View source for Engineering:Lockheed Constellation

{{Short description|Family of US airliners with 4 piston engines, 1943}}
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name = Constellation
| image = File:C-69.jpg
| caption = A USAF [[Engineering:Lockheed C-69 Constellation|C-69]], the military version of the Constellation
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type = Airliner and transport
| manufacturer = [[Company:Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]]
| designer =
| first flight = January 9, 1943
| introduced = 1943 with USAAF<br />1945 with TWA
| retired = 1990s, airline service<br />1978, military
| status = In very limited service
| primary users = Super Constellation Flyers Association<br />Historical Aircraft Restoration Society (HARS)
| produced = 1943–1958
| number built = 856
| developed from = [[Engineering:Lockheed Model 44 Excalibur|L-044 Excalibur]]
| variants with their own articles = [[Engineering:Lockheed L-049 Constellation|L-049 Constellation]]<br />[[Engineering:Lockheed C-69 Constellation|C-69 Constellation]]<br />[[Engineering:Lockheed L-649 Constellation|L-649 Constellation]]<br />[[Engineering:Lockheed L-749 Constellation|L-749 Constellation]]<br />[[Engineering:Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation|L-1049 Super Constellation]]<br />[[Engineering:Lockheed C-121 Constellation|C-121/R7V Constellation]]<br />[[Engineering:Lockheed L-1249 Super Constellation|R7V-2/YC-121F Constellation]]<br />[[Engineering:Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star|EC-121 Warning Star]]<br />[[Engineering:Lockheed L-1649 Starliner|L-1649A Starliner]]
| developed into = [[Engineering:Lockheed XB-30|Lockheed XB-30]] (Unbuilt)
}}
|}
The '''Lockheed Constellation''' ("'''Connie'''") is a propeller-driven, four-engined airliner built by [[Company:Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed Corporation]] starting in 1943. The Constellation series was the first pressurized-cabin civil airliner series to go into widespread use. Its pressurized cabin enabled commercial passengers to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving the general safety and ease of air travel.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/travel/article/lockheed-constellation-airliner-twa-hotel/ Historic airliner trucked 300 miles to be a hotel bar] CNN Travel. By Thom Patterson. Oct. 13th October 2018. Downloaded Oct. 21, 2018.</ref>

Several different models of the Constellation series were produced, although they all featured the distinctive triple-tail and dolphin-shaped fuselage. Most were powered by four 18-cylinder Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclones. In total, 856 were produced between 1943 and 1958 at Lockheed's plant in Burbank, California, and used as both a civil airliner and as a military and civilian cargo transport. Among their famous uses was during the Berlin and the Biafran airlifts. Three served as the presidential aircraft for Dwight D. Eisenhower, one of which is featured at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.

==Design and development==
===Initial studies===
Lockheed had been working on the [[Engineering:Lockheed Model 44 Excalibur|L-044 Excalibur]], a four-engined, pressurized airliner, since 1937. In 1939, Transcontinental and Western Airlines (TWA), at the instigation of major stockholder [[Biography:Howard Hughes|Howard Hughes]], requested a 40-passenger transcontinental airliner with a range of {{convert|3,500|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=Jane1993>Taylor 1993, pp. 606–607.</ref>—well beyond the capabilities of the Excalibur design. TWA's requirements led to the '''[[Engineering:Lockheed L-049 Constellation|L-049 Constellation]]''', designed by Lockheed engineers, including [[Biography:Kelly Johnson (engineer)|Kelly Johnson]] and Hall Hibbard.<ref name=yenne>Yenne 1987, pp. 44–46.</ref> Willis Hawkins, another Lockheed engineer, maintains that the Excalibur program was purely a cover for the Constellation.<ref name=boyne>Boyne 1998, pp. 135–137.</ref>
[[File:Superconstellation2594.jpg|thumb|left|A preserved C-121C Super Constellation, registration N73544, in flight in 2004]]

===Development of the Constellation===
The Constellation's wing design was close to that of the [[Engineering:Lockheed P-38 Lightning|Lockheed P-38 Lightning]], differing mostly in size.<ref>Johnson 1985, pp. 82</ref> The triple tail allowed the aircraft to fit into existing hangars,<ref name=boyne /> while features included hydraulically boosted controls and a deicing system used on wing and tail leading edges.<ref name=Jane1993 /> The aircraft had a maximum speed over {{convert|375|mph|km/h|-1|abbr=on}}, faster than that of a [[Engineering:Mitsubishi A6M Zero|Japanese Zero fighter]], a cruise speed of {{convert|340|mph|km/h|-1|abbr=on}}, and a service ceiling of {{convert|24000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}}.

According to Anthony Sampson in ''Empires of the Sky'', Lockheed may have undertaken the intricate design, but Hughes' intercession in the design process drove the concept, shape, capabilities, appearance, and ethos.<ref>Sampson 1985</ref> These rumors were discredited by Johnson. Howard Hughes and Jack Frye confirmed that the rumors were false in a letter dated November 1941.<ref>Johnson 1985, pp. 92</ref>

==Operational history==
===World War II===
[[File:Lockheed Constellation 1943 NAN15Feb43.jpg|thumb|The first Lockheed Constellation on January 9, 1943]]
With the onset of [[Social:World War II|World War II]], the TWA aircraft entering production were converted to an order for '''[[Engineering:Lockheed C-69 Constellation|C-69 Constellation]]''' military transport aircraft, with 202 aircraft intended for the {{wipe|United States Army Air Forces}} (USAAF). The first prototype (civil registration NX25600) flew on January 9, 1943, a short ferry hop from Burbank to Muroc Field for testing.<ref name=Jane1993 /> Edmund T. "Eddie" Allen, on loan from [[Company:Boeing|Boeing]], flew left seat, with Lockheed's own Milo Burcham as copilot. Rudy Thoren and Kelly Johnson were also aboard.

Lockheed proposed the model '''L-249''' as a long-range bomber. It received the military designation XB-30, but the aircraft was not developed. A plan for a very long-range troop transport, the C-69B ('''L-349''', ordered by Pan Am in 1940 as the '''L-149'''),<ref name="Stringfellow and Bowers" /> was cancelled. A single C-69C ('''L-549'''), a 43-seat VIP transport, was built in 1945 at the Lockheed-Burbank plant.

