View source for Engineering:Let L-410 Turbolet

{{short description|Twin-engine short-range transport aircraft}}
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
 |name = L-410 Turbolet
 |image = File:L410 UVP-E20.jpg
 |caption =
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
 |type = [[Engineering:Regional airliner|Regional airliner]], cargo aircraft
 |manufacturer = Let Kunovice
 |designer =
 |first flight = 16 April 1969<ref name =janes725>Jane’s 1980, p. 725.</ref>
 |introduced = 1970
 |retired =
 |status = In service
 |primary user = 
 |more users =
 |produced = 1971–present
 |number built = 1,200<ref name=UVP-E20brochure/><ref name =AINrollout2015>{{cite web |url = https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2015-07-15/updated-l-410-turboprop-rolls-out-czech-republic |title = Updated L-410 Turboprop Rolls Out in Czech Republic |publisher = AIN Online |first = Gregory |last = Polek |date = 15 July 2015}}</ref>
 |developed from =
 |variants with their own articles = [[Engineering:Aircraft Industries L 410 NG|Aircraft Industries L 410 NG]]
 |developed into =
}}
|}

The '''Let L-410 Turbolet''' is a twin-engine short-range transport aircraft designed and produced by the [[Place:Czech Republic|Czech]] aircraft manufacturer Let Kunovice (named Aircraft Industries since 2005).

It was developed as the ''L-400'' during the 1960s in response to an Aeroflot requirement for an [[Engineering:Antonov An-2|Antonov An-2]] replacement and performed its [[Engineering:Maiden flight|maiden flight]] on 16 April 1969. Since 1970, the L-410 has been in operation with a variety of customers, having been typically used as an airliner and a [[Utility|utility]] transport aircraft, numerous military air services have also adopted the type. The aircraft is capable of landing on short and unpaved runways and operating under extreme conditions from {{convert|-50|to|+50|°C}}.

Various models of the L-410 have been produced over the type’s production run of over fifty years; while initial aircraft were powered by imported Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6-27 engines, most models have been powered by domestically built Walter M601. Both the size and capabilities of the aircraft differ across the family; during the 1990s, the company pivoted towards the Western market and pursued type certification by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) of its later models. Perhaps the most substantial variant to date is the [[Engineering:Aircraft Industries L 410 NG|L 410 NG]], which has double the range of the original model, as well as other improvements such as a [[Engineering:Glass cockpit|glass cockpit]]. By 2016, in excess of 1,200 L-410s had been constructed while in excess of 350 aircraft were reportedly in service with operators across more than 50 countries.<ref name=UVP-E20brochure/>

==Development==
Development of the L-410 was started during the mid-1960s by the [[Place:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] aircraft manufacturer Let Kunovice. The company had decided to launch the project with awareness that the Soviet airline Aeroflot was actively seeking a [[Engineering:Turboprop|turboprop]]-powered replacement for the [[Engineering:Antonov An-2|Antonov An-2]] biplane, which was viewed as a potentially lucrative opportunity for a suitable aircraft.<ref name = "airwaysmag2023"/> Preliminary studies performed by Let centred around a design referred to as the ''L-400''. In addition to its use as an airliner, equal attention was paid towards its suitability for the role of a cargo aircraft.<ref name =janes725/>

Following considerable revision of the original concept, a new version was produced, which the company called the ''L-410 Turbolet''. On 16 April 1969, the first prototype, designated ''XL-410'', performed its [[Engineering:Maiden flight|maiden flight]], piloted by Vladimir Vik and Frantisek Svinka.<ref name =janes725/><ref name = "airwaysmag2023">{{cite web |url = https://airwaysmag.com/maiden-flight-let-l-410/ |title = 4/16/1969: Maiden Flight of the Let L-410 |publisher = airwaysmag.com |first = Lee |last = Cross |date = 16 April 2023}}</ref> The prototype was not only used for test flights but also to promote the aircraft to potential customers, appearing at various air shows, including the 1969 Paris Air Show.<ref name = "airwaysmag2023"/> As a consequence of the delayed development of a suitable Czech engine, the Walter M601, both the prototype and the initial production model were powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6-27 engines and [[Company:Hartzell Propeller|Hartzell]] HC-B-3TN-3D three-blade propellers, both of which were imported from [[Earth:North America|North America]].<ref name =cecrdle267>Cecrdle 2023, p. 267.</ref>

Once development of the M601 engine had been completed, it was quickly adopted and coupled with Avia-built V 508 three-blade propellers to replace the PT6 engine on the second production model, designated ''L-410M''.<ref name =cecrdle267/> A further version, the ''L-410 UVP'', was specifically developed for Aeroflot, who had expressed dissatisfaction in the performance of the initial model.<ref name = "airwaysmag2023"/> In comparison with earlier models, the revised aircraft provided improved performance in take-off and landing, which are largely due to its increased wing and tail area, making it a [[Engineering:STOL|Short take-off/landing]] (STOL) aircraft. As a consequence of its increased empty weight and a shift in the center of gravity, the L-410 UVP has a decreased seating capacity of 15 passengers.

