View source for Engineering:Statesman (automobile)

{{short description|Automotive marque created in 1971 by General Motors Holden}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Statesman
| image = File:Statesman WB Caprice.JPG
| caption = Statesman Caprice (WB)
| manufacturer = [[Company:Holden|Holden]] ([[Company:General Motors|General Motors]])
| production = 1971–1985
| platform = Holden HQ platform
| predecessor = Holden Brougham
| successor = Holden Statesman / Caprice
| class = [[Engineering:Full-size car|Full-size]] [[Engineering:Luxury vehicle#High-end luxury/full-size luxury cars|luxury car]]
| body_style = 4-door [[Engineering:Sedan (automobile)|sedan]]
| engine = {{convert|202|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} I6<br>253 cu in (4.2L) V8<br>{{convert|308|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} V8<br>{{convert|350|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} V8
| aka = Chevrolet Constantia<br />Chevrolet de Ville<br />Chevrolet Caprice Classic<br /> Chevrolet 350<ref name=Davis_121>Tony Davis, ''1971 GM-H Statesman'', Aussie Cars, 1987, page 121</ref> 
 <br /> Isuzu Statesman de Ville
| related = Holden Kingswood
| designer = Leo Pruneau
}}

'''Statesman''' is an automotive marque created in 1971 by the Australian General Motors subsidiary, [[Company:Holden|Holden]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Luck | first = Rob | date = September 1971 | title = Bold New Breed | journal = Modern Motor | pages = 62 | publisher = Modern Magazines (Holdings)}}</ref> Statesman vehicles were sold through Holden dealerships, and were initially based on the mainstream Holden HQ [[Engineering:Station wagon|station wagon]] platform, thereby providing more interior room and generally more luxurious features than their Holden-branded sedan siblings. Production ceased with the last of the WB series cars in January 1985.

GM Holden reintroduced the range in 1990 with two long-wheelbase sedans; however, the cars were no longer marketed as Statesman by brand name, but instead as the Holden Statesman and the Holden Caprice. In September 2010 with the "Series II" updating of the WM series, use of the long-serving Statesman name was discontinued. From 2011 to 2015 Holden's long wheelbase contenders were branded as the Holden Caprice and Holden Caprice V. From the 2016 model year, the Caprice was discontinued leaving the Caprice V as the last remaining Australian build long-wheelbase sedan. The Caprice V was discontinued in October 2017 as Holden shut down Australian manufacturing operations. 
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== HQ ==
[[File:1972 Chevrolet 350 V8 Saloon (13598337684).jpg|thumb|right|Chevrolet 350 (New Zealand)]]
[[File:1974 Statesman Custom (HQ) sedan (25228401923).jpg|thumb|left|Statesman Custom (HQ)]]
[[File:Statesman De Ville HQ (13598265473).jpg|thumb|left|Statesman de Ville (HQ) (New Zealand)]]
[[File:1974 Statesman (HQ) DeVille sedan (21142453381).jpg|thumb|left|Statesman de Ville (HQ)]]

The original '''Statesman HQ''' long-[[Physics:Wheelbase|wheelbase]] [[Engineering:Sedan (automobile)|sedans]] were released on 22 July 1971 as a replacement for the HG series Holden Brougham, although drawings exist of an HQ Brougham, albeit in short-wheelbase guise.<ref>Wright (1998), p. 209</ref> Statesman sedans were initially offered in two specifications, the luxury Statesman de Ville and the basic Statesman Custom. Engine availability for the Custom ranged from a {{convert|202|cuin|adj=on|L|1|lk=in}} Red six-cylinder, a {{convert|253|cuin|adj=on|L|1}} V8 (for marketing purposes, the metric designation given to the 253 V8 was 4.2 L), a {{convert|308|cuin|adj=on|L|1}} V8 and a {{convert|350|cuin|adj=on|L|1}} Chevrolet small-block V8. All Statesman de Ville sedans featured the 308 V8 engine as standard equipment, with the 350 V8 an option. Compared to the broad range of Holden sedans, the Statesman sedans featured a wheelbase extended by {{convert|3|in|mm}}, totalling {{convert|114|in|mm}}, in common with Holden's range of station wagons. The extra length was incorporated behind the rear doors to allow for additional rear seat legroom.

