least 51) where the engine is designed. Improved cetane reduces emissions while improving performance, and may increase fuel economy.

New ultra low-sulphur petroleum-only diesels are known to cause some seals to shrink,<ref>[http://www.chevron.com/products/ourfuels/prodserv/fuels/documents/elastomer_chevron_tb_2005Aug.pdf Chevron paper]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229043108/http://www.chevron.com/products/ourfuels/prodserv/fuels/documents/elastomer_chevron_tb_2005Aug.pdf |date=February 29, 2008 }}</ref> and may cause fuel pump failures in TDI engines used in 2006 to 2009 models. TDI engines from 2009 on and before 2006  are designed to use ULSD exclusively; biodiesel blends are reported to prevent that failure{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}.
<!--
==Lubricants==
For many [[Company:Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Group]] Diesel engines, Volkswagen AG requires that [[Physics:Motor oil|motor oil]] lubricants must only meet VW505.00, 505.01, 506.00, 506.01, or 507.00 officially approved standards.<ref name=VWAG-oils>{{cite web|title=Volkswagen oil specifications|url=http://www.oilspecifications.org/volkswagen.php|work=OilSpecifications.org|accessdate=19 February 2010}}</ref>  'Generic' oil standards such as the [[Organization:American Petroleum Institute|American Petroleum Institute]] 'API',<ref>{{cite web|title=American Petroleum Institute|url=http://www.oilspecifications.org/api.php|work=OilSpecifications.org|accessdate=19 February 2010}}</ref> or European Automobile Manufacturers Association 'ACEA'<ref>{{cite web|title=ACEA engine oil sequences|url=http://www.oilspecifications.org/acea.php|work=OilSpecifications.org|accessdate=19 February 2010}}</ref> may not be recognised, nor approved by VW – so, depending upon the specific engine, use of oils bearing these generic approvals could result in warranty claims being refused, except when the oil has also been granted one of the specific VW approvals. One known exception is the 1998 US market New Beetle TDI, where VW specified the use of oil bearing the API CD certification.<ref>Volkswagen New Beetle Owners Manual, 1998</ref> The API states that current CH-4 and CI-4 certified oils may be used in place of the older CD certified ones.<ref name=API-certs>{{cite web|title=API Engine Oil Guide|url=http://www.api.org/certifications/engineoil/pubs/upload/EngineOilGuide_March2010.pdf|work=api.org|accessdate=14 November 2010}}</ref>

Many formulations of motor oils from most brands are now "VW Approved" to the above standards.  However, there does exist a few unapproved "off brands" that print the VW number on the label, effectively 'claiming' to meet the said standard, but hide in small type the word "recommended".{{citation needed|date=March 2010}} Volkswagen AG only carries out in-house testing on motor oils to grant the necessary approvals; if Volkswagen AG, therefore, has not carried out such tests (or if a submitted oil has failed their tests), Volkswagen AG will not grant approval.{{citation needed|date=March 2010}}   Volkswagen Germany and Volkswagen of America freely publish up-to-date lists of currently approved oils on their respective websites, along with the technical resource, erWin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Approved oils – from erWin online|url=https://erwin.volkswagen.de/erwin/showApprovedOils.do|publisher=[[Company:Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft]]|work=erWin.Volkswagen.de|accessdate=19 February 2010}} {{registration required}}</ref>  Volkswagen AG does not permit any independent testing facility to grant their own VW standards.
*** WP:NOTTEXTBOOK most manufacturers have specified oil standards, therefore this is not notable -->

==See also==
*[[Engineering:SDI (engine)|SDI (engine)]]
*Diesel engine
*[[Engineering:Turbo-diesel|Turbo-diesel]]
*[[Engineering:Common rail|Common rail]]
*[[Engineering:Diesel automobile racing|Diesel automobile racing]]
*[[Engineering:List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines|List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.VolkswagenAG.com VolkswagenAG.com] – Volkswagen Group corporate website

{{Volkswagen Group brands}}

[[Category:Engine technology]]
[[Category:Fuel injection systems]]
[[Category:Marine engines]]

{{Sourceattribution|Turbocharged direct injection|1}}