View source for Engineering:Operation Neuland

{{short description|Naval operation during the Second World War}}
{{Infobox military conflict
 |conflict    = Operation Neuland
 |partof      = the Atlantic Campaign of [[Social:World War II|World War II]]
 |image       = CaribbeanIslands.png
 |image_size  = 300
 |date        = 16 February – late March 1942
 |place       = Caribbean Sea
 |result      = German - Italian victory
 |combatant1  = {{ubl|{{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany|}}|
{{flag|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)|name=Italy}}}}
 |combatant2  = {{ubl|{{flag|United States|1912}}|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|{{flag|Netherlands}}}}
 |commander1  = {{flagd|Nazi Germany|naval}} Karl Dönitz<br />{{flagd|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} Romolo Polacchini
 |commander2  = {{flagd|USA|1912}} John H. Hoover
 |strength1   = 11 submarines
 |strength2   = {{ubl|{{USS|Barney|DD-149|6}}|{{USS|Blakeley|DD-150|6}}|{{USS|Lapwing|AM-1|6}}}}
 |casualties1 = {{ubl|'''Casualties'''|1 killed|1 wounded|'''Losses'''|1 submarine damaged}}
 |casualties2 = {{ubl|'''Losses'''|45 cargo ships sunk|1 lighthouse tender sunk|10 cargo ships damaged}}
}}

'''Operation Neuland''' (New Land) was the German Navy's code name for the extension of unrestricted submarine warfare into the Caribbean Sea during [[Social:World War II|World War II]]. U-boats demonstrated range to disrupt {{wipe|United Kingdom}} [[Chemistry:Petroleum|petroleum]] supplies and {{wipe|United States}} [[Chemistry:Aluminum|aluminum]] supplies which had not been anticipated by Allied pre-war planning. Although the area remained vulnerable to submarines for several months, U-boats never again enjoyed the opportunities for success resulting from the surprise achieved by the submarines participating in this operation.

==Background==
The Caribbean was strategically significant because of Venezuelan oil fields in the southeast and the Panama Canal in the southwest. The Royal Dutch Shell [[Chemistry:Oil refinery|oil refinery]] on Dutch-owned Curaçao, processing eleven million barrels per month, was the largest in the world; the refinery at Pointe-à-Pierre on Trinidad was the largest in the [[Place:British Empire|British Empire]]; and there was Lago Oil and Transport Company, another large refinery on Dutch-owned Aruba. The [[Place:British Isles|British Isles]] required four [[Engineering:Oil tanker|oil tanker]]s of petroleum daily during the early war years, and most of it came from Venezuela, through Curaçao, after Italy blocked passage through the [[Place:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] from the [[Place:Middle East|Middle East]].<ref>Kelshall pp.7-22</ref>

The Caribbean held additional strategic significance to the {{wipe|United States}}.  The southern United States Gulf of Mexico coastline, including petroleum facilities and Mississippi River trade, could be defended at two points.  The United States was well positioned to defend the Straits of Florida but was less able to prevent access from the Caribbean through the Yucatán Channel.  [[Earth:Bauxite|Bauxite]] was the preferred ore for [[Chemistry:Aluminum|aluminum]], and one of the few strategic raw materials not available within the continental United States.  United States military aircraft production depended upon bauxite imported from [[Place:The Guianas|the Guianas]] along shipping routes paralleling the Lesser Antilles.<ref>Kelshall pp.7-18</ref>

United States Navy VP-51 [[Engineering:Consolidated PBY Catalina|Consolidated PBY Catalina]]s began neutrality patrols along the Lesser Antillies from [[Place:San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan, Puerto Rico]] on 13 September 1939.<ref>Scarborough, William E. "The Neutralitv Patrol: To Keep Us Out of World War II?" pp.18-23 ''NAVAL AVIATION NEWS'' March–April 1990</ref>  The United Kingdom had established military bases on Trinidad; and British troops occupied Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire soon after the Netherlands were captured by [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]].  The French island of Martinique was perceived as a possible base for Axis ships as British relationships with [[Religion:Vichy France|Vichy France]] deteriorated following the Second Armistice at Compiègne.  The September 1940 Destroyers for Bases Agreement enabled the United States to build bases in British Guiana, and on the islands of Great Exuma, Jamaica, Antigua, Saint Lucia and Trinidad.<ref>Kelshall pp.4-24</ref>