The Statesman was intended as a rival for Ford Australia's successful Fairlane<ref name=Davis_121/> which had debuted in Australian-designed form as the ZA series in March 1967.<ref>Ewan Kennedy, Ford Falcon, 2nd Edition, April 2004, pages 29 & 30</ref> The Fairlane had created a new and exclusive category of Australian-made [[Engineering:Luxury vehicle|prestige cars]]. It was derived from the Falcon, with an extended wheelbase and unique front-end and rear-end styling to differentiate the car's appearance. At the time, this category of vehicle proved to be very profitable, in that the sale price was significantly higher than the base car from which the prestige model was derived, and the additional costs of production were only moderate. GM-H went to some length to set the new luxury Statesman marque apart from the Holden equivalent in their sales literature.<ref>{{cite journal | date = July 1971 | title = Statesman HQ brochure | edition = BD102 | publication-place = Port Melbourne, Victoria | publisher = [[Company:Holden|General Motors–Holden's]] | url = http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/brochures/Holden_HQ_Statesman/hq_statesman_02.jpg | format = jpg | access-date = 16 March 2008}}</ref> for the new models, totally avoiding the presence of the name "Holden", even to the extent of using the term "General Motors" in lieu of "General Motors-Holden's". Advertisements in newspapers among other media followed the same format.<ref>{{cite journal | date = 27 July 1971 | title = The Advertiser}}</ref>

General Motors New Zealand assembled the HQ Statesman until 1975, launching it a few months after Belmont and Kingswood assembly began at the Trentham plant, near Upper Hutt in September 1971. Initial build was a single model with 308V8, column shift Trimatic, white headliner, black vinyl roof and electric windows. The only factory options were metallic paint and vinyl roof delete. Only a bench front seat was available and brocade trim options included white, unique to the Statesman. New exterior and interior colours, plus colour matched headliners, were introduced in mid-1973 and, a few months later, separate front seats and T-bar floor shift became a factory option though initially the floor console was black, not colour matched to the rest of the interior.
Australian assembled Chevrolet 350s supplemented the locally built cars albeit in low volume. These always had colour matched interiors and had minor styling differences such as the grille, badging and no decorative inserts in the rear bumper. These were also exported to New Zealand and sold alongside the Statesman in Holden dealerships.  They shared the grille but were not the same model as the South African built Chevrolet de Ville.

Statesman HQ models were marketed in South Africa as the Chevrolet Constantia and the Chevrolet de Ville<ref>Australian Muscle Car, Issue 33, pages 84–86</ref><ref>[http://www.moby302.co.za/general_motors/chev/de_ville_kommando.html 1972 De Ville and Kommando Article] Retrieved from www.moby302.co.za on 25 August 2009</ref> The Constantia was fitted with a locally assembled five-litre V8 or 4.1-litre inline-six and was considered locally built. The Chevrolet de Ville, however, used an imported 5.7-litre V8 as fitted to the Corvette and was priced 33&nbsp;percent higher than a comparable Constantia V8.<ref name=zaCAR1072>{{cite magazine | editor-last = Wright | editor-first = Cedric | date = November 1972 | title = Chevrolet de Ville V8 automatic | magazine = CAR | volume = 16 | number = 10 | location = Cape Town, South Africa | publisher = Ramsay, Son & Parker (Pty) Ltd | page = 37}}</ref> The de Ville received praise for being considerably more nimble, lighter, more compact and better handling than the American models it replaced without any loss in accommodation.<ref name=zaCAR1072/> Power for the 350 V8 was claimed at {{convert|205.2|and|174.2|kW|PS hp|1|abbr=on}}, SAE and net figures respectively.<ref>CAR (November 1972), p. 40</ref>

The Statesman was also exported to many other countries with a different grille as the '''Chevrolet 350'''.<ref name=Davis_121/> From 1973 to 1976, HQ models were exported to Japan as the '''Isuzu Statesman De Ville'''.<ref>Bedwell (2009), p. 199.</ref> Isuzu sold 246 De Villes between late 1973 and 1976.
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== HJ ==
[[File:1974-1976 Statesman HJ de Ville 01.jpg|thumb|right|Statesman de Ville (HJ)]]
[[File:1974-76 HJ Statesman==.JPG|thumb|left|Statesman de Ville (HJ)]]
[[File:1974-1976 Statesman Caprice (HJ) sedan (23315552649).jpg|thumb|left|Statesman Caprice (HJ)]]

