View source for Engineering:Renault Caravelle

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Renault Caravelle
| aka = Renault Floride
| assembly = Boulogne-Billancourt and Creil, France
| image = Renault Caravelle 001.JPG
| caption = Renault Caravelle cabriolet
| manufacturer = [[Company:Renault|Renault]]
| production = 1958–1968<br>117,000 produced
| designer = Pietro Frua at Carrozzeria Ghia
| class = [[Engineering:Sports car|Sports car]] ([[Engineering:S-segment|S]])<br>[[Engineering:Roadster (automobile)|Roadster]]
| body_style = 2-door [[Engineering:Coupé|coupé]]<ref name=Sedgwick>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars, 1945-1970, (1986), page 160</ref><br>2-door cabriolet<ref name=Sedgwick/><br>2-door convertible<ref name=Sedgwick/>
| layout = RR layout
| engine = {{ubl
  | 845&nbsp;cc ''670'' I4
  | 956&nbsp;cc ''689'' I4
  | 1108&nbsp;cc ''688'' I4
  }}
| transmission = 4-speed [[Engineering:Manual transmission|manual]] all-synchromesh
| length = {{convert|4265|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1575|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1320|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|822|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (approx)
| wheelbase = {{convert|2265|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| related = [[Engineering:Renault Dauphine|Renault Dauphine]]
}}

The '''Renault Caravelle''' is a [[Engineering:Sports car|sports car]] manufactured and marketed by [[Company:Renault|Renault]] for model years 1958–1968 in a single generation &mdash; as a rear-engine, rear-drive open two/four-seater designed by Pietro Frua of Carrozzeria Ghia, using the floorpan and engine of the [[Engineering:Renault Dauphine|Renault Dauphine]].

Outside of North America and Britain it was, until 1962,<ref name=Automobilia1962/> marketed under the nameplate '''Renault Floride'''.

==Name==
Renault was envious of the growing success in North America of the Volkswagen Bug/Beetle and was looking for ways to match the Volkswagen's success with their own [[Engineering:Renault Dauphine|Renault Dauphine]]. At a convention of North American distributors that took place in Florida, Renault's US dealers called for the creation of a Dauphine coupé/cabriolet which would improve Renault's image in the critical US market. Renault's chairman, Pierre Dreyfus, agreed, and since the concept had been born at a convention in Florida the car instantly became known within the company as the "Renault Floride".<ref>Floride is the French word for Florida</ref> The "Floride" name was considered unsuitable for 49 of the 50 states of the U.S., however, since it could have implied disrespect to states other than Florida. For this reason an alternative name, "Caravelle", was from the start used for North America and for other major markets (including the UK) where the principal language was English.<ref>'''AutoPlus n°1182''', page 62, "Il y a 52 ans, Renault lance la Floride au long cours"</ref>
[[File:Renault Floride S (2009-10-13) Seite.jpg|right|thumb|Renault Floride S convertible (with hardtop).]]
[[File:Renault Caravelle Coupe Heck.jpg|right|thumb|Renault Caravelle coupé. The sloping rear roof line was partially "squared off" in order to improve rear-seat headroom.]]
[[File:Renault Caravelle ca 1968 doing gregarious.jpg|right|thumb|Renault Caravelle cabriolet.]]

==Launch==
The Floride was unveiled at the 1958 Paris Motor Show. A small rear-engined design by Pietro Frua at Carrozzeria Ghia, it used the floorpan and engine of the [[Engineering:Renault Dauphine|Renault Dauphine]] sedan.

The Floride was launched in the United States and Canada as the Renault Caravelle a year after its introduction in Europe.

==Specifications==

===Bodies===
The car was offered as a 2+2 coupé, a 2+2 cabriolet and as a convertible, the latter being a cabriolet with a removable hardtop.<ref name=Sedgwick/> The {{convert|2265|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} wheelbase was shared with the Renault Dauphine but longer overhangs meant that overall the Floride was longer by a significant {{convert|320|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, as well as being slightly lower and very slightly wider.<ref name=Automobilia195901/>