The C-69 was mostly used as a high-speed, long-distance troop transport during the war.<ref>Pace 2003, p. 17.</ref> In total, 22 C-69s were built before the end of hostilities, but seven of these never entered military service, as they were converted to civilian L-049s on the assembly line.  The USAAF cancelled the remainder of the order in 1945. Some aircraft remained in USAF service into the 1960s, serving as passenger ferries for the airline that relocated military personnel, wearing the livery of the Military Air Transport Service. At least one of these airplanes had rear-facing passenger seats.{{OR|date=July 2023}}

===Postwar use===
[[File:Lockheed L749A N6022C TWA Connie final.jpg|thumb|right|TWA L-749A Constellation at Heathrow in 1954 with an under fuselage "Speedpack" freight container]]
[[File:SCFA-Connie.JPG|thumb|right|Super Constellation (C-121C) during pilot training in Epinal&nbsp;— Mirecourt, France]]

After World War II, the Constellation came into its own as a fast civilian airliner. Aircraft already in production for the USAAF as C-69 transports were finished as civilian airliners, with TWA receiving the first on 1 October 1945. TWA's first transatlantic proving flight departed Washington, D.C., on December 3, 1945, arriving in Paris on December 4 via Gander and Shannon.<ref name=Jane1993 />

TWA transatlantic service started on February 6, 1946, with a New York-Paris flight in a Constellation. On June 17, 1947, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) opened the first-ever scheduled round-the-world service with their [[Engineering:Lockheed L-749 Constellation|L-749]] ''Clipper America''. The famous flight "Pan Am 1" operated until 1982.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

As the first [[Engineering:Cabin pressurization|pressurized airliner]] in widespread use, the Constellation helped establish affordable and comfortable air travel. Operators of Constellations included TWA, Eastern Air Lines, Pan Am, Air France, BOAC, KLM, [[Company:Qantas|Qantas]], Lufthansa, Iberia Airlines, Panair do Brasil, TAP Portugal, Trans-Canada Air Lines (later renamed Air Canada), Aer Lingus, VARIG, Cubana de Aviación,  Línea Aeropostal Venezolana, and Avianca, the national airline of Colombia.

===Records===
Sleek and powerful, Constellations set many records. On April 17, 1944, the second production C-69, piloted by Howard Hughes and TWA president Jack Frye, flew from Burbank, California, to [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], in 6 hours and 57 minutes (about {{convert|2300|mi}} at an average {{convert|331|mph}}). On the return trip, the aircraft stopped at Wright Field in Ohio to give Orville Wright his last flight, more than 40 years after his historic first flight near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. He commented that the Constellation's wingspan was longer than the distance of his first flight.<ref name=yenne />

On September 29, 1957, a TWA L-1649A flew from Los Angeles to London in 18 hours and 32 minutes—about {{convert|5420|mi}} at {{convert|292|mph}}.<ref name=Buck>{{cite magazine |last=Buck |first=Bob |date=10 September 2014 |title=From The Archives: Bob Buck Flies A Connie From LA To London |url=http://airfactsjournal.com/2014/09/archives-bob-buck-flies-connie-la-london/ |magazine=Air Facts Journal |location=Cincinnati, Ohio |publisher=Original publisher: Leighton Collins; relaunch: Sporty’s Pilot Shop |access-date=31 March 2021 |quote="Editor’s Note: Bob Buck was one of Air Facts’ most popular writers in the 1950s and 60s, beloved for his first-hand accounts of the changing airline world… In our latest trip through the Air Facts archives, we fly from Los Angeles to London via the polar route, as told from the left seat of a Connie."}}</ref> The L-1649A holds the record for the longest-duration, nonstop passenger flight aboard a piston-powered airliner. On TWA's first London-to-San Francisco flight on October 1–2, 1957, the aircraft stayed aloft for 23 hours and 19 minutes (about {{convert|5350|mi}} at {{convert|229|mph}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theavgeeks.com/2019/09/16/the-cadillac-of-the-constellation-line/ |title=Longer Range, New Routes |date=16 September 2019 |access-date=2020-07-26 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Longer Range, New Routes. Retrieved July 26, 2020.</ref>

===Obsolescence===
[[File:Lockheed L1049H CF-NAM Nordair MAN 02.07.66 edited-2.jpg|thumb|right|L-1049H freighter of Nordair Canada at Manchester Airport in 1966]]
[[File:Constellation L-049.jpg|thumb|right|A Lockheed Constellation L-049 preserved at TAM Museum]]
Jet airliners such as the [[Engineering:De Havilland Comet|de Havilland Comet]], [[Engineering:Boeing 707|Boeing 707]], [[Engineering:Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8]], [[Engineering:Convair 880|Convair 880]], and [[Engineering:Sud Aviation Caravelle|Sud Aviation Caravelle]] rendered the Constellation obsolete. The first routes lost to jets were the long overseas routes, but Constellations continued to fly domestic routes. The last scheduled passenger flight of a Constellation in the contiguous United States was made by a TWA L749 on May 11, 1967, from Philadelphia to Kansas City, Missouri;<ref name=germain>Germain 1998, p. 89.</ref> the last scheduled passenger flight in North America was by Western Airlines' N86525 in Alaska, Anchorage to Yakutat to Juneau on 26 November 1968.

Constellations carried freight in later years, and were used on backup sections of Eastern Airlines' shuttle service between New York, Washington, and Boston until 1968. Propeller airliners were used on overnight freight runs into the 1990s, as their low speed was not an impediment. An Eastern Air Lines Connie holds the record for a New York–to–Washington flight from take off to touchdown in just over 30 minutes. The record was set prior to speed restrictions by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) below {{convert|10,000|ft}}.<ref>[http://wn.com/Lockheed_Constellation "Lockheed Constellation L749 N749NL Comeback."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040024/http://wn.com/Lockheed_Constellation |date=2012-11-14 }} ''World News.'' Retrieved: February 22, 2011.</ref>

One of the reasons for the elegance of the aircraft was the dolphin-shaped fuselage, a continuously variable profile with no two [[Engineering:Bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s the same shape, which was expensive to build. Manufacturers have subsequently favored tube-shaped fuselages for subsequent airliner designs, as the cylindrical cross-section design is more resistant to pressurization changes and less expensive to build.