General Motors–Holden's updated the range in October 1974 to create the '''Statesman HJ''', retaining the Statesman de Ville whilst creating a new flagship in the Statesman Caprice, replete with standard luxury features such as air-conditioning and leather seating. Statesman Custom was discontinued with the HJ series and engine availability was restricted to the {{convert|308|cuin|adj=on|L|1}} V8 engine. Statesman Caprice was the most luxurious car offered by General Motors in Australia at that point, with air conditioning, leather seats, electric locking, power windows, and no fewer than 13 interior lamps all featuring on the standard equipment list.

The Caprice was visually distinctive with a specific radiator grille, [[Company:Cadillac|Cadillac]]-style front bumper overriders, lavish fluted hubcaps, whitewall tyres, and a bonnet ornament borrowed from the [[Engineering:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]].

Once again, the Caprice was General Motors−Holden's response to a new Ford car. In 1973, Ford upped the ante in the Australian prestige car stakes when they unveiled the LTD. This was a Fairlane which had the wheelbase extended again – to {{convert|121|in|mm}} – making it the only Australian car which fitted into the US full-size category. The LTD was a significant success for Ford, both in terms of sales and profits, as well as making a statement regarding their prowess as a manufacturer.

From March 1976, late in the HJ series, an electromechanical rear [[Engineering:Drum brake|drum]] [[Engineering:Anti-lock braking system|anti-lock braking system]] (ABS) was made available on the Caprice. This system, a Delco-Moraine unit, carried over to the subsequent Statesman HX models, but after the introduction of rear disc brakes on the Statesman HZ series, ABS was not seen on another Statesman or Holden model until the [[Engineering:Opel Calibra|Holden Calibra]] coupe and Holden VQ Caprice in 1991. This new ABS system was the electronic Bosch patent system operating on all four-wheel [[Engineering:Disc brake|discs]].

HJ Statesman de Ville and the HJ Statesman Caprices were sold in South Africa as the AJ series Chevrolet Constantia sedan<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080320232154/http://www.moby302.co.za/brochures/1976_chevrolet/constantia_aj.html 1976 Chevrolet Constantia brochure]</ref> and the Chevrolet Caprice Classic,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071104051804/http://www.moby302.co.za/brochures/1976_chevrolet/caprice.html South African 1976 General Motors Chevrolet Caprice Classic Brochure]</ref> respectively.{{Clear}}

== HX ==
The '''Statesman HX''' de Ville and Caprice models were released in July 1976.<ref>Norm Darwin, 100 years of GM in Australia, 2002, page 265</ref> A more formal grille was adopted and emissions' regulations saw a retuned 5.0-litre V8.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Statesman HX de Ville.jpg|Statesman de Ville (HX)
File:1976 Holden HX Statesman De Ville sedan (15029081604).jpg|Statesman de Ville (HX)
File:Statesman Caprice (1976-1977 HX series) 01.jpg|Statesman Caprice (HX)
File:Statesman Caprice (1976-1977 HX series) 02.jpg|Statesman Caprice (HX)
</gallery>
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== HZ ==

In November 1977, General Motors-Holden's introduced the '''Statesman HZ''', which involved a minor cosmetic facelift. However, it had a significant engineering upgrade, along with the rest of the GMH range, involving the adoption of Radial Tuned Suspension, giving the Statesman better handling. 4-wheel disc brakes were now fitted to all Statesman models.

The previous Director of GMH Engineering, George Roberts had insisted that the Statesman have a high standard of ride comfort (at the expense of ultimate roadholding). (Roberts previously had been the Chief Engineer of the GM [[Company:Cadillac|Cadillac]] Division). Prior to HZ, the Statesman's Cadillac style of ride was not to everyone's taste.