==Concept==
Declaration of war on 8 December 1941 removed United States neutrality assertions which had previously protected trade shipping in the Western Atlantic.  The relatively ineffective anti-submarine warfare (ASW) measures along the United States Atlantic coast observed by U-boats participating in Operation Paukenschlag encouraged utilizing the range of German Type IX submarines to explore conditions in what had previously been the southern portion of a declared Pan American neutrality zone.  A 15 January 1942 meeting in Lorient included former Hamburg America Line captains with Caribbean experience to brief commanding officers of {{GS|U-156|1941|2}}, {{GS|U-67|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-502||2}}, {{GS|U-161|1941|2}} and {{GS|U-129|1941|2}} about conditions in the area.  The first three U-boats sailed on 19 January with orders to simultaneously attack Dutch refinery facilities on 16 February.  ''U-161'' sailed on 24 January to attack Trinidad, and ''U-129'' followed on 26 January.  {{GS|U-126|1940|2}} sailed on 2 February to patrol the Windward Passage between Cuba and Hispaniola; and five large Italian submarines sailed from [[Earth:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] to patrol the Atlantic side of the Lesser Antilles.  These eleven submarines would patrol independently to disperse Allied ASW resources until exhaustion of food, fuel or torpedoes required them to return to France.<ref>Blair pp.503-509&728</ref>

==Implementation==

===''U-156''===
The second patrol of ''U-156'' was under the command of Werner Hartenstein. On the evening of 15 February,''U-156'' surfaced after nightfall, two miles off Aruba. Hartenstein commenced his attack at 0131 on 16 February, when he fired two torpedoes at the tankers SS ''Pedernales'' and SS ''Oranjestad'' laying at anchor outside San Nicolaas. Ten minutes later, ''U-156'' moved to within 3/4 mile of the Lago refinery and prepared to bombard it with her 10.5 cm deck gun. However, a crewman failed to remove the [[Engineering:Tampion|tampion]] from the muzzle, and the first shell detonated in the barrel. One gunner was killed, another was seriously injured, and the muzzle of the gun barrel was splayed open. Following the attack, ''U-156'' sailed past [[Place:Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]], 14 miles to the west, and fired three torpedoes at the Shell tanker ''Arkansas'' berthed at the Eagle pier. One struck the ship, causing minor damage, one missed its mark and disappeared in the water, and the third beached itself. On February 17th, four Dutch marines were killed as they attempted to disarm the beached torpedo.
Hartenstein kept ''U-156'' submerged north of Aruba after daybreak. At nightfall the crew buried the sailor who died when the gun exploded, and the captain received permission to sail to Martinique, where the injured crewman was put ashore. The crew used [[Engineering:Hacksaw|hacksaw]]s to shorten the damaged gun barrel by 40 centimeters, and used the sawed-off gun to sink two ships encountered after all torpedoes had been expended sinking two other ships. ''U-156'' started home on 28 February 1942.<ref>Kelshall pp.26-31,42,47-48&57</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" width="100px" |Date<ref name="u156">{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3963.html|title=Patrol info for U-156|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|access-date=2012-07-29}}</ref>
! scope="col" width="60px" |Ship<ref name="u156"/>
! scope="col" width="120px" |Flag<ref name="u156"/>
! scope="col" width="25px"  |Tonnage (GRT)<ref name="u156"/>
! scope="col" width="410px" |Notes
|-
|align="right"|16 February 1942
|align="left"|''Pedernales''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|4,317
|align="left"|Tanker torpedoed outside San Nicolaas harbor, but later repaired
|-
|align="right"|16 February 1942
|align="left"|''Oranjestad''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|2,396
|align="left"|Tanker torpedoed outside San Nicolaas harbor, and capsized in 48 seconds<ref>Kenshall p.29</ref>
|-
|align="right"|16 February 1942
|align="left"|''Arkansas''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|6,452
|align="left"|Tanker torpedoed at Eagle Pier near Oranjestad but later repaired
|-
|align="right"|20 February 1942
|align="left"|''Delplata''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|5,127
|align="left"|Freighter torpedoed at {{coord|14|45|N|62|10|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c77">Cressman p.77</ref>
|-
|align="right"|25 February 1942
|align="left"|''La Carriere''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|5,685
|align="left"|Tanker
|-
|align="right"|27 February 1942
|align="left"|''Macgregor''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|2,498
|align="left"|Freighter sunk by gunfire
|-
|align="right"|28 February 1942
|align="left"|''Oregon''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|7,017
|align="left"|6 crewman killed aboard tanker sunk by gunfire at {{coord|20|44|N|67|52|W|display=inline}}<ref>Cressman p.79</ref>
|}