After ending Constellation production, Lockheed chose not to develop a first-generation jetliner, sticking to its military business and production of the [[Engineering:Turboprop|turboprop]] [[Engineering:Lockheed L-188 Electra|Lockheed L-188 Electra]]. Lockheed did not build a large passenger aircraft again until its L-1011 Tristar debuted in 1972. While a technological marvel, the L-1011 was a commercial failure, and Lockheed left the commercial airliner business permanently in 1983.<ref>Birtles 1998, p. 56.</ref>

==Variants==
{{Main|Engineering:List of Lockheed Constellation variants}}
[[File:Super Constellation at Salisbury Airport Rhodesia.JPG|thumb|Super Constellation at Charles Prince Airport, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1975, used as a flying club headquarters]]
[[File:Lockheed R7V-2 turboprop Connie in flight c1953.jpeg|thumb|A United States Navy [[Engineering:Lockheed L-1249 Super Constellation|R7V-2]] (L-1249) in flight: The L-1249 used Pratt & Whitney T34 turboprop engines in place of the Wright R-3350 radials.<ref>[http://www.alternatewars.com/SAC/R7V-2_Constellation_SAC_-_1_September_1953.pdf Alternate Wars.com&nbsp;— R7V-2 Standard Aircraft Characteristics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014215711/http://alternatewars.com/SAC/R7V-2_Constellation_SAC_-_1_September_1953.pdf |date=2011-10-14 }}; ''Retrieved 10/12/11''</ref>]]

The initial military versions carried the Lockheed designation of L-049; as World War II came to a close, some were completed as civilian [[Engineering:Lockheed L-049 Constellation|L-049 Constellations]] followed by the L-149 (L-049 modified to carry more fuel tanks).

The first purpose-built passenger Constellations were the more powerful [[Engineering:Lockheed L-649 Constellation|L-649]] and [[Engineering:Lockheed L-749 Constellation|L-749]] (which had more fuel in the outer wings),<ref name="Stringfellow and Bowers">Stringfellow and Bowers 1992.</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2010}} L-849 (an unbuilt model to use the R-3350 [[Engineering:Turbo-compound engine|turbo-compound]] engines adopted for the L-1049 ), L-949 (an unbuilt, high-density seating-''cum''-freighter type, what would come to be called a "[[Engineering:Combi aircraft|combi aircraft]]").<ref name="Stringfellow and Bowers" />

These were followed by the [[Engineering:Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation|L-1049 Super Constellation]] (with longer fuselage), L-1149 (proposal to use Allison turbine engines)<ref name="Stringfellow and Bowers" /> and [[Engineering:Lockheed L-1249 Super Constellation|L-1249]] (similar to L-1149, built as R7V-2/YC-121F),<ref name="Stringfellow and Bowers" /> L-1449 (unbuilt proposal for L1049G, stretched {{convert|55|in|cm|abbr=on}}, with new wing and turbines)<ref name="Stringfellow and Bowers" /> and L-1549 (unbuilt project to stretch L-1449 {{convert|95|in|cm|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Stringfellow and Bowers" />

The final civilian variant was the [[Engineering:Lockheed L-1649 Starliner|L-1649 Starliner]] (all new wing and L1049G fuselage).<ref name="Stringfellow and Bowers" />

Military versions included the [[Engineering:Lockheed C-69 Constellation|C-69]] and [[Engineering:Lockheed C-121 Constellation|C-121]] for the {{wipe|United States Army Air Forces}}/{{wipe|United States Air Force}} and the R7O R7V-1 (L-1049B) [[Engineering:Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star|EC-121]] WV-1 (L-749A) WV-2 (L-1049B) (widely known as the Willie Victor) and many variant EC-121 designations for the Navy.<ref>Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976. {{ISBN|0-87021-968-5}}.</ref><ref>Fahey, James C. ''The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, volumes 1–4, 1939–45''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1965.</ref>

==Operators==
After TWA's initial order was filled following World War II, customers rapidly accumulated, with over 800 aircraft built. In military service, the U.S. Navy and Air Force operated the EC-121 Warning Star variant until 1978, nearly 40 years after work on the L-049 began. Cubana de Aviación was the first airline in Latin America to operate Super Constellations.

==Surviving aircraft==
[[File:SUPER CONSTELLATION FUSELAGE DISPLAYED ABOVE BUILDING DEEP IN EVERGLADES - NARA - 544610.jpg|right|thumb|Constellation fuselage on display on Oasis gas station, Tamiami Trail Florida, 1971<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.pbase.com/donboyd/image/132346035/original | title = 1970's - Lockheed Constellation L-1049G mounted on top of the Oasis American gas station and gift shop on Tamiami Trail | access-date = 28 August 2023}}</ref>]]
[[File:Lockheed L-1049 G Super Constellation (D-ALEM).JPG|thumb|Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation ''D-ALEM'' on display close to Munich International Airport]]

