View source for Engineering:Municipal or urban engineering

'''Municipal or urban engineering''' applies the tools of science, art and engineering in an urban environment.
Municipal engineering is concerned with municipal [[Physics:Infrastructure|infrastructure]].  This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, [[Engineering:Sidewalk|sidewalk]]s, [[Engineering:Water supply network|water supply network]]s, [[Earth:Sanitary sewer|sewer]]s, [[Engineering:Street light|street light]]ing, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand, etc.), public parks and cycling infrastructure.

In the case of underground [[Finance:Public utility|utility]] networks, it may also include the civil portion (conduits and access chambers) of the local distribution networks of electrical and telecommunications services.  It can also include the optimizing of garbage collection and bus service networks.  Some of these disciplines overlap with other [[Engineering:Civil engineering|civil engineering]] specialties, however municipal engineering focuses on the coordination of these infrastructure networks and services, as they are often built simultaneously (for a given street or development project), and managed by the same municipal authority.

==History==
Modern municipal engineering finds its origins in the 19th-century {{wipe|United Kingdom}}, following the [[History:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Revolution]] and the growth of large industrial cities. The threat to urban populations from epidemics of waterborne diseases such as [[Medicine:Cholera|cholera]] and [[Medicine:Typhus|typhus]] led to the development of a profession devoted to "sanitary science" that later became "municipal engineering".{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

A key figure of the so-called "public health movement" was Edwin Chadwick, author of the parliamentary report,<ref>{{cite web|author=Edwin Chadwick|url=https://archive.org/details/b21365143|title=Report to Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Home Department, from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry Into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain: With Appendices|publisher=Great Britain Poor Law Commissioners/W. Clowes and sons|year=1842}}</ref> published in 1842.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

Early British legislation included:

*Burgh Police Act 1833 - powers of paving, lighting, cleansing, watching, supplying with water and improving their communities.
*Municipal Corporations Act 1835
*Public Health Act 1866 – formation of drainage boards
*Public Health Act 1875 known at the time as the Great Public Health Act
This legislation provided local authorities with powers to undertake municipal engineering projects and to appoint borough surveyors (later known as "municipal engineers").{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

In the U.K, the Association of Municipal Engineers, (subsequently named Institution of Municipal Engineers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.placecheck.info/municipal_engineering_archive.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905230330/http://www.placecheck.info/municipal_engineering_archive.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2008|title=Municipal Engineering Archive|date=5 September 2008}}</ref>), was established in 1874 under the encouragement of the Institution of Civil Engineers, to address the issue of the application of sanitary science. By the early 20th century, Municipal Engineering had become a broad discipline embracing many of the responsibilities undertaken by local authorities, including roads, drainage, flood control, coastal engineering, public health, waste management, street cleaning, water supply, sewers, waste water treatment, crematoria, public baths, slum clearance, town planning, public housing, energy supply, parks, leisure facilities, libraries, town halls and other municipal buildings.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

In the UK, the development of different strands of knowledge necessary for the management of municipal infrastructure led to the emergence of separate specialised institutions, including:
*For drainage: Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 1895
*For town planning: Town Planning Institute 1914 ... subsequently becoming the Royal Town Planning Institute
*For street lighting: Association of Public Lighting Engineers, 1934...subsequently becoming the Institution of Lighting Engineers
*For highway engineering: Institution of Highways and Transportation, 1930
*For public housing: Institute of Housing, 1931

In 1984 the Institution of Municipal Engineers merged with the Institution of Civil Engineers.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

Since the 1970s, there has been a global trend toward increasing privatisation and outsourcing of municipal engineering services.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

In the UK in the 1990s a change in management philosophy brought the demise of the traditional organisational structure of boroughs where the three functions of town clerk, borough treasurer and borough engineer were replaced by an administrative structure with a larger number of specialised departments.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

In the late 1990s and early 21st century there was increasing dissatisfaction over what was perceived to be fractured and dysfunctional public services designed along narrow specialties. A more holistic approach to urban engineering began to emerge as an alternative concept. Critics of the specialised approach included the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment that complained that the specialised approach to management of the public realm focussed too much on the on efficient movement of vehicles rather than the more general interests of local communities.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

==Professional practice==
In the United Kingdom there is no longer any formal professional qualification in municipal engineering although there are degree courses available in urban engineering.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

A professional certificate in Urban Engineering is available from through the Institution of Incorporated Engineers via the Public Realm Information and Advice Network.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

The British Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) caters to practitioners employed in the public sector, private consultancy and academia through its Proceedings Journal Municipal Engineer. The journal, first published in 1873, has a global scope and covers the whole life cycle of municipal services addressing technical, political and community issues.<ref>Jenkinson, Ian. “Municipal Engineer – the silver anniversary”. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Municipal Engineer, Vol 162, ME2, June 2009, pp65-68.</ref> In addition an Expert Panel responds on behalf of ICE to Government consultations and is represented on the International Federation of Municipal Engineering.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

==International organization==
The International Federation of Municipal Engineering (IFME) is an organisation comprising professional municipal engineers from all round the world.  IFME's mission is to connect municipal engineers, public works professionals, public agencies, institutions and businesses around the world in order that they can share a global pool of knowledge and experience. The aim is to foster continued improvement in the quality of public works and wider community services.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

The inaugural meeting was held in 1960 at the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] headquarters in Paris. Membership has grown steadily and in 2009<ref>Buchan, Neil. “Briefing Note - International Federation of Municipal Engineering”. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Municipal Engineer, Vol 163, ME3, Sept 2009.</ref> comprised representatives from national associations in: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Israel, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Southern Africa (South Africa, Botawana, Namibia & Zimbabwe), Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland) and USA. Belgium and San Marino are presently Corresponding Members.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

==Related disciplines==
Municipal or urban engineering combines elements of [[Earth:Environmental engineering|environmental engineering]], water resources engineering and transport engineering.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

Today, municipal engineering may be confused with [[Engineering:Urban design|urban design]] or [[Engineering:Urban planning|urban planning]]. Whereas the urbanist or urban planner may design the general layout of streets and public places, the municipal engineer is concerned with the detailed design. For example, in the case of the design of a new street, the urbanist may specify the general layout of the street, including landscaping, surface finishings and urban accessories, but the municipal engineer will prepare the detailed plans and specifications for the roads, sidewalks, municipal services and street lighting.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

==Site civil works==
In the case of large buildings or plants, facilities or campuses, site civil works may be required that are similar in scope or type as municipal infrastructure, namely, access roads, parking lots, potable water supply (including fire hydrants), on-site waste water treatment plants, site drainage including sedimentation and retention ponds or basins, etc. In most engineering consulting firms, Structural Engineering and Municipal Infrastructure are typically separate departments. On a large construction project, the civil engineering design will typically be divided into a structural portion, designed by structural engineers and typically focused on the buildings, and "civil" portion, designed by municipal engineers and focused on the site.{{Cn|date=January 2021}}

==See also==
*The French School of Urban Engineering

==Sources==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080905230330/http://www.placecheck.info/municipal_engineering_archive.htm Index to the Proceedings of the Institution of Municipal Engineers, from 1874]
*[https://archive.org/details/municipalandsan00boulgoog The municipal and sanitary engineer's handbook (1883)]

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Municipal Or Urban Engineering}}
[[Category:Engineering disciplines]]
[[Category:Civil engineering]]

{{Sourceattribution|Municipal or urban engineering}}