===''U-67''===
The third patrol of ''U-67'' was under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim.  In coordination with the attack on Aruba ''U-67'' moved into Curaçao's [[Place:Willemstad|Willemstad]] harbor shortly after midnight on 16 February to launch six torpedoes at three anchored tankers.  The four bow torpedoes hit, but failed to explode.  The two torpedoes from the stern tubes were effective on the third tanker.<ref>Kelshall pp.26&32</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" width="100px" |Date<ref name="u67">{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_474.html|title=Patrol info for U-67|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|access-date=2012-07-29}}</ref>
! scope="col" width="80px" |Ship<ref name="u67"/>
! scope="col" width="90px" |Flag<ref name="u67"/>
! scope="col" width="25px"  |Tonnage (GRT)<ref name="u67"/>
! scope="col" width="410px" |Notes
|-
|align="right"|16 February 1942
|align="left"|''Rafaela''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|3,177
|align="left"|Tanker torpedoed in Willemstad harbor, but later repaired
|-
|align="right"|21 February 1942
|align="left"|''Kongsgaard''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|9,467
|align="left"|Tanker
|-
|align="right"|14 March 1942
|align="left"|''Penelope''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|align="right"|8,436
|align="left"|Tanker
|}

===''U-502''===
The third patrol of ''U-502'' was under the command of Jürgen von Rosensteil. In coordination with the attacks on Aruba and [[Place:Willemstad|Willemstad]], ''U-502'' waited to ambush shallow [[Engineering:Draft (hull)|draft]] Lake Maracaibo crude oil tankers en route to the refineries.  After three tankers were reported missing, the Chinese crews of surviving tankers refused to sail; and Associated Press broadcast a report that tanker traffic had been halted in the area.  ''U-502'' moved north and started home via the Windward Passage after launching its last torpedoes on 23 February.<ref>Kelshall pp.26,33,35,43-44&54</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" width="100px"|Date<ref name="u502">{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1066.html|title=Patrol info for U-502|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|access-date=2012-07-29}}</ref>
! scope="col" width="65px" |Ship<ref name="u502"/>
! scope="col" width="105px" |Flag<ref name="u502"/>
! scope="col" width="25px" |Tonnage<ref name="u502"/>
! scope="col" width="410px"|Notes
|-
|align="right"|16 February 1942
|align="left"|''Tia Juana''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|2,395
|align="left"|Shallow-draught 'Lake Maracaibo' crude oil tanker
|-
|align="right"|16 February 1942
|align="left"|[[Engineering:SS Monagas|''Monagas'']]
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
|align="right"|2,650
|align="left"|Shallow-draught 'Lake Maracaibo' crude oil tanker
|-
|align="right"|16 February 1942
|align="left"|''San Nicholas''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|2,391
|align="left"|Shallow-draught 'Lake Maracaibo' crude oil tanker
|-
|align="right"|22 February 1942
|align="left"|''J.N.Pew''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|9,033
|align="left"|Tanker torpedoed at {{coord|12|40|N|74|00|W|display=inline}},33 killed; 3 survivors<ref name="c77"/>
|-
|align="right"|23 February 1942
|align="left"|''Thallia''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|align="right"|8,329
|align="left"|Tanker
|-
|align="right"|23 February 1942
|align="left"|''Sun''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|9,002
|align="left"|No casualties aboard. Tanker damaged by torpedo at {{coord|13|02|N|70|41|W|display=inline}}<ref>Cressman p.78</ref>
|}