===Commercial===
;On display
;;L-049 
* N90831&nbsp;— on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona. This is a former C-69 transport, s/n 42-94549, that was converted for civilian service, and was one of the first TWA aircraft.<ref>[http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=155 "Lockheed L-049 Constellation."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725124346/http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=155 |date=2011-07-25 }} Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: July 18, 2009.</ref>
* N86533&nbsp;— on display at the TAM Museum, located in São Carlos, Brazil. Previously, it served as a children's attraction at the entrance of Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción, Paraguay. It is painted in the markings of Panair do Brasil.<ref>[http://www.museutam.com.br/smt/jsp/default.jhtml?adPagina=445&adArtigo=3835 "Lockheed Constellation, A majestade dos ares (in Portuguese).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228103227/http://www.museutam.com.br/smt/jsp/default.jhtml?adPagina=445&adArtigo=3835 |date=2007-02-28 }} ''Museum Asas de um Sonho'' (Portugal). Retrieved: July 18, 2009.</ref>
* N9412H&nbsp;— parked adjacent to a flight school and cafe at Greenwood Lake Airport in West Milford, New Jersey. It was delivered as Air France's first Constellation in June 1946 as L-049 F-BAZA, before being sold to Frank Lembo Enterprises in May 1976 for $45,000 for use as a restaurant and lounge. It was flown to the airport in July 1977, and, along with the airport, was sold to the State of New Jersey in 2000. In 2005, the interior was refurbished for use as a flight school office.<ref>Pettersen, Ralph M. [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N9412H.htm "N9412H c/n 2072."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121005818/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N9412H.htm |date=2011-01-21 }} ''Constellation Survivors'', 2011. Retrieved: February 22, 2011.</ref>
* N2520B&nbsp;— on display in Aerosur livery, on the first ring road in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. It is known as ''[[Engineering:Avion Pirata|El Avión Pirata]]''.<ref>Kinder, Steve. [http://www.airlinefan.com/airline-photos/large/8792542/AeroSur/Lockheed/Constellation/N2520B/ "AirlineFan: AeroSur Constellation N2520B in AeroSur Colors"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013550/http://www.airlinefan.com/airline-photos/large/8792542/AeroSur/Lockheed/Constellation/N2520B/ |date=2014-02-22 }} "AirlineFan: AeroSur Constellation N2520B in AeroSur Colors", 2008. Retrieved: June 17, 2012.</ref>
;;L-749 
* F-ZVMV&nbsp;— on display at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace (The Museum of Air and Space) located at Paris-Le Bourget Airport near Le Bourget, France, 10&nbsp;km north of Paris. It initially served with Pan American Airways, before being transferred to Air France, with whom it served until 1960. Afterwards, it was used by the Compagnie Générale des Turbo-Machines (General Company of Turbomachinery) as an engine testbed until December 1974.<ref>[http://www.conniesurvivors.com/F-ZVMV.htm "F-ZVMV c/n 2503."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915213659/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/F-ZVMV.htm |date=2008-09-15 }} ''conniesurvivors.com''. Retrieved: July 18, 2009.</ref>
;;L-1049 Super Constellation 
[[File:Korean L-049 on display.jpg|thumb|Korea Air L-1049 on display at Jeju island the former N494TW painted as HL4003]]
* CF-RNR&nbsp;— on display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. It is painted in the markings it carried during its service with Trans-Canada Air Lines from 1954 to the 1960s. After TCA service, it was sold to World Wide Airways and later retired in Montreal by 1965; it was renovated as a restaurant and bar in and around the Montreal area, and sold and moved again to Toronto and used as convention facility by the Regal Constellation Hotel. It was sold again and stored at Toronto Pearson International Airport. Finally, it was sold to the Museum of Flight, restored in Rome, New York, and shipped to Seattle for display.<ref>Bogash, Robert [http://rbogash.com/connie.html "Super Constellation CF-TGE."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019220832/http://www.rbogash.com/connie.html |date=2011-10-19 }} ''rbogash.com.'' Retrieved: November 3, 2011.</ref><ref>Petersen, Ralph M. [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/CF-RNR.htm "CF-TGE c/n 4544."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011200119/http://conniesurvivors.com/CF-RNR.htm |date=2011-10-11 }} ''conniesurvivors.com''. Retrieved: November 3, 2011.</ref>
* 44-0315&nbsp;— on display at the Air Mobility Command Museum at {{wipe|Dover Air Force Base}} in Dover, Delaware. Last registered N1005C it is painted to represent a USAF C-121C, but was never actually delivered to the air force.
* D-ALIN&nbsp;— on display at the Flugausstellung Hermeskeil, near Hermeskeil, {{wipe|Germany}}. It is a former Lufthansa Super Constellation, and was the actual aircraft that Konrad Adenauer flew into [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]] in 1955, when he negotiated the release of German POWs.
* D-ALEM&nbsp;— on display near Munich International Airport at Munich, Germany. Last registered F-BHML it is painted to represent Super Constellation D-ALEM, Lufthansa's first long-haul aircraft of 1955.<ref>[http://www.munich-airport.de/en/consumer/erlebnis/hist_flugz/superconst/index.jsp "Lockheed L-1049 G Super Constellation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614223840/http://www.munich-airport.de/en/consumer/erlebnis/hist_flugz/superconst/index.jsp |date=2009-06-14 }} ''Munich Airport'' Retrieved: August 31, 2009.</ref>
* IN315&nbsp;— on display at the Naval Aviation Museum at Dabolim in Goa, {{wipe|India}}. This aircraft is a former Air India Super Constellation (VT-DHM ''Rani of Ellora'') that was later transferred to the Indian Navy<ref>[http://www.conniesurvivors.com/IN315.htm "N4247K c/n 4144."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120225439/http://conniesurvivors.com/IN315.htm |date=2010-11-20 }} ''conniesurvivors.com.'' Retrieved: November 21, 2010.</ref>
;;L-1649 Starliner 
* N974R&nbsp;— on display in front of the Fantasy of Flight attraction in Lakeland, Florida.<ref>Pettersen, Ralph M. [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N974R.htm "N974R c/n 1040."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218020158/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N974R.htm |date=2010-12-18 }} ''Constellation Survivors'', 2011. Retrieved: February 22, 2011.</ref>
* ZS-DVJ&nbsp;— On display at Rand Airport in Germiston in Trek Airways colours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saamuseum.co.za/our-aircraft/71-lockheed-l1649a-starliner.html|title = Lockheed L1649A Starliner}}</ref> Used to be at OR Tambo International Airport, South Africa at the South African Airways Technical area. The aircraft is owned by the South African Airways Museum Society.<ref>[http://www.saamuseum.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=84 "Lockheed L1649A Starliner, ZS-DVJ, c/n 1042."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154503/http://www.saamuseum.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=84 |date=2011-07-21 }} ''The South African Airways Museum Society'' via ''saamuseum.co.za''. Retrieved: July 18, 2009.</ref>

