View source for Engineering:Fishing vessel

{{short description|Boat or ship used to catch fish}}
[[File:Krabbenkutter Ivonne Pellworm P5242390jm.JPG|thumb|280px|right| {{center|Crab boat working the North Sea}}]]
[[File:Parked boats at Anjarle Creek.jpg|thumb|280px|right| {{center|Fishing boats lashed together in a tidal creek in Anjarle village, Maharashtra, India}}]]

A '''fishing vessel''' is a [[Engineering:Boat|boat]] or ship used to catch [[Biology:Fish|fish]] and other valuable nektonic aquatic animals (e.g. shrimps/prawns, [[Biology:Krill|krill]]s, coleoids, etc.) in the [[Earth:Sea|sea]], [[Earth:Lake|lake]] or [[Earth:River|river]]. [[Biology:Human|Human]]s have used different kinds of surface vessels in commercial, artisanal and recreational fishing.

Prior to the 1950s there was little standardisation of fishing boats. Designs could vary between localities and even different boatyards. Traditional fishing boats were built of [[Biology:Wood|wood]], which is not often used nowadays because of higher maintenance costs and lower durability. Fibreglass is used increasingly in smaller fishing vessels up to 25 metres (100-tonne displacement), while steel is usually used on vessels above 25 metres.

It is difficult to estimate the number of recreational fishing boats. They range in size from small dinghies, [[Engineering:Sailboat|sailboat]]s and [[Engineering:Motorboat|motorboat]]s to large [[Engineering:Superyacht|superyacht]]s and chartered cruiseliners. Unlike commercial fishing vessels, recreational fishing vessels are often more for leisurely cruising other than dedicated just to fishing.

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== History ==

===Traditional fishing boats===
[[File:Gokstadskipet1.jpg|thumb|Viking boat showing clinker planking.]]
Early fishing vessels included [[Engineering:Raft|raft]]s, dugout canoes, and boats constructed from a frame covered with hide or tree bark, along the lines of a [[Engineering:Coracle|coracle]].<ref name="McGrail431">McGrail 2001, page 431</ref> The oldest boats found by archaeological excavation are dugout canoes dating back to the Neolithic Period around 7,000-9,000 years ago. These canoes were often cut from coniferous tree logs, using simple [[Engineering:Stone tool|stone tool]]s.<ref name="McGrail431"/><ref name="chinaorg2002">{{cite web|title=Oldest Boat Unearthed |publisher=China.org.cn |url=http://lanzhou.china.com.cn/english/travel/50131.htm |access-date=2008-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102183359/http://lanzhou.china.com.cn/english/travel/50131.htm |archive-date=2009-01-02 }}</ref> A 7,000-year-old seagoing boat made from reeds and tar has been found in Kuwait.<ref name="Lawler2002">{{cite journal|last=Lawler|first=Andrew|title=Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes|journal=Science|volume=296|issue=5574|pages=1791–1792|publisher=AAAS|date=June 7, 2002|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/296/5574/1791|doi=10.1126/science.296.5574.1791|access-date=2008-05-05|pmid=12052936|s2cid=36178755}}</ref> These early vessels had limited capability; they could float and move on water, but were not suitable for use any great distance from the shoreline. They were used mainly for fishing and hunting.

The development of fishing boats took place in parallel with the development of boats for trade and war. Early navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics for [[Engineering:Sail|sail]]s. Affixed to a pole set upright in the boat, these sails gave early boats more range, allowing voyages of exploration.

Around 4000 B.C., Egyptians were building long narrow boats powered by many oarsmen. Over the next 1,000 years, they made a series of remarkable advances in boat design. They developed cotton-made sails to help their boats go faster with less work. Then they built boats large enough to cross the oceans. These boats had sails and oarsmen, and were used for travel and trade. By [[History:30th century BC|3000 BC]], the Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of [[Biology:Wood|wood]] into a ship hull.<ref name="AIA">
{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Cheryl |date=May–June 2001 |title=World's Oldest Planked Boats |journal=Archaeology |volume=54 |issue=3 |url=http://www.archaeology.org/0105/abstracts/abydos3.html }}</ref>  They used woven [[Engineering:Strap|strap]]s to lash planks together,<ref name="AIA" /> and [[Biology:Cyperus papyrus|reeds]] or grass stuffed between the planks to seal the seams.<ref name="AIA"/> An example of their skill is the Khufu ship, a vessel {{convert|143|ft|m}} in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2,500 BC and found intact in 1954.