===Engine===
At launch the Floride, like the Dauphine on which it was based, came with an {{cvt|845|cc|abbr=on}} four-cylinder water-cooled engine mounted at the back of the car. However, the power unit on the Floride was fed using a [[Engineering:Solex Carburetor|Solex]] 32&nbsp;mm carburetor as against the 28&nbsp;mm diameter of the Solex carburetor on the Dauphine. The Florides making their French show debut on the stand at the 1958 Paris Motor Show came with a claimed power output of {{Convert|37|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} SAE.<ref name=Automobilia195901>{{cite journal|title =Automobilia |journal = Toutes les voitures françaises 1959 (Salon Paris Oct 1958)| volume = Nr. 21 |pages = 49 |year = 2002 |publisher=Histoire & collections |location=Paris }}</ref><ref>Changes in the way that power output was computed by European automakers did not take place overnight, and data from automakers provided during the late 1950s and early 1960s, as well as sources derived from then, usually do not spell out the computation basis used when quoting [[Horsepower|Horsepower (hp)]]. Practice in France (and Britain) had since 1945 tended to follow North American practice, measuring [[Horsepower#SAE gross power|"SAE" gross power]] whereby prior to measurement the engine was stripped of "auxiliary elements" such as filters, silencers/mufflers, pumps, dynamo/alternator and transmission. By removing most of the elements that absorbed engine power before it ever came near to the drive shaft, it was possible to maximise the horse-power figure. At the end of the 1950s French and British automakers moved towards the (originally German) [[Horsepower#Deutsches Institut für Normung 70020 (DIN 70020)|DIN]] standard which measured the power arriving at the drive shaft without removing the "auxiliary elements" from the engine. In practice there was far more variation in how horse power was measured and quoted than this necessarily simplistic summary allows, and there is no universal formula for converting an SAE horsepower figure to a DIN horsepower figure, but a reduction in the power figure quoted of perhaps 15% when switching to a DIN figure in most cases provides a reasonable approximation.</ref> By the time deliveries commenced, in early summer 1959, it was also possible for customers to specify a performance version, engineered by Amédée Gordini, which produced {{Convert|40|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} SAE by means of various modifications to the inlet manifold and camshaft, and a compression ratio raised from 7.6:1 to 8.0:1.<ref name=Automobilia19590e>{{cite journal |title =Automobilia| journal = Toutes les voitures françaises 1959 (Salon Paris Oct 1958)| volume = Nr. 21| page = 55 | date = 2002 |publisher=Histoire & collections |location=Paris }}</ref>

===Transmission===
Power was delivered to the rear wheels via a three-speed manual transmission with synchromesh on the upper two ratios. For a supplement of 200 [[Finance:French franc#New franc|New Francs]] customers could instead specify a four-speed transmission on the slightly heavier coupé version of the car. Having regard to the car's [[Engineering:Power-to-weight ratio|power-to-weight ratio]] most customers chose to pay extra for the four speed gear box.<ref name=Automobilia195902>{{cite journal| title =Automobilia| journal = Toutes les voitures françaises 1959 (Salon Paris Oct 1958)| volume = Nr. 21| pages = 56|year = 2002|publisher=Histoire & collections|location=Paris }}</ref>

==Subcontracted production==
Although designed by Frua of Italy, the car's body was constructed locally, by the automobile body maker ''Société des usines Chausson'',<ref name=Automobilia1959/> based in Asnières-sur-Seine at the northern edge of Paris, and known in France as the producer of many of the [[Organization:School bus|school bus]] bodies used for transporting children in country areas.

Following the rapid economic growth experienced by France during the 1950s, and despite the fall-off in demand for the [[Engineering:Renault 4CV|4CV]] and the lacklustre market performance of the [[Engineering:Renault Frégate|''Frégate'']], thanks to the success of the recently launched [[Engineering:Renault Dauphine|Dauphine]] Renault still found themselves, in the second half of the decade, seriously short of production capacity. The main Billancourt plant,<ref>[http://www.renault.com/en/Groupe/developpement-durable/fiches-sites/Pages/boulogne.aspx Renault.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923150325/http://www.renault.com/en/groupe/developpement-durable/fiches-sites/pages/boulogne.aspx |date=2009-09-23 }}</ref> built on the Seguin island in the middle of the River Seine, was particularly ill-suited to further expansion. A new plant had been opened at Flins in 1952 and a second would follow near Le Havre in 1964, but neither of these addressed the challenge of finding somewhere to assemble the Floride in 1958.

The heavy engineering company of Brissonneau and Lotz, better known as a manufacturer of rolling stock for the railways, had launched a small cabriolet sports car in 1956. Based on the mechanical underpinnings of the [[Engineering:Renault 4CV|Renault 4CV]], the Brissonneau coupé had been a tentative project and only around 200 cars were sold.<ref name=ClubCreil>{{cite web | url = http://fccdf.free.fr/article.php3?id_article=13&lang=fr | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170815034743/http://fccdf.free.fr/article.php3?id_article=13&lang=fr | archive-date = 2017-08-15 | title = Usine de Creil: Brissonneau & Lotz, Historique | trans-title = Creil Factory: Brissonneau & Lotz, History | work = Floride Caravelle Club de France | language = fr }}</ref> Renault now persuaded Brissonneau to abandon their own automobile project and adapt their facilities for assembly of the Floride.<ref name=Automobilia1959>{{cite journal| first=René |last=Bellu |title=Automobilia| journal=Toutes les voitures françaises 1959 (Salon Paris Oct 1959)| volume=21| page=14 |year=2002 |publisher=Histoire & collections |location=Paris }}</ref> Brissonneau's long standing experience with railway locomotives provided abundant relevant experience at operational and workforce level, and Renault contributed much of the investment which during 1958 and 1959 saw the main Creil plant of Brissonneau, comprising 190,000 m2 of which 41,280 m2 were covered, transformed into a production facility for the Floride: the Floride would continue to be assembled by Brissonneau and Lotz until it was withdrawn in 1968.<ref name=Automobilia1959/><ref name=ClubCreil/>