;Under restoration or in storage
;;L-049
* N7777G&nbsp;— painted in TWA colors (although this aircraft never flew for TWA) it is stored at the Large Item Storage facility for the UK Science Museum at Wroughton, near Swindon. This aircraft was used by the Rolling Stones to transport equipment during their 1973 Australian tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adastron.com/lockheed/constellation/stones-connie.htm|title=THE STONES' CONNIE&nbsp;— The Lockheed File|website=www.adastron.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909011925/http://www.adastron.com/lockheed/constellation/stones-connie.htm|archive-date=2011-09-09}}</ref> It is the only Constellation in the United Kingdom.<ref>Hayles, John. [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/mus/uk/u-z/wroughton.htm "Science Museum Swindon: Constellation N7777G."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727074342/http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/mus/uk/u-z/wroughton.htm |date=2008-07-27 }} ''aeroflight.co.uk'', July 4, 2009. Retrieved: July 18, 2009.</ref>
;;L-1049 Super Constellation
* F-BRAD&nbsp;— to display by the ''Amicale du Super Constellation'' located at the Nantes Airport in Nantes, France. It was delivered to Air France on November 2, 1953, and was upgraded to a L-1049 G in 1956, serving until August 8, 1967, having totaled 24,284 hours under Air France's colors. After retirement, it was sent to Spain, to be registered EC-BEN, briefly flying humanitarian and medevac missions in Biafra. Aero Fret bought it in 1968, brought it back home to France, registered it as F-BRAD, and operated it on cargo hauls until 1974. When the Constellation landed in Nantes one last time to be scrapped, it was ultimately saved by Mr. Gaborit, who revamped it somewhat by his own modest means to finally park it near the terminal, accessible to visitors for a few years, until the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Nantes-Atlantique Airport bought it, to contract the ''Amicale du Super Constellation'' to undergo a complete restoration of the aircraft.<ref>[http://superconstellation-nantes.fr/pages/en_histoirefbgnj.html "Story of F-BGNJ."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721021530/http://superconstellation-nantes.fr/pages/en_histoirefbgnj.html |date=2011-07-21 }} ''Amicale du Super Constellation''. Retrieved: March 23, 2010.</ref>
* HI-542CT ''City of Miami''&nbsp;— parked on an unused runway at the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. It was struck by a runaway DC-4 on February 3, 1992, resulting in damage to the right wing and main spar.<ref>Pettersen, Ralph M. [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/HI-542CT.htm "HI-542CT c/n 4825."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214071520/http://conniesurvivors.com/HI-542CT.htm |date=2010-12-14 }} ''Constellation Survivors'', 2011. Retrieved: February 22, 2011.</ref>
* N6937C ''Star of America''&nbsp;— to airworthiness by the National Airline History Museum in Kansas City, Missouri. This aircraft was originally built in 1957, stored for several years, and then delivered to cargo carrier Slick Airways. It was restored in 1986 by the Save-a-Connie, Inc. organization, later renamed as the National Airline History Museum. It was originally painted in red and white with Save-a-Connie, but was later repainted in the 1950s livery of TWA to resemble its original ''Star of America'' Constellation.<ref>[http://www.airlinehistorymuseum.com/ "N6937C Lockheed Super Constellation "Star of America."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511155657/http://www.airlinehistorymuseum.com/ |date=2008-05-11 }} ''Airline History Museum at Kansas City.''Retrieved: July 18, 2009.</ref> The aircraft appeared at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport at the original TWA terminal designed by Eero Saarinen to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the airline with the paint scheme donated by TWA in Kansas City for the occasion. The ''Star of America'' has appeared at many airshows and was even used in ''The Aviator'', the 2004 film depicting the life of TWA's one-time owner Howard Hughes, the man often credited with helping design and develop the original Constellation series.<ref>Denning, Larry. [http://www.airlinehistorymuseum.com/movie_1.htm "Connie at the Movies."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225160657/http://www.airlinehistorymuseum.com/movie_1.htm |date=2012-02-25 }} Airline History Museum at Kansas City. Retrieved: July 18, 2009.</ref>
;;L-1649 Starliner
* N7316C&nbsp;— returned to airworthiness by Lufthansa Technik North America in Auburn, Maine. This aircraft was purchased at auction in 2007, along with C/N 1038, by the Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin Foundation. Lufthansa has built a hangar at the airport, which will allow the aircraft to be restored indoors. Lufthansa   announced in March 2018 that it will be transported back to Germany and further restoration decisions will be made after it arrives.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunjournal.com/petitioners-grounded-lufthansa-says-it-still-plans-to-move-constellation-to-germany/|title=Lufthansa sticks to plans to move Constellation to Germany - Lewiston Sun Journal|date=2018-03-27|work=Lewiston Sun Journal|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://superstar.lufthansa.com/en/milestones.html|title=Lufthansa Super Star|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en-GB|archive-date=2018-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008175110/http://superstar.lufthansa.com/en/milestones.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of the end of 2019 the plan is to restore the aircraft for static display in a museum. According to reports from the US, the aircraft was dismantled (as apparently was the Ju-52 D-AQUI) without the requisite documentation that would have allowed the return-to-flight work to continue.    
* N8083H&nbsp;— This aircraft was purchased at auction in 2007, along with C/N 1018, by the Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin Foundation, and stripped of all usable spares to support the restoration of C/N 1018. The aircraft was subsequently sold and transported to JFK International Airport to become a cocktail bar in the TWA Hotel, a retro-aviation themed hotel built on the former TWA Flight Center.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/10/08/vintage-commercial-airplane-set-undertake-long-slow-journey-maine-new-york-where-turned-into-cocktai/1572080002/ "Vintage 'Connie' flying from Maine to NYC to become hotel cocktail lounge"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009181410/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/10/08/vintage-commercial-airplane-set-undertake-long-slow-journey-maine-new-york-where-turned-into-cocktai/1572080002/|date=2018-10-09}} ''USA Today'' via ''usatoday.com''. Retrieved: October 10, 2018.</ref>

===Military===
[[File:Lockheed C-121C Super Constellation, Super Constellation Flyers Association JP6615666.jpg|right|thumb|The Breitling Super Constellation]]
;Airworthy
;;C-121C
* S/N 54-0156&nbsp;— Flies with the Super Constellation Flyers Association out of Basel, as the Breitling Super Constellation. Its restoration was sponsored by {{wipe|Switzerland}} watch manufacturer [[Company:Breitling SA|Breitling]], and is now registered in the Swiss Aircraft registry as HB-RSC. This Constellation is one of two flying in the world.<ref>Pettersen, Ralph M. [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/1-breitling_super_connie.htm "Breitling Super Constellation. After the discovery of corrosion, it was grounded for a time, but is flying again after extensive repairs."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201105649/http://conniesurvivors.com/1-breitling_super_connie.htm |date=2009-02-01 }} conniesurvivors.com, May 2004. Retrieved: July 18, 2009.</ref>
[[File:HARS Super Connie at Woollongong.jpg|thumb|HARS Super Connie at Wollongong, 2004]]
* S/N 54-0157&nbsp;— Flies with the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society (HARS) out of Shellharbour Airport near Wollongong, {{wipe|Australia}}. Following its restoration, it was painted in pseudo-Qantas livery, including the Qantas logo on the tail, (with the usual Qantas lettering along the fuselage and on the wing-end fuel tanks replaced with the word "CONNIE") and registered as VH-EAG. This Constellation is the other of two flying in the world.<ref>[http://hars.org.au/2010/02/connie-takes-to-the-skies/ "Historical Aircraft Restoration Society Super Constellation."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131060457/http://hars.org.au/2010/02/connie-takes-to-the-skies/ |date=2012-01-31 }} ''hars.org.au''. Retrieved: January 30, 2012.</ref>
* S/N 48-0613 ''Bataan''&nbsp;— to airworthiness by Lewis Air Legends in San Antonio, Texas. This aircraft was used as a personal transport by General Douglas MacArthur during the Korean War, and later by other Army general officers until 1966, when it was transferred to NASA. Following its permanent retirement in 1970, it was placed on display at a museum at Fort Rucker near Daleville, Alabama. It was acquired by the Planes of Fame Air Museum at Chino, California, in 1992, and overhauled into airworthy condition for a flight to Dothan, Alabama, where it received additional work. After a thorough restoration back to its original configuration with a "VIP interior", it was placed on display at the Planes of Fame secondary location in Valle, Arizona. Then, in 2015, it was sold to Lewis Air Legends, and prepped for a ferry flight to Chino, arriving there on January 14, 2016. On June 20th, 2023, the Air Legends Foundation’s Lockheed VC-121A Constellation took off on its first post-restoration flight from Chino Airport.  The aircraft flew to the 2023 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. <ref name="2023Airventure">{{cite web |last1=Garbuno |first1=Daniel Martínez |title=Lockheed C-121A Constellation 'Bataan' Makes An Appearance At EAA AirVenture 2023 |url=https://simpleflying.com/lockheed-c-121a-constellation-bataan-makes-an-appearance-at-eaa-airventure-2023/ |website=Simple Flying |access-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802044005/https://simpleflying.com/lockheed-c-121a-constellation-bataan-makes-an-appearance-at-eaa-airventure-2023/ |archive-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>