===''U-161''===
The second patrol of ''U-161'' was under the command of Albrecht Achilles.  Achilles and his first watch officer Bender had both visited Trinidad while employed by Hamburg America Line before the war.  ''U-161'' entered Trinidad's Gulf of Paria harbor at periscope depth during daylight through a deep, narrow passage or ''Boca''.  An electronic submarine detection system registered its passage at 0930 on 18 February 1942, but the signal was dismissed as caused by a patrol boat.  After spending the day resting on the bottom of the harbor, ''U-161'' surfaced after dark to torpedo two anchored ships.  ''U-161'' then left the gulf with decks awash and running lights illuminated to resemble one of the harbor small craft; and then moved off to the northwest before returning to sink a ship outside the ''Boca''.  After sunset on 10 March 1942 ''U-161'' silently entered the shallow, narrow entrance of [[Place:Castries|Castries]] harbor surfaced on electric motors to torpedo two freighters at dockside; and then raced out under fire from [[Engineering:Machine gun|machine gun]]s.  The two freighters had just arrived with supplies to construct the new US base; and the harbor previously considered immune to submarine attack was later fitted with an anti-submarine net.  ''U-161'' started home on 11 March 1942.<ref>Kelshall pp.26,35-42,44,49-51,60-64&67</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" width="100px"|Date<ref name="u161">{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3984.html|title=Patrol info for U-161|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|access-date=2012-07-29}}</ref>
! scope="col" width="65px"|Ship<ref name="u161"/>
! scope="col" width="150px"|Flag<ref name="u161"/>
! scope="col" width="20px"|Tonnage<ref name="u161"/>
! scope="col" width="400px"|Notes
|-
|align="right"|19 February 1942
|align="left"|''British Consul''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|6,940
|align="left"|Tanker torpedoed in Gulf of Paria, but later repaired
|-
|align="right"|19 February 1942
|align="left"|''Mokihana''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|7,460
|align="left"|No casualties aboard freighter torpedoed in Gulf of Paria, but later repaired<ref>Cressman p.76</ref>
|-
|align="right"|21 February 1942
|align="left"|''Circe Shell''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|8,207
|align="left"|Tanker
|-
|align="right"|23 February 1942
|align="left"|''Lihue''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|7,001
|align="left"|No casualties aboard freighter torpedoed at {{coord|14|30|N|64|45|W|display=inline}}<ref>Cressman pp.77-78</ref>
|-
|align="right"|7 March 1942
|align="left"|''Uniwaleco''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|South Africa|1928}}
|align="right"|9,755
|align="left"|Whale Factory ship used as a fuel oil carrier<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?15542 |title=SS Uniwaleco (+1942) |publisher=wrecksite.eu |accessdate=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|align="right"|10 March 1942
|align="left"|''Lady Nelson''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Canada|1921}}
|align="right"|7,970
|align="left"|Freighter torpedoed in [[Place:Castries|Castries]] harbor, but later repaired
|-
|align="right"|10 March 1942
|align="left"|''Umtata''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|8,141
|align="left"|Freighter torpedoed in [[Place:Castries|Castries]] harbor, but later repaired
|-
|align="right"|14 March 1942
|align="left"|''Sarniadoc''
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Canada|1921}}
|align="right"|1,940
|align="left"|Freighter exploded and disappeared 30 seconds after torpedo impact<ref>Kelshall p.66</ref> 21 lost no survivors
|-
|align="right"|15 March 1942
|align="left"|''Acacia''
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|coast guard}}
|align="right"|1,130
|align="left"|USCG [[Engineering:Lighthouse tender|lighthouse tender]] sunk by gunfire south of Haiti
|}

===''Luigi Torelli''===
''Luigi Torelli'' under the command of Antonio de Giacomo sank two ships.<ref name="b508"/>
{| class=wikitable style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! Date<ref>Kelshall pp.45&56</ref>
! Ship<ref name="b508"/>
! Flag<ref name="b508"/>
! Tonnage<ref name="b508"/>
! Notes<ref name="b508"/>
|-
| 19 February
|  ''Scottish Star''
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 7,300 GRT
| freighter
|-
| 25 February
|  ''Esso Copenhagen''
| {{flagicon|Panama}}
| 9,200 GRT
| tanker
|}