==Upgrades==
In October 1959, ready for the 1960 model year, the Floride, along with the Renault Dauphine, appeared with significant suspension improvements.<ref name=Automobilia1960/>   The new suspension was conceived by the by now almost legendary automotive engineer Jean-Albert Grégoire and baptised by Renault  "Suspension Aérostable", being intended to improve the car's ride and road holding.<ref name=Automobilia1960/>  The addition of extra rubber springs at the front reduced roll and auxiliary air spring units (mounted inboard of the conventional coils) at the rear gave the rear wheels a small degree of negative [[Engineering:Camber angle|camber]] and increased cornering grip.<ref name="howthings">{{cite web | title = 1956-1968 Renault Dauphine | date = 20 August 2007 | publisher = How Things work | url = http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1956-1968-renault-dauphine.htm/printable}}</ref>

In March 1962, the Caravelle received a new 956&nbsp;cc<ref name=Automobilia1962>{{cite journal| first = René | last = Bellu | journal =Automobilia| title = Toutes les voitures françaises 1962 (salon Paris oct 1961)| number = 19| page = 57|date = 2001|publisher=Histoire & collections|location=Paris }}</ref> engine that would be also used by the new [[Engineering:Renault 8|Renault 8]] from June. Although the new "Sierra" series five-bearing engine shared no components with the existing 845&nbsp;cc Dauphine engine, it was conceptually very similar: the engine size was chosen in order to come in (slightly) below the top of the 5CV [[Tax horsepower|car tax]] band in France.<ref name=Automobilia1962/> It had a sealed cooling system as well as a new front suspension, new rear geometry, new steering, and a new gear linkage. Moving the radiator behind the engine also freed up an extra 12&nbsp;cm of space behind the front seat.<ref name=IMS362>{{cite magazine | title = Genèvesalongen |trans-title=The Geneva Show | page = 8 | language = sv | last = Blunsden | first = John | location = Lerum, Sweden | magazine = Illustrerad Motor Sport | number = 3 | date = March 1962 }}</ref> Maximum power output increased to {{Convert|48|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Automobilia1962/> Four-speed transmission, already included in the price at no extra cost on some export markets, now came as part of the standard with the new engine even for French buyers, although bottom gear still made do without synchromesh.<ref name=Automobilia1962/> The upgraded cars, first presented at the [[Engineering:Geneva Motor Show#1962|1962 Geneva Motor Show]], now featured disc brakes on all four wheels: the Floride was the first French volume car to benefit from this enhancement which also reduced unsprung weight by approximately 6&nbsp;kg.<ref name=Automobilia1962/> The Caravelle name also replaced the Floride name in all markets from 1962 onwards.

In 1964, another R8-derived engine of 1108 cc was introduced to the Caravelle, producing {{Convert|55|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. This model was tested by the British "Autocar" magazine in November 1965. The car had a top speed of {{convert|89|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerated from 0-{{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 17.8 seconds. An "overall" fuel consumption of {{convert|30.2|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}} was recorded. The Caravelle's performance closely matched that of the contemporary [[Engineering:Triumph Spitfire|Triumph Spitfire 4]] under most headings, though the Spitfire was a couple of mph ahead on top speed. The British car market was still protected by tariffs at this time, but even allowing for that the Renault looks expensive in this company: The Caravelle came with a UK recommended price of £1039 as against £666 for the Spitfire 4.<ref name=Autocar1965>{{cite journal| journal = Autocar |title = Road Test Renaul Caravelle 1108 cc| pages = 970–974|date=November 1965}}</ref>

==Commercial==
Production got under way slowly, with only 3,777 cars completed in 1959.   However, in 1960, following the important "Aérostable" suspension upgrades,  Renault produced 36,156 Florides.<ref name=Automobilia1960>{{cite journal| title =Automobilia| journal = Toutes les voitures françaises 1960 (Salon Paris Oct 1959)| volume = Nr. 15| pages = Page 46–47 & 50–51|year = 2000|publisher=Histoire & collections|location=Paris }}</ref>

By the mid-1960s, the Caravelle, which had been fashionably styled at launch, was looking dated, while the reduction and elimination of internal tariffs within the Common Market led to intensified competition in France for buyers of inexpensive sports cars, notably from Italy.<ref name=Automobilia1968>{{cite journal| title =Automobilia| journal = Toutes les voitures françaises 1968 (Salon Paris Oct 1967)| volume = Nr. 29| pages = 64–65|year = 2004|publisher=Histoire & collections|location=Paris }}</ref>   Between 1966 and 1967, annual production tumbled from 4,880 to 2,991.   During 1968, only 1,438 were produced, and it was during the summer of that year that Renault withdrew the Caravelle.<ref name=Automobilia1968/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7t84Kpo38b4 Renault Floride (1959) Exterior and Interior in Full HD 3D]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100410210728/http://www.renaultcaravelle.com/tech.html The History and Development of the Renault Caravelle]

{{Early Renault vehicles}}
{{Renault}}

[[Category:Roadsters]]
[[Category:Cars powered by rear-mounted 4-cylinder engines]]

{{Sourceattribution|Renault Caravelle}}