;On display
;;VC-121A
* S/N 48-0609&nbsp;— on display at Jeongseok Airport on Jeju Island, South Korea. It was donated to Korean Air in 2005, and restored to airworthy condition at Tucson, Arizona. It was then ferried to South Korea, where it made its final flight, under its own power, from Seoul to its current location for static display. It has been repainted in 1950s Korean Air colors, and rendered unable to fly by the presence of unserviceable engines.<ref>Pettersen, Ralph M. [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N494TW.htm "N494TW c/n 2601."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123080015/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N494TW.htm |date=2011-01-23 }} ''Constellation Survivors'', 2011. Retrieved: February 22, 2011.</ref>
[[File:Lockheed Constellation N749NL Aviodrome.JPG|thumb|L-749A restored at Aviodrome]]
* S/N 48-0612&nbsp;— on display at the Dutch National Aviation Museum Aviodrome. It was restored to airworthy condition and ferried from Tucson, Arizona, to the Netherlands, where restoration continued. It is now painted in the KLM livery of the 1950s, depicting a KLM Lockheed L-749A. Renamed ''Flevoland'', this was the only airworthy example of the "short" version of the Constellation until an engine failure grounded the aircraft.
* S/N 48-0614 ''Columbine''&nbsp;— on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona. This aircraft was used by Dwight D. Eisenhower during his role as Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe commander before he became president. It is on loan from the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force.<ref>[http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=147 Pima Air and Space Museum webpage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707065809/http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=147 |date=2010-07-07 }}. Retrieved 2013-11-05</ref>
;;VC-121E
[[File:Lockheed VC-121E Super Constellation.jpg|thumb|right|Dwight D. Eisenhower flew in three Constellations, named ''Columbine'', ''Columbine II'', and ''Columbine III''.]]
* S/N 53-7885 ''Columbine III''&nbsp;— on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. ''Columbine III'' was used as Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential aircraft, and was eventually retired to the museum in 1966, where it is now displayed in the museum's Presidential Gallery (Building 4).<ref name="Petersen2">Petersen, Ralph M. [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/53-7885.htm "53-7885 c/n 4151."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529031050/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/53-7885.htm |date=2013-05-29 }} ''Lockheed Constellation Survivors.'' Retrieved: 16 July 2013.</ref> The interior of the aircraft is open to the public.
;;C-121C
[[File:20180328 C-121 Constellation Udvar-Hazy.jpg|thumb|C-121 on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center]]
* S/N 54-0155&nbsp;— on display at {{wipe|Lackland Air Force Base}} near San Antonio, Texas
* S/N 54-0177&nbsp;— on display at the National Air and Space Museum, Udvar-Hazy Center located at Dulles Airport in Virginia.<ref>[https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/lockheed-1049f-55-96-constellation "C-121A."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201200741/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/lockheed-1049f-55-96-constellation |date=2018-02-01 }} ''National Air and Space Museum.'' Retrieved 9 March 2018.</ref>
* S/N 54-0180&nbsp;— on display at {{wipe|Charleston Air Force Base}} near North Charleston, South Carolina.
;;C-121J
* BuNo 131643&nbsp;— From March 2020 onwards, the aircraft is on static display at the [[Biology:Qantas Founders Outback Museum|Qantas Founders Outback Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Museum|first=Qantas Founders|date=2020-03-19|title=A FINAL MOVE FOR THE SUPER CONSTELLATION DISPLAY|url=https://qfom.com.au/2020/03/19/a-final-move-for-the-super-constellation-display/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Qantas Founders Museum|language=en-AU}}</ref> Formerly stored in derelict condition at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, Philippines and impounded at the airport from June 1988<ref>[http://www.conniesurvivors.com/N4247K.htm "N4247K."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120230015/http://conniesurvivors.com/N4247K.htm |date=2010-11-20 }} ''conniesurvivors.com.'' Retrieved: November 23, 2010.</ref> to September 2014, when it was secured for removal and static preservation by the Qantas Founders Outback Museum, Longreach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warbirdsnews.com/warbirds-news/qantas-museum-acquires-super-constellation.html|title=Qantas Founders Museum Saves a 'Super Constellation'|publisher=Warbirds News|date=22 September 2014|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208105008/http://www.warbirdsnews.com/warbirds-news/qantas-museum-acquires-super-constellation.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
;;EC-121K
* BuNo 137890&nbsp;— on display at {{wipe|Tinker Air Force Base}} near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
* BuNo 141297&nbsp;— on display at the Museum of Aviation at {{wipe|Robins Air Force Base}} near Warner Robins, Georgia.
* BuNo 141309&nbsp;— on display at the Aerospace Museum of California at the former {{wipe|McClellan Air Force Base}} in North Highlands, California. This aircraft is a former navy aircraft on loan from the National Museum of the United States Air Force. It is painted in the markings of a USAF EC-121 Warning Star.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130223140010/http://www.aerospaceca.org/museum_aircraft/ec121d.html "EC-121D."] ''Aerospace Museum of California''. Retrieved: January 20, 2013.</ref>
* BuNo 141311&nbsp;— on display at the Chanute Aerospace Museum at the former Chanute AFB in Rantoul, Illinois.
* BuNo 143221&nbsp;— on display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola near Pensacola, Florida.
;;EC-121T
[[File:Lockheed Constellation Topeka.jpg|thumb|right|N4257U on display at the Combat Air Museum in Topeka]]
* S/N 52-3418&nbsp;— on display at the Combat Air Museum in Topeka, Kansas. This aircraft was delivered to the Air Force in October 1954. It served an additional 22 years, until it was retired and flown to Davis Monthan AFB for storage on April 7, 1976. It June 1981, it was ferried to Topeka, Kansas, with Frank Lang in command.
* S/N 52-3425&nbsp;— on display at the Peterson Air and Space Museum at Peterson AFB in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Previously assigned to the 966th AEWCS at McCoy AFB, Florida, and then the 79th AEWCS at Homestead AFB, Florida. It was the last operational EC-121 and was deployed by the 79th AEWCS to NAS Keflavik, Iceland. It was delivered to Peterson AFB in October 1978.<ref>[http://www.petemuseum.org/EC121T.html "EC121T".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128122913/http://petemuseum.org/EC121T.html |date=2010-11-28 }} petemuseum.org. Retrieved: November 21, 2010.</ref>
* S/N 53-0548&nbsp;— on display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California. Stored at Camarillo Airport, from 2000 to 2012, this aircraft made its final flight, to Chino, on January 14, 2012.
* S/N 53-0554&nbsp;— on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona. {{as of|2014|April|6|df=US}}, it is undergoing restoration on its [[Engineering:Radome|radome]].<ref>[http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=152 "Lockheed EC-121T Constellation."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108034826/http://www.pimaair.org/collection-detail.php?cid=152 |date=2010-01-08 }} ''Pima Air & Space Museum''. Retrieved: July 18, 2009.</ref>
* S/N 53-0555&nbsp;— on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, in the museum's Southeast Asia Gallery (Building 2).<ref>[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196058/lockheed-ec-121d-constellation.aspx Lockheed EC-121D Constellation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207011441/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196058/lockheed-ec-121d-constellation.aspx |date=2016-12-07 }} National Museum of the United States Air Force via nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved: July 23, 2019.</ref>