===''U-129''===
Under the command of Nicolai Clausen ''U-129'' spent its fourth patrol intercepting bauxite freighters southeast of Trinidad.<ref>Blair p.507</ref>  The unexpected sinkings caused a temporary halt to merchant ship sailings.  The Allies broadcast suggested routes for unescorted merchant ships to follow when sailings resumed.  The U-boats received the broadcast and were waiting at the suggested locations.<ref>Kelshall p.55</ref>
{| class=wikitable style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! Date<ref name="u129">{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3847.html|title=Patrol info for U-129|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|access-date=2012-07-29}}</ref>
! Ship<ref name="u129"/>
! Flag<ref name="u129"/>
! Tonnage<ref name="u129"/>
! Notes
|-
| 20 February
|  ''Nordvangen''
| {{flagicon|Norway}}
| 2,400 GRT
| Bauxite freighter sunk with no survivors<ref>{{cite web|url=http://warsailors.com/singleships/nordvangen.html|title=D/S Nordvangen|website=warsailors.com|access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 23 February
|  ''George L. Torian''
| {{flagicon|Canada|1921}}
| 1,754 GRT
| Bauxite freighter
|-
| 23 February
|  ''West Zeda''
| {{flagicon|United States}}
| 5,658 GRT
| no casualties aboard freighter<ref>Kelshall p.53</ref> torpedoed at {{coord|09|13|N|69|04|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c77"/>
|-
| 23 February
|  ''Lennox''
| {{flagicon|Canada|1921}}
| 1,904 GRT
| Bauxite freighter
|-
| 28 February
|  ''Bayou''
| {{flagicon|Panama}}
| 2,605 GRT
| Manganese freighter
|-
| 3 March
|  ''Mary''
| {{flagicon|United States}}
| 5,104 GRT
| Freighter<ref name="k57">Kelshall p.57</ref> torpedoed at {{coord|08|25|N|52|50|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c80">Cressman p.80</ref>
|-
| 7 March
|  ''Steel Age''
| {{flagicon|United States}}
| 6,188 GRT
| 33 killed;sole survivor taken captive from freighter torpedoed at {{coord|06|45|N|53|15|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c80"/>
|}

===''Leonardo da Vinci''===
{{ship|Italian submarine|Leonardo da Vinci|1939|2}} under the command of Luigi Longanesi-Cattani sank one Allied ship<ref name="b508"/> and a neutral Brazilian freighter.  There were no survivors from the Brazilian ship, and the sinking was not revealed.<ref>Kelshall p.56</ref>
{| class=wikitable style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! Date<ref name="LdV"/>
! Ship<ref name="LdV"/>
! Flag<ref name="LdV">[http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=16 "Leonardo da Vinci"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313124822/http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=16 |date=13 March 2012 }} at regiamarina.net, Cristiano D'Adamo; retrieved 25 July 2019</ref>
! Tonnage<ref name="LdV"/>
! Notes<ref name="LdV"/>
|-
|25 February 1942
| ''Cabedello''
|{{flagicon|Brazil}}
| 3,775 GRT
| torpedoed at {{coord|16|00|N|42|30|W}}; all 54 hands lost
|-
| 28 February
|  ''Everasma''
| {{flagicon|Latvia}}
| 3,644 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|16|00|N|49|00|W|display=inline}}