The most common variant of the type, the ''L-410 UVP-E'', possesses an increased maximum take-off weight of {{cvt|6400|kg|lb}}, is equipped with more powerful M601E engines that drive new five-blade propellers designated V 510, and is provisioned for equipping [[Engineering:Wing tip|wing tip tank]]s that increase the aircraft's overall fuel capacity.<ref name =cecrdle267/> The L-410 UVP-E performed its first flight in 1984 while quantity production of the model commenced during 1986. By 1990, in excess of 1,000 L-410s had been constructed.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/ageing-airliner-census-1999/27605.article |title = Ageing airliner census 1999 |publisher = flightglobal.com |first = Max |last = Kingsley-Jones |date = 14 July 1999}}</ref>

The ''L-410 UVP-E9'' and ''L-410 UVP-E20'' are versions which vary from each other only minorly, these were produced to satisfy the differing regulations of various certifying authorities of different regions. Later production L-420s have been outfitted with a newer Walter engine variant, the M601F. Production of the L-410 UVP-E20 was underway in the early twenty-first century, being powered by the latest derivative of the M601 engine, designated ''GE H80-200'', and outfitted new Avia Propeller ''AV-725'' five blade propellers.<ref name =cecrdle2678>Cecrdle 2023, pp. 267-268.</ref>

Following the end of the [[History:Cold War|Cold War]], company officials opted to pursue opportunities for the aircraft in Western markets. On 11 March 1998, the L-410 first received approval for its use in [[Earth:North America|North America]] by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); the improved L-410 UVP-E20 was similarly certified on 30 June 2015.<ref name=FAAtcds>{{citation |url = http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/a9c0e9d64535fc9d86257fdc0055c60a/$FILE/A42CE_Rev11.pdf |title = Type Certificate data sheet No. A42CE |date = 24 June 2016 |publisher = Federal Aviation Administration}}</ref><ref name =AINrollout2015/> On 4 February 2005, this same model of the L-410 had been certified by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) while all other production variants followed on 28 March 2007.<ref name=EASAtcds>{{citation |url = https://www.easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/TCDS_L_410_A%20026_Iss_22.pdf |title = Type Certificate data sheet A.026 Issue 22 |date = 14 August 2017 |publisher = European Union Aviation Safety Agency |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170818010123/https://www.easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/TCDS_L_410_A%20026_Iss_22.pdf |archive-date = 18 August 2017 }}</ref> In the mid-2010s, a typical production rate of 15 L-410 UVPs were being completed each year.<ref>Steenhuis and Eriksson 2015, p. 327.</ref>

On 3 September 2013, the Russian company UGMK (Iskander Machmudov) became the majority owner of LET Kunovice Aircraft Industries. At the time of the acquisition, it was announced that a new production line for the L-410 would be established within Russia within one year.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newsru.com/finance/25jul2013/rul410plane.html|title=Новости NEWSru.com :: Чешский самолет L 410 окончательно станет российским |work = newsru.com |access-date = 7 March 2016 |date = 25 July 2013}}</ref> As part of this strategy, the company developed the most substantial variant of the aircraft to date, the [[Engineering:Aircraft Industries L 410 NG|L 410 NG]], which can be visually distinguished from its predecessors by its considerably longer nose as well its enlarged rear area, the latter change being made to accommodate the carriage of double the luggage. It is also furnished a new wing design and has been fitted with a modernised [[Company:Garmin|Garmin]] G3000 [[Engineering:Glass cockpit|glass cockpit]]. The propulsion system has also been redesigned, featuring more powerful and quieter GE H85 engines that drive Avia-725 propellers. The L 410 NG can fly for double the range of the original model of the aircraft.<ref name = "airliner NG2015"/><ref name = "airwaysmag2023"/>

