View source for Engineering:Saxhorn

{{Short description|Family of valved brass instruments}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=Saxhorn
|image=Saxhornbasse.jpg|image_capt=A modern 5-valved bass saxhorn.
|background=brass
|classification={{hlist
  | [[Engineering:Wind instrument|Wind]]
  | Brass
  | Aerophone
}}
|hornbostel_sachs=423.232
|hornbostel_sachs_desc=Valved aerophone sounded by lip vibration
|developed=Mid 19th century by Adolphe Sax
|range=<div style="text-align: center; background-color: white;">
  <score lang="lilypond">
    {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      \clef treble \key c \major \cadenzaOn
      \tweak font-size #-2 cis1 \finger \markup \text "V"
      fis1 \glissando c'''1
      \tweak font-size #-2 g'''1 \finger \markup \text "poss."
    }
  </score></div> As written in treble clef, for three-valved instruments. Instruments with four or more valves can play to low C♯ (marked V).
|related=''Modern saxhorns'': {{hlist
  | [[Engineering:Flugelhorn|Flugelhorn]]
  | Alto horn
  | [[Engineering:Baritone horn|Baritone horn]]
}} ''Other instruments'': {{hlist
  | [[Engineering:Cornet|Cornet]]
  | Mellophone
  | [[Engineering:Euphonium|Euphonium]] 
  | [[Engineering:Tuba|Tuba]]
}}
|articles=
}}

The '''saxhorn'''  is a family of valved brass instruments that have [[Physics:Bore (wind instruments)|conical bores]] and deep cup-shaped mouthpieces. The saxhorn family was developed by Adolphe Sax, who is also known for creating the saxophone family. The sound of the saxhorn has a characteristic mellow tone quality and blends well with other brass.

== The saxhorn family ==
[[File:Adolphe Sax instrument catalogue.jpg|thumb|A catalogue showing various Adolphe Sax instruments, including saxhorns, saxophones, and saxotrombas.]]
The saxhorns form a family of seven brass instruments (although at one point ten different sizes seem to have existed). Designed for band use, they are pitched alternately in E{{flat}} and B{{flat}}, like the saxophone group.

Modern saxhorns still manufactured and in use:
*B{{flat}} soprano saxhorn: [[Engineering:Flugelhorn|flugelhorn]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alsmiddlebrasspages.com/brasshistory/flugelhistory.html |title=Greg's Brass History Page – Flugelhorn History |publisher=Alsmiddlebrasspages.com |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>
*E{{flat}} alto/tenor saxhorn: alto/tenor horn
*B{{flat}} baritone saxhorn: [[Engineering:Baritone horn|baritone horn]] 
*The B{{flat}} bass, E{{flat}} bass, and B{{flat}} contrabass saxhorns are basically the same as the modern [[Engineering:Euphonium|euphonium]], E{{flat}} bass [[Engineering:Tuba|tuba]], and BB{{flat}} contrabass tuba, respectively.

Historically, much confusion exists as to the nomenclature of the various instruments in different languages.

The following table lists the members of the saxhorn family as described in the orchestration texts of Hector Berlioz and Cecil Forsyth, the J. Howard Foote catalog of 1893, and modern names. The modern instrument names continue to exhibit inconsistency, denoted by a "/" between the two names in use. In the table "Pitch" means the concert pitch of notational Middle C on each instrument (2nd partial, no valves depressed) in scientific pitch notation.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Foote
! Berlioz
! Forsyth
! colspan="2" | Modern
! Pitch
|-
| rowspan="3" |  ---
| colspan="3" |  ---
|-
| Sopranino/Soprano in E{{flat}}
| ---
|-
|flugelhorn
|-
|alto/tenor horn
|-
| Tenor/Baritone in B{{flat}}
| baritone horn
|-
| Baritone/Bass in B{{flat}}
| euphonium
|-
|E{{flat}} bass tuba
|-
| ---
|BB{{flat}} contrabass tuba
|-
| Contrabass in low E{{flat}}
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |  ---
|-
| ---
|}

This list is not exhaustive of historic nomenclature for the saxhorns, for which there may exist no comprehensive and authoritative source.

=== Ranges of individual members ===
The saxhorn is based on the same three-valve system as most other valved brass instruments. Each member of the family is named after the root note produced by the second partial with no valves actuated. Each member nominally possesses or possessed the typical three-valve brass range from the note one tritone below that root note (second partial, all valves actuated) to the note produced by eighth partial with no valves actuated, i.e., the note two octaves above the root note.