At about the same time, the [[Place:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]]ns were also building innovative boats. People living near Kongens Lyngby in Denmark, came up with the idea of segregated hull compartments, which allowed the size of boats to gradually be increased. A crew of some two dozen [[Engineering:Paddle|paddle]]d the wooden [[Engineering:Hjortspring boat|Hjortspring boat]] across the [[Place:Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]] long before the rise of the Roman Empire. Scandinavians continued to develop better ships, incorporating [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]] and other metal into the design and developing oars for propulsion.

By 1000 A.D. the Norsemen were pre-eminent on the oceans. They were skilled seamen and boat builders, with clinker-built boat designs that varied according to the type of boat. Trading boats, such as the [[Engineering:Knarr|knarr]]s, were wide to allow large cargo storage. Raiding boats, such as the [[Engineering:Longship|longship]], were long and narrow and very fast. The vessels they used for fishing were scaled down versions of their cargo boats. The [[Place:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]]n innovations influenced fishing boat design long after the Viking period came to an end. For example, [[Engineering:Yole|yole]]s from the Orkney Island of Stroma were built in the same way as the Norse boats.
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===Early modern designs===
[[File:Groenewegen.D3.Buis.jpg|thumb|right|Herring Buss taking aboard its drift net (G. Groenewegen).]]
In the 15th century, the Dutch developed a type of seagoing [[Biology:Herring|herring]] [[Engineering:Drifter (fishing boat)|drifter]] that became a blueprint for European fishing boats. This was the Herring Buss, used by Dutch herring fishermen until the early 19th centuries. The ship type [[Engineering:Herring buss|buss]] has a long history. It was known around 1000 AD in Scandinavia as a ''bǘza'', a robust variant of the Viking longship. The first herring buss was probably built in Hoorn around 1415. The ship was about 20 metres long and displaced between 60 and 100 tons. It was a massive round-[[Engineering:Bilge|bilge]]d [[Engineering:Keel|keel]] ship with a bluff bow and [[Engineering:Stern|stern]], the latter relatively high, and with a gallery. The busses used long drifting gill nets to catch the herring. The nets would be retrieved at night and the crews of eighteen to thirty men<ref name="De Vries">De Vries & Woude (1977), pages 244–245</ref> would set to gibbing, salting and barrelling the catch on the broad deck.

[[File:Dogger (boat).jpg|thumb|left|A dogger viewed from before the port beam. c. 1675 by Willem van de Velde the Younger.]]
During the 17th century, the British developed the [[Engineering:Dogger (boat)|dogger]], an early type of sailing [[Engineering:Fishing trawler|trawler]] or longliner, which commonly operated in the North Sea.<ref name="OCSS">Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea, p. 256</ref> Doggers were slow but sturdy, capable of fishing in the rough conditions of the North Sea.<ref name="Fagan">Fagan 2008</ref> Like the herring buss, they were wide-beamed and bluff-bowed, but considerably smaller, about 15 metres long, a maximum beam of 4.5 metres, a draught of 1.5 metres, and displacing about 13 tonnes. They could carry a tonne of bait, three tonnes of salt, half a tonne each of food and firewood for the crew, and return with six tonnes of fish.<ref name="Fagan"/> Decked areas forward and aft probably provided accommodation, storage and a cooking area. An anchor would have allowed extended periods fishing in the same spot, in waters up to 18 metres deep. The dogger would also have carried a small open boat for maintaining lines and rowing ashore.<ref name="Fagan"/>

A precursor to the [[Engineering:Dory|dory]] type was the early {{wipe|France}} [[Engineering:Bateau|bateau]] type, a flat bottom boat with straight sides used as early as 1671 on the Saint Lawrence River.<ref name="Gardner18">Gardner 1987, page 18</ref> The common coastal boat of the time was the [[Engineering:Wherry|wherry]] and the merging of the wherry design with the simplified flat bottom of the bateau resulted in the birth of the dory. England, France, Italy, and Belgium have small boats from medieval periods that could reasonably be construed as predecessors of the Dory