The Statesman de Ville and Caprice were supplemented in 1979 by an intermediate model – the SL/E, which was launched with a different "eggcrate" [[Engineering:Grille (car)|grille]].
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:1979 Statesman de Ville (HZ) (24119880255).jpg|Statesman de Ville (HZ)
File:1979 Holden Statesman de Ville (HZ) (26316699625).jpg|Statesman de Ville (HZ)
File:Statesman SL-E (HZ)(15748209786).jpg|Statesman SL/E (HZ)
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== WB ==
The final series to be marketed under the Statesman marque was the '''Statesman WB'''. Released in May 1980,<ref name=Green_Book>Green Book Price & Model Guide, March – April 1984, pages 79 & 80</ref> the WB series was offered in Statesman De Ville and Statesman Caprice models.<ref name=Green_Book/> As with previous Statesmans, GMH did not use the Holden name in the badging or the official sales literature.<ref>{{cite book | last = Davis | first = Tony | author2 = Wright, John | title = Spotlight on Holden Commodore 1978–1988 (including HSV & Statesman WB) | publisher = Marque Publishing | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-947079-44-0}}</ref> The WB had a six-light body, with a longer, squared-off roofline. The design was by GMH's Chief Stylist, Leo Pruneau. The styling of the WB Statesman was a compromise between achieving a fresh appearance and minimising the cost of redesign, by using panels from the existing base HZ model. Production comprised 5,450 De Villes and 3,055 Caprices.<ref name=Darwin_271>Norm Darwin, 100 Years of GM in Australia, 2002, page 271</ref>

WB Series II models were released in September 1983 with fundamentally cosmetic changes, except for the introduction of a front bench seat (six-passenger) option for De Ville buyers.<ref name=Davis>Tony Davis, ''1980 GM-H Statesman WB'', Aussie Cars, 1987, page 162</ref> In early 1985 General Motors-Holden's announced that it intended to vacate the big-car market to concentrate on production of luxury versions of the Holden Commodore.<ref name=Davis/> Series II production comprised 4,269 De Villes and 1,153 Caprices.<ref name=Darwin_271/>

In addition to the Statesman WB, a range of Holden WB passenger vehicles were prototyped along the lines of pre-existing HZ series vehicles, but only the commercial models (ute, [[Engineering:Panel van|panel van]] and cab-chassis "One Tonner") actually went into production from 1980 through 1985.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Statesman de Ville (WB).JPG|Statesman De Ville (WB Series I)
File:1982 Statesman DeVille (WB) sedan (20894353775).jpg|Statesman de Ville (WB Series I)
File:1980-85 WB Caprice Series I==.JPG|Statesman Caprice (WB Series I)
File:1981 Holden WB Statesman Caprice sedan (7763277728).jpg|Statesman Caprice (WB Series I)
File:1980-85 WB Deville Series II==.JPG|Statesman De Ville (WB Series II)
File:1980-85 WB Caprice Series II Cerulean==.JPG|Statesman Caprice (WB Series II)
File:1983_Statesman_WB_Caprice_sedan_05.jpg|Interior of a 1983 Statesman Caprice
</gallery>
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== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book | last = Bedwell | first = Steve | year = 2009 | title = Holden vs Ford: the cars, the culture, the competition | location = Dulwich Hill, New South Wales | publisher = Rockpool | isbn = 978-1-921295-17-1 | ref = Bedwell (2009)}}
* {{cite book | last = Easdown | first = Geoff | year = 1987 | title = A History of the Ford Motor Company in Australia | location = Drummoyne, New South Wales | publisher = Golden Press | isbn = 0-7302-0112-0}}
* {{cite book | last = Wright | first = John | year = 1998 | title = Heart of the Lion: The 50 Year History of Australia's Holden | location = Crows Nest, New South Wales | publisher = Allen & Unwin | isbn = 1-86448-744-5}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2eQHVULgpQ Statesman HQ television advertisement]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nApFwFng7Sk Statesman HX television advertisement]
* [http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/brochures_holden_hz_statesman.htm Statesman HZ brochure]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090808233815/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/main.php?g2_itemId=77137 Statesman WB brochure at "The Old Car Manual Project"]
* [http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3dZ-aECGGrk/WsBK7-FAK2I/AAAAAAAA-08/HIZZyD4HTGwajNS3Mx-0O09dX_TsFTs1gCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/IMG_0001%2B%25282%2529.jpg Chevrolet 350 advertisement (Indonesia), 2.bp.blogspot.com] 

{{General Motors brands}}

[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sedans]]

{{Sourceattribution|Statesman (automobile)}}