|}

===''U-126''===
''U-126'' patrolled the Windward Passage under the command of Ernst Bauer.<ref>Kelshall p.52</ref>
{| class=wikitable style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! Date<ref name="u126">{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3831.html|title=Patrol info for U-126|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|access-date=2012-07-29}}</ref>
! Ship<ref name="u126"/>
! Flag<ref name="u126"/>
! Tonnage<ref name="u126"/>
! Notes
|-
| 2 March
|  ''Gunny''
| {{flagicon|Norway}}
| 2,362 GRT
| freighter
|-
| 5 March
|  ''Mariana''
| {{flagicon|United States}}
| 3,110 GRT
| no survivors from freighter torpedoed at {{coord|22|14|N|71|23|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c80"/> [36 lost]
|-
| 7 March
|  ''Barbara''
| {{flagicon|United States}}
| 4,637 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|20|00|N|73|56|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c81">Cressman p.81</ref>
|-
| 7 March
|  ''Cardonia''
| {{flagicon|United States}}
| 5,104 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|19|53|N|73|27|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c81"/>
|-
| 8 March
|  ''Esso Bolivar''
| {{flagicon|Panama}}
| 10,389 GRT
| tanker damaged by torpedoes within sight of Guantánamo<ref name="k60">Kelshall p.60</ref>
|-
| 9 March
|  ''Hanseat''
| {{flagicon|Panama}}
| 8,241 GRT
| tanker
|-
| 12 March
|  ''Texan''
| {{flagicon|United States}}
| 7,005 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|21|32|N|76|24|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c82">Cressman p.82</ref>
|-
| 12 March
|  ''Olga''
| {{flagicon|United States}}
| 2,496 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|23|39|N|77|00|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c82"/>
|-
| 13 March
|  ''Colabee''
| {{flagicon|United States}}
| 5,518 GRT
| freighter damaged by torpedoes at {{coord|22|14|N|77|35|W|display=inline}}<ref name="c82"/>
|}

===''Enrico Tazzoli''===
The large 1,331-ton {{ship|Italian submarine|Enrico Tazzoli|1935|2}} under the command of Carlo Fecia di Cossato sank six ships.<ref name="b508"/>
{| class=wikitable style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! Date<ref name="tazzoli"/>
! Ship<ref name="tazzoli"/>
! Flag<ref name="tazzoli"/>
! Tonnage<ref name="tazzoli"/>
! Notes<ref name="tazzoli">[http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=42 ''Enrico Tazzoli''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727080610/http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=42 |date=27 July 2020 }} at regiamarina.net, Cristiano D'Adamo; retrieved 25 July 2019</ref>
|-
| 6 March
|  ''Astrea''
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}}
| 1,406 GRT
| freighter
|-
| 6 March
|  ''Tonsbergfjord''
| {{flagicon|Norway}}
| 3,156 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|31|22|N|68|05|W|display=inline}} with 1 killed
|-
| 8 March
|  ''Montevideo''
| {{flagicon|Uruguay}}
| 5,785 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|29|13|N|69|35|W|display=inline}} with 14 killed
|-
| 10 March
|  ''Cygnet''
| {{flagicon|Greece}}
| 3,628 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|24|05|N|74|20|W|display=inline}} with no casualties
|-
| 13 March
|  ''Daytonian''
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 6,434 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|26|33|N|74|43|W|display=inline}} with 1 killed
|-
| 15 March
|  ''Athelqueen''
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 8,780 GRT
| tanker torpedoed at {{coord|26|50|N|75|40|W|display=inline}} with 3 killed
|}

===''Giuseppe Finzi''===
The large 1,331-ton {{ship|Italian submarine|Giuseppe Finzi||2}} under the command of Ugo Giudice sank three ships.<ref name="b508">Blair p.508</ref>
{| class=wikitable style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! Date<ref>Kelshall pp.58&60</ref>
! Ship<ref name="Finzi"/>
! Flag<ref name="Finzi"/>
! Tonnage<ref name="Finzi"/>
! Notes<ref name="Finzi">[http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=21 ''Giuseppe Finzi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113161952/http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=21 |date=13 November 2020 }} at regiamarina.net, Cristiano D'Adamo; retrieved 25 July 2019</ref>
|-
| 7 March
|  ''Melpomene''
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 7,000 GRT
| tanker
|-
| 7 March
|  ''Skåne''
| {{flagicon|Sweden}}
| 4,500 GRT
| freighter
|-
| 10 March
|  ''Charles Racine''
| {{flagicon|Norway}}
| 10,000 GRT
| tanker torpedoed with no casualties<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.warsailors.com/singleships/charlesracine.html|title=M/T Charles Racine|website=warsailors.com|access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
|}