On 7 July 2015, the company displayed the first L 410 NG, which had been manufactured in Russia;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://vz.ru/news/2015/7/7/754936.html |title = ВЗГЛЯД / УГМК представила новый российский самолет L-410 NG |work = vz.ru |access-date = 7 March 2016}}</ref> it performed its first flight on 29 July 2015.<ref name = "airliner NG2015">{{cite journal |title = Let L-410NG |journal = Airliner World |date = October 2015 |page = 19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ge.com/news/taxonomy/term/2661 |title = Czech Mates: Once Bound for Siberia, this Airborne Duo Keeps Climbing Higher |publisher = [[Company:General Electric|General Electric]] |date = 29 July 2015}}</ref> Power grew up to {{cvt|850|shp|kW}} instead of the previous {{cvt|800|shp|kW}} GE H80-200, speed increased to {{cvt|223|kn|kph}}. Maximum take-off weight rose {{cvt|500|kg|lb}} to {{cvt|7000|kg|lb}} and [[Astronomy:Range (aeronautics)|range]] to {{cvt|1350|nmi|km}} up from the original {{cvt|820|nmi|km}}. Fuel capacity rose from {{cvt|1300|to|2450|kg|lb}}  and [[Astronomy:Endurance (aeronautics)|endurance]] from five hours to nine hours. FAA, EASA and Russian [[Engineering:Type certificate|certification]] took place in late 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ila-aircraft-industries-targets-2016-sales-for-new-425905/ |title = ILA: Aircraft Industries targets 2016 sales for new L 410 turboprop |publisher = Flight International |date= 31 May 2016}}</ref> Serial production of the L 410 NG commenced in March 2018.

Due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which led to sanctions against the Russian Federation by the European Union and other Western countries, Aircraft Industries lost its main customer for its passenger aircraft – Russia. Due to the subsequent financial difficulties, the Kunovice based aircraft factory was acquired by the OMNIPOL Group in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - Omnipol |url=https://www.omnipol.cz/en/o-nas |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=www.omnipol.cz |language=en}}</ref>

== Design ==
[[File:Landing L-410 (3175267824).jpg|thumb|Head-on view of a L-410 landing upon snow]]

The Let L-410 Turbolet is an [[Engineering:Cabin pressurization|unpressurized]] all-metal high-wing commuter aircraft. It is characterised by its relatively low maintenance and operating costs, as well as its adaptable design, which includes special interchangeable configurations.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.let.cz/en/l410uvp |title = L 410 |publisher = let.cz |access-date = 6 May 2023}}</ref> All models are equipped with a retractable undercarriage. The L-410 UVP-E features two hydraulic circuits, one being the primary and the other intended for emergencies; the main electrical system operates with 28V&nbsp;DC. The de-icing system is leading edge pneumatic deicers and electrical heating of propellers, [[Engineering:Cockpit|cockpit]] [[Engineering:Windshield|windshield]]s and [[Engineering:Pitot-static system|pitot-static system]] heads. The maximum take-off weight of the L-410 UVP-E is 6400&nbsp;kg with the possibility of an increase to {{cvt|6600|kg|lb}} for the E9 and E20 variants, possessing a maximum seating capacity of between 17 and 19 passengers. The L-410 UVP-E is equipped with Avia V 510 five-blade propellers.

The L 410 UVP-E20 is certified on the basis of FAR 23 either Amendment 34 or Amendment 41. It is certified by the European Union, the Russian Federation, the United States, {{wipe|Brazil}}, {{wipe|Argentina}}, {{wipe|Chile}}, Peru, Venezuela, Cuba, {{wipe|India}}, Nepal, {{wipe|Philippines}}, [[Place:Korea|Korea]], Indonesia, Republic of {{wipe|South Africa}}, Algeria, {{wipe|Australia}}, Taiwan, [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]], and many other countries accepting some of the previous certificates.<ref name=certifications>{{cite web |url = http://www.let.cz/clanek_274_certifikaty-l-410.html |title = Certificates L-410 |publisher = LET |access-date = 17 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170818044755/http://www.let.cz/clanek_274_certifikaty-l-410.html |archive-date = 18 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The aircraft has also been approved for operation in a number of other countries, such as Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Tunisia, Colombia, Venezuela, {{wipe|South Korea}} and others. The airplane is certified for [[Engineering:Instrument flight rules|IFR]] operation, CAT I [[Engineering:Instrument landing system|ILS]] approaches, and flights in icing conditions.