All the modern members of the family are transposing instruments written in the treble clef with the root note produced by the second partial with no valves actuated being written as middle C, though the [[Engineering:Baritone horn|baritone horn]] often plays bass clef parts, especially in concert band music and when playing parts written for the trombone.

== History ==
Developed during the mid-to-late 1830s, the saxhorn family was patented in Paris in 1845 by Adolphe Sax. During the 19th century, the debate as to whether the saxhorn family was truly new, or rather a development of previously existing instruments, was the subject of prolonged lawsuits.<ref>{{cite book|title=The British Brass Band : A Musical and Social History|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-816698-2|year=2000|page=169}}</ref>

Throughout the mid-1850s, Sax continued to experiment with the instrument's valve pattern.

The Trojan March (''Marche Troyenne'') of the Berlioz opera ''Les Troyens'' (1856{{ndash}}58) features an on-stage band which includes a family of saxhorns. The Royal Hunt and Storm (''Chasse Royale'') from the same opera uses them orchestrally. Sir John Eliot Gardiner wanted to use them in his 2003 recording, but was unable to borrow them from major conservatoires; he was eventually put in touch with a private collector who loaned him a set.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bachtrack.com/interview-berlioz-150-john-eliot-gardiner-benvenuto-cellini-troyens-february-2019 |title=Berlioz 150: Sir John Eliot Gardiner on Les Troyens and Benvenuto Cellini |first=Mark |last=Pullinger |website=bachtrack.com |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>

Saxhorns were popularized by the distinguished Distin Quintet, who toured Europe during the mid-19th century. This family of musicians, publishers and instrument manufacturers had a significant impact on the growth of the brass band movement in Britain during the mid- to late-19th century.

The saxhorn was the most common brass instrument in American Civil War bands.  The over-the-shoulder variety of the instrument was used, as the backward-pointing bell of the instrument allowed troops marching behind the band to hear the music.

Contemporary works featuring this instrument are Désiré Dondeyne's ''Tubissimo'' for bass tuba or saxhorn and piano (1983), Olivier Messiaen's ''Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum'' (1964), and Dmitri Shostakovich's "March of the Soviet Militia" (1970).

{{Gallery
|title=Historical saxhorns
|align=center
|File:MHS Saxhorn.jpg|Saxhorn used by the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War. The backward-facing bell version became the most common brass instrument in Civil War bands so that troops marching behind the band could hear the music. From the collection of the [http://www.mnhs.org Minnesota Historical Society.] 
|Image:saxhorn.jpg|Band of 10th Veteran Reserve Corps, Washington, D.C., April, 1865
|File:Unidentified soldier of Co. H, 13th Virginia Infantry Regiment in uniform with over the shoulder saxhorn LCCN2016652810.jpg|Unidentified soldier of Co. H, 13th Virginia Infantry Regiment in uniform with over the shoulder saxhorn
}}

== See also ==
*Alto horn
*[[Engineering:Baritone horn|Baritone horn]]
*[[Engineering:Flugelhorn|Flugelhorn]]
*[[Engineering:Euphonium|Euphonium]]
*Sudrophone

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://home.att.net/~bobbeecher/bari-euph/bari-euph.html J. Howard Foote catalog, 1893]
* {{cite book | author=Berlioz, Hector |  title=Treatise on Instrumentation | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.60313 | publisher=Edwin F. Kalmus | year=1948}}
* {{cite book | author=Forsyth, Cecil |  title=Orchestration | location=New York | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1982 | isbn=0-486-24383-4}}
* {{cite book | author=Jachino, Carlo | title=Gli strumenti d'orchestra | location=Milano | publisher=Edizioni Curci | year=1978}}

== Discography ==
* ''Saxhorn et piano'' - Hybrid'Music Label - October 2008
* David Maillot, saxhorn - Géraldine Dutroncy, piano – Works by Eugène Bozza, Marcel Bitsch, Jacques Castérède, Alain Bernaud, Henri Tomasi, Claude Pascal, Gérard Devos, and Roger Boutry.
* 14 Volumes of saxhorn band are available featuring [http://1stbrigadeband.org/website/musicmain.html The First Brigade Band].

== External links ==
* [http://www.dodworth.org Dodworth Saxhorn Band]
* [http://www.alsmiddlebrasspages.com/brasshistory/ Greg's Brass History Page]
* [http://www.1stbrigadeband.org First Brigade Band]
* [http://homepages.ed.ac.uk/am/gdsl.html Galpin Society list of extant Adolphe Sax instruments] 


[[Category:B-flat instruments]]

{{Sourceattribution|Saxhorn}}