;Under restoration or in storage
;;WV-1
* BuNo 124438&nbsp;— to airworthiness by Gordon Cole at Salina, Kansas. This aircraft was the first of two WV-1s delivered to the U.S. Navy in 1949. Essentially, it was a prototype for the EC-121 Warning Star that followed. Retired from the Navy in 1957, it served the FAA from 1958 to 1966, before being flown to Salina in 1967 for retirement. It remains parked there, and was last flown in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conniesurvivors.com/1-salina_connie.htm |title=Salina Connie |access-date=2013-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204220509/http://www.conniesurvivors.com/1-salina_connie.htm |archive-date=2012-12-04 }} Salina Connie. Retrieved February 16, 2013.</ref>
;;VC-121A
* S/N 48-0610 ''[[Engineering:Columbine II|Columbine II]]''&nbsp;— to airworthiness by Dynamic Aviation in Bridgewater, Virginia. This aircraft served as the first {{wipe|Air Force One}}, during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower, before it was replaced by ''Columbine III'' as Eisenhower's primary presidential aircraft in 1954. After a long period of storage at Marana Regional Airport, near Tucson, Arizona, this aircraft made its first flight, since 2003, in March 2016, when it was ferried to Bridgewater for additional restoration.<ref name="restoration">{{cite news |title=First Air Force One Aircraft Lands in Bridgewater for Restorations |url=http://www.nbc29.com/story/31552601/first-air-force-one-aircraft-lands-in-bridgewater-for-restorations |first=Jenna |last=Dagenhart |publisher=WVIR |date=March 23, 2016 |access-date=March 24, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327111817/http://www.nbc29.com/story/31552601/first-air-force-one-aircraft-lands-in-bridgewater-for-restorations |archive-date=March 27, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/first-air-force-one-plane-decaying-arizona-field-f6C10655363|title=First Air Force One plane decaying in Arizona field&nbsp;— NBC News|website=NBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203102/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/first-air-force-one-plane-decaying-arizona-field-f6C10655363|archive-date=2014-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD8QiMlCk9U|title=AMERICA'S LOST AIR FORCE ONE|last=First Air Force One|date=3 June 2014|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217053025/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD8QiMlCk9U|archive-date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/the-first-air-force-one-has-taken-to-the-skies-once-aga-1766275489|title=The First Air Force One Has Taken To The Skies Once Again|first=Tyler|last=Rogoway|date=22 March 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503105204/http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/the-first-air-force-one-has-taken-to-the-skies-once-aga-1766275489|archive-date=2016-05-03}}</ref>

;;EC-121T
* S/N 51-3417&nbsp;— in storage at Helena Regional Airport in Helena, Montana. Acquired by the Castle Air Museum of Atwater, California, in 2014.

==Specifications (L-1049G Super Constellation)==
[[File:Constellation Wiki.jpg|right|300px|Lockheed Super Constellation of Lufthansa.]]
[[File:Lockheed C-121C (L-1049) Super Constellation drawings.png|right|400px|Lockheed C-121C (L-1049) Super Constellation.]]
{{Aircraft specs
| ref = ''Great Aircraft of the World''<ref name = greatac>Cacutt 1989, pp. 314–322.</ref> and ''Quest for Performance''<ref>Loftin, L. K. Jr. [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm ''Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft. NASA SP-468''.] {{webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060613210139/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm |date = 2006-06-13 }} Retrieved: April 22, 2006.</ref>
|prime units?=imp
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
| crew = 5 flight crew, varying cabin crew
| capacity = typically 62–95 passengers (109 in high-density configuration) / {{cvt|18300|lb|0}} payload
|length ft=116
|length in=2
|length note=
|span ft=126
|span in=2
|span note=
|height ft=24
|height in=9
|height note=
|wing area sqft=1654
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=9.17
|airfoil='''root:''' [[Physics:NACA airfoil|NACA 23018]]; '''tip:''' [[Physics:NACA airfoil|NACA 4412]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight lb=79700
|empty weight note=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=137500
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=<br>
*'''[[Physics:Zero-lift drag coefficient|Zero-lift drag coefficient]]:''' ''C''<sub>D,0</sub> = 0.0211
*'''[[Physics:Zero-lift drag coefficient|Drag area:]]''' {{convert|34.82|ft2|m2|abbr=on}}
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=4
|eng1 name=Wright R-3350-DA3 Duplex-Cyclone
|eng1 type=18 cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines
|eng1 hp=3250
|eng1 note=