==Variants==
[[Image:Лет Л-410 092610, Москва - Жуковский (Раменское) RP25461.jpg|thumb|Cockpit of a L-410UVP-E]]
[[File:Let L-410UVP-E20 Turbolet, Central American Airways JP6942766.jpg|thumb|A L-410UVP-E20 taxiing]]

* '''L-410:''' Prototype, three units built.
* '''L-410A:''' First series with Pratt & Whitney PT6A-27 turbo-prop engines. Twelve built.
** '''L-410AB:''' Version with four-bladed propellers.
** '''L-410AF:''' Aerial photo version supplied to Hungary.
** '''L-410AG:''' With modified equipment. Never built.
** '''L-410AS:''' Test aircraft, supplied to the USSR. Five airplanes built
* '''L-410FG:''' Aerial photography version based on L-410UVP
* '''L-410M:''' Second series with Walter M601A engines.
** '''L-410AM:''' Version with improved M601Bs, also known as '''L-410MA''' or '''L-410MU'''.
* '''L-410 UVP:''' (''Ukorochennaya vzlot-posadka'', "short take-off and landing") Third series, fundamentally modified. The principal changes are a trunk, an extended wingspan by {{convert|0.80|m|ft|abbr=on}}, M601Bs, a higher horizontal stabilizer. The UVP variants possesses [[Engineering:STOL|STOL]] characteristics.
** '''L-410 UVP-S:''' Salon variant of the UVP with upward hinged entrance hatch.
** '''L-410 UVP-E:''' Re-equipped with M601Es, five-bladed Avia V510 propellers, additional fuel tanks at the wing ends.
** '''L-410T:''' Transport variant of the UVP with larger loading hatch ({{convert|1.25|x|1.46|m|ft|disp=or}}), can transport 6 stretchers as a medical airplane with a medic, or 12 parachutists. It can also carry {{cvt|1000|kg|lb}} of cargo containers.
* '''L-420:''' upgraded L-410 UVP-E -  new M601Fs, certified variant of the L-410 UVP-E20
* '''[[Engineering:Aircraft Industries L 410 NG|L 410 NG]]:''' Substantially redesigned and expanded version, powered by new GE H85 engines and a [[Engineering:Glass cockpit|glass cockpit]]. Capable carrying twice as much cargo as well as roughly double the endurance of the original model.

==Operators==
[[File:Skydiving from a Let L-410.jpg|thumb|The L-410 has been a popular aircraft for skydivers]]


Large numbers of L-410s were delivered to the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]; by 1985, 500 aircraft had reportedly been obtained by various operators within the USSR alone.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Sl004c0DoNEC&q=Let+Kunovice+L-410 |title = Indian Trade Journal |date = 1985 |publisher = Department of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics}}</ref> Accordingly, the type has been heavily operated by various ex-Soviet states, in particular {{wipe|Russia}}. Furthermore, numerous L-410s have been sold to airlines across [[Earth:Asia|Asia]], [[Earth:Africa|Africa]], Central America, and [[Earth:South America|South America]]. Forty aircraft are in use throughout [[Earth:Europe|Europe]] for commercial operations, including skydiving.

===Civilian===

In July 2015, 178 Let L-410 were in airline service: 73 in Africa, 58 in Europe, 41 in Americas and 6 in Asia Pacific and the Middle East; its airline operators with four or more aircraft were:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://d1fmezig7cekam.cloudfront.net/VPP/Global/Flight/Airline%20Business/AB%20home/Edit/WorldAirlinerCensus2015.pdf |title = World Airliner Census |date = August 2015 |publisher = Flight Global}}</ref>
* 25: Air-Tec Global
* 8: Orenburzhie Air Company
* 7: Searca
* 5: Kin Avia and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Enterprise
* 4: Air Express Algeria, Eagle Air, Solenta Aviation, 2nd Arkhangelsk United Aviation Division, Van Air Europe, Komiaviatrans, KrasAvia, Air Guyane Express and Comeravia

==Accidents and incidents==
The Let L-410 Turbolet has experienced 118 accidents out of a total production and export of 1,200 units. <ref>{{cite web |url = https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/Let-L-410/statistics |title = Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Aircraft type index > Let L 410 > Let L-410 Statistics |first = Harro |last = Ranter |website = aviation-safety.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/Least-safe-aircraft-models-revealed/ |title = 'Least safe' aircraft models revealed |first = Oliver |last = Smith |date = 19 June 2013 |work = The Telegraph }}</ref> The design of the aircraft has less influence on its safety record than the operational practices that some customers and regulators have opted to use.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.airlineratings.com/news/design-of-aircraft-is-rarely-a-crash-factor/ |title = Design of aircraft is rarely a crash factor |first = Christine Forbes |last = Smith |date = 26 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/safety/eager-first-officers-pose-risk-at-difficult-nepalese-airports/136825.article |title = Eager first officers pose risk at difficult Nepalese airports |publisher = flightglobal.com |first = David |last = Kaminski-Morrow |date = 19 February 2020}}</ref>