===''Morosini''===
The {{sclass|Marcello|submarine|1}} ''Morosini'' under the command of Athos Fraternale sank three ships.<ref name="b508"/>
{| class=wikitable style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! Date<ref name="morosini"/>
! Ship<ref name="morosini"/>
! Flag<ref name="morosini"/>
! Tonnage<ref name="morosini"/>
! Notes<ref name="morosini">[http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=31 ''Morosini''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030512/http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=31 |date=30 November 2018 }} at regiamarina.net, Cristiano D'Adamo; retrieved 25 July 2019</ref>
|-
| 12 March
|  ''Stangarth''
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 5,966 GRT
| freighter torpedoed at {{coord|22|45|N|57|40|W|display=inline}}
|-
| 15 March
|  ''Oscilla''
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}}
| 6,341 GRT
| tanker torpedoed with 4 killed
|-
| 23 March
|  ''Peder Bogen''
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}
| 9,741 GRT
| tanker torpedoed at {{coord|24|53|N|57|30|W|display=inline}} with no casualties
|}

==Results==
The Aruba refinery was within deck gun range of deep water. Grand Admiral Erich Raeder would have preferred shelling the refinery as the opening action of Operation Neuland.  On the basis of experience with the relative damage caused by deck guns in comparison to torpedoes, U-boat officers chose to begin by torpedoing tankers to cause large fires of spreading oil.  Results of the initial attacks on Aruba and Curaçao were diminished by weapon failures; and subsequent attempts to shell the Aruba refinery were discouraged by defensive fire from larger numbers of larger caliber coastal artillery and patrols by alerted aircraft and [[Engineering:Submarine chaser|submarine chaser]]s.<ref>Blair pp. 504–505.</ref>

An important link in petroleum product transport from Venezuelan oil fields was a fleet of small tankers designed to reach the wells in shallow Lake Maracaibo and transport crude oil to the refineries.  Approximately ten percent of these tankers were destroyed on the first day of Operation Neuland.  Surviving tankers were temporarily immobilized when their Chinese crews mutinied and refused to sail without ASW escort.<ref>Blair pp. 505–506.</ref>  Refinery output declined while the mutineers were jailed until sailings could resume.<ref>Kelshall p. 43.</ref>

Torpedoing ships within defended harbors was relatively unusual through the battle of the Atlantic.  U-boats more commonly deployed mines to permit a stealthy exit.  Although results were perceived as less significant, the difficulty of attacks in the Gulf of Paria and Castries by ''U-161'' was comparable to Günther Prien's penetration of Scapa Flow.<ref>Blair p. 506.</ref>

Patrol of the Windward Passage by ''U-126'' was well timed to exploit dispersion of ASW forces north and south.  ''U-126'' sank some ships within sight of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.<ref>Kelshall pp. 58–60.</ref>

''Neuland'' and ''Paukenschlag'' were opened with similar numbers of U-boats; but the effectiveness of ''Neuland'' was enhanced by coordination with Italian submarines.  The level of success by Italian submarines against a concentration of undefended ships sailing independently was seldom repeated and marked a high point of effective Axis cooperation in the battle of the Atlantic.<ref name="b508"/>

==See also==
* Bombardment of Curaçao
* Attack on Aruba

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* Blair, Clay ''Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939-1942'' Random House (1996) {{ISBN|0-394-58839-8}}
* Cressman, Robert J. ''The Official Chronology of the U.S.Navy in World War II'' Naval Institute Press (2000) {{ISBN|1-55750-149-1}}
* Kafka, Roger & Pepperburg, Roy L. ''Warships of the World'' Cornell Maritime Press (1946)
* Kelshall, Gaylord T.M. ''The U-Boat War in the Caribbean'' United States Naval Institute Press (1994) {{ISBN|1-55750-452-0}}
* Morison, Samuel Eliot, ''History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (volume I) The Battle of the Atlantic September 1939-May 1943'' Little, Brown and Company (1975)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neuland, Operation}}
[[Category:U-boats]]

{{Sourceattribution|Operation Neuland}}