|prop blade number=3
|prop name=constant-speed propellers
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed mph=377
|max speed note=
|cruise speed mph=340
|cruise speed note=at {{cvt|22,600|ft|m|0}}
|stall speed mph=100
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed mph=
|minimum control speed note=
|range miles=5400
|range note=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling ft=24000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|lift to drag=16
|climb rate ftmin=1620
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading lb/sqft=87.7
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass={{cvt|0.094|hp/lb}}
|thrust/weight=

|more performance=<!--</br>
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}
*'''Take-off distance to {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}
*'''Landing distance from {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}-->

|avionics=
}}

==Accidents and incidents==

==See also==
{{Aircontent
<!-- include as many lines as are appropriate. additional lines/entries with a carriage return. -->
|related=
*[[Engineering:Lockheed L-049 Constellation|L-049 Constellation]]
*[[Engineering:Lockheed C-69 Constellation|C-69 Constellation]]
*[[Engineering:Lockheed L-649 Constellation|L-649 Constellation]]
*[[Engineering:Lockheed L-749 Constellation|L-749 Constellation]]
*[[Engineering:Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation|L-1049 Super Constellation]]
*[[Engineering:Lockheed C-121 Constellation|C-121/R7V Constellation]]
*[[Engineering:Lockheed L-1249 Super Constellation|L-1249 Super Constellation]] (R7V-2/YC-121F)
*L-1649A Starliner
|similar aircraft=
*Boeing 377
*[[Engineering:Douglas DC-4E|Douglas DC-4E]]
*[[Engineering:Douglas DC-6|Douglas DC-6]]
*[[Engineering:Douglas DC-7|Douglas DC-7]]
*Bristol Britannia
|lists=
*List of Lockheed aircraft
*[[Engineering:List of Lockheed Constellation variants|List of Lockheed Constellation variants]]
*List of military aircraft of the United States
*List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)
|see also=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* Birtles, Phillip. ''Lockheed L-1011 TriStar'' (Airliner Color History). St. Paul: Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-7603-0582-9}}.
* Boyne, Walter J. ''Beyond the Horizons: The Lockheed Story''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-312-24438-X}}.
* Cacutt, Len, ed. "Lockheed Constellation". ''Great Aircraft of the World''. London: Marshall Cavendish, 1989. {{ISBN|1-85435-250-4}}.
* Germain, Scott E. ''Lockheed Constellation and Super Constellation''. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1998. {{ISBN|1-58007-000-0}}.
* Johnson, Clarence L. "Kelly" with Smith, Maggie. ''Kelly: More Than My Share of It All''. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985. {{ISBN|0-87474-564-0}}.
* {{cite book |author1=Key Publishing |title=Lockheed Constellation |series=Historic Commercial Aircraft Series, Vol 8 |date=2023 |publisher=Key Publishing |location=Stamford, Lincs, UK |isbn=9781802823745 |url={{GBurl|gpQ_zwEACAAJ}}}}
* Marson, Peter J. ''The Lockheed Constellation Series''. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 1982. {{ISBN|0-85130-100-2}}.
* Pace, Steve. ''X-Planes: Pushing the Envelope of Flight''. Osceola, Wisconsin: Zenith Imprint, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7603-1584-2}}.
*{{cite journal |last1=Rossignol|first1=Jean-Pierre|title="Adieu Connie"|journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=January 1977 |issue=86 |pages=34–37 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr|trans-title=Farewell Connie}}
* Sampson, Anthony. ''Empires of the Sky: The Politics, Contest and Cartels of World Airlines''. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985. {{ISBN|0-340-37668-6}}.
* Smith, M. J. Jr. ''Passenger Airliners of the United States, 1926–1991''. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1986. {{ISBN|0-933126-72-7}}.
* Stringfellow, Curtis K. and Peter M. Bowers. ''Lockheed Constellation: A Pictorial History''. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks, 1992. {{ISBN|0-87938-379-8}}.
* Taylor, Michael J.H., ed. "Lockheed Constellation and Super Constellation". ''Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation''. New York: Crescent, 1993. {{ISBN|0-517-10316-8}}.
* ''United States Air Force Museum Guidebook''. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
* Yenne, Bill, ''Lockheed''. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1987. {{ISBN|0-517-60471-X}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Lockheed Constellation}}
* [http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/100years/stories/constellation.html Lockheed Martin: How the Constellation Became the Star of the Skies]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNYDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+mechanics+1943+flying+shark&pg=PA1 ''Popular Mechanics'', June 1943, ''The Flying Shark''] one of the first detailed articles on the C-69 Constellation
* [http://www.conniesurvivors.com/index.htm#top Connie Survivors]
* [http://www.air-and-space.com/Lockheed%20Constellation%20survivors.htm Goleta Air and Space Museum: Lockheed Constellation Survivors]
* [http://www.warbirdalley.com/connie.htm Warbird Alley: Connie page]
* [http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/Lockheed%20Connie%20VH-EAB%20Qantas.htm A photograph and description of VH-EAB and two colored promotional posters for Qantas Empire Airways's Constellation services], [[Company:Qantas|Qantas Empire Airways]] Lockheed L749 Constellation VH-EAB.
* [http://www.lht-superstar.com Restoration of Lockheed L-1649A Super Star to airworthy condition by Lufthansa Technik]
*[http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview?pi=nla.pic-an23324083 One of four similar aerial photographs of VH-EAB] by Frank Hurley, with brief annotation
* [http://www.superconstellation.org/ Super Constellation Flyers Association]
* [http://www.chriscummings.cc/air/Musuem,%20Flights%20and%20Air%20Shows/Airline%20History%20Musuem%20(Connie,%20404)/Connie/index.html Many detailed close-up photographs of the Constellation from the Airline History Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109000509/http://www.chriscummings.cc/air/Musuem,%20Flights%20and%20Air%20Shows/Airline%20History%20Musuem%20(Connie,%20404)/Connie/index.html |date=2008-01-09 }}
* [http://issuu.com/chestnuts Maintenance parts catalog Constellation model L-049 reissue:1947]
*[https://archive.today/20181015214320/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/lockheed-constellation-airliner-twa-hotel/index.html Historic airliner trucked 300 miles to be a hotel bar] – CNN

{{Lockheed Martin aircraft}}


[[Category:Four-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Four-engined piston aircraft]]

{{Sourceattribution|Lockheed Constellation}}