==Specifications (L-410 UVP-E20)==
[[File:Green Bird (F-OIXG) (9718636097).jpg|thumb|View of an overflying L-410]]
[[File:Let L-410A Turbolet AN1577033.jpg|thumb|The cabin of a L-410 in a typical commuter configuration]]
[[File:L-410 RF-38386 (15994860499).jpg|thumb|Walter M601 engine upon the wing of a L-410]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref= ''LET''<ref name=UVP-E20brochure>{{citation |url = http://www.let.cz/files/file/KeStazeni/2016/EN_Brochure_L410_UVP-E20.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190423024417/http://www.let.cz/files/file/KeStazeni/2016/EN_Brochure_L410_UVP-E20.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-date = 23 April 2019 |title = L 410 UVP-E20 brochure |date = 2016 |publisher = LET}}</ref>
|prime units? =met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew= 2
|capacity= 19 passengers / {{cvt|1800|kg|0}} payload
|length m= 14.42
|length note=
|span m= 19.98
|span note=
|height m= 5.97
|height note=
|wing area sqm= 34.86
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio= {{#expr:19.98/(34.86/19.98)round2}}
|airfoil= '''root:''' [[Physics:NACA airfoil|NACA 63A418]]; '''tip:''' [[Physics:NACA airfoil|NACA 63A412]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1 = Lednicer |first1 = David |title = The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url = https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website = m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date = 16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight kg= {{#expr:6000-1800}}<!-- OEW = MZFW - max PL-->
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg= 6,600
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity= {{cvt|1,300|kg|0}}
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number= 2
|eng1 name= General Electric H80-200
|eng1 type= [[Engineering:Turboprop|turboprop]] engines
|eng1 kw= 597

|prop blade number= 5
|prop name= Avia AV 725
|prop dia m= 2.3
|prop dia note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh= 405
|cruise speed note= max cruise
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km= 1,500
|range note= {{cvt|1800|kg|0}} payload, ISA, FL140, 45 min reserve
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance= Five hours and six minutes
|ceiling m= 8,382
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms= 8.5
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|more performance=<br/>
* '''Fuel consumption:''' {{cvt|240|kg/h|0}}
* '''Take-off run:''' {{cvt|510|m}} (ISA, SL, MTOW)
* '''Landing run:''' {{cvt|500|m}} (ISA, SL, MTOW)
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Engineering:Aircraft Industries L 410 NG|Aircraft Industries L 410 NG]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Engineering:Antonov An-28|Antonov An-28]]/[[Engineering:PZL M28 Skytruck|PZL M28 Skytruck]]
* [[Engineering:Beriev Be-30|Beriev Be-30]]
* [[Engineering:Britten-Norman Trislander|Britten-Norman Trislander]]
* [[Engineering:CASA C-212 Aviocar|CASA C-212 Aviocar]]
* [[Engineering:De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter|de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]]
* [[Engineering:Dornier 228|Dornier 228]]
* [[Engineering:Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante|Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante]]
* [[Engineering:Harbin Y-12|Harbin Y-12]]
* [[Engineering:IAI Arava|IAI Arava]]
* [[Engineering:Mitsubishi MU-2|Mitsubishi MU-2]]
* [[Engineering:Short SC.7 Skyvan|Short SC.7 Skyvan]]
|lists=
|see also=
}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |editor = Michael John Haddrick Taylor |title = Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation: Volume 4 |year = 1980 |publisher = Grolier Educational Corporation}}
* {{cite book |first = Jiri |last = Cecrdle |title = Whirl Flutter of Turboprop Aircraft Structures |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kXqAEAAAQBAJ&dq=Let+L-410+Turbolet&pg=PA267 |publisher = Elsevier Science |year = 2023 |isbn = 9780323955560}}
* {{cite book |editor1 = Harm-Jan Steenhuis |editor2 = Sören Eriksson |title = The Global Commercial Aviation Industry |publisher = Taylor & Francis |year = 2015 |isbn = 9781136672392}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Let L-410}}
* {{cite news |url = http://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/pilot-report-l410-uvp-turbolet |title = Pilot Report: L410 UVP Turbolet |date = 17 June 2013 |first = Fred |last = George |work = Aviation Week Network}}


[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]

{{Sourceattribution|Let L-410 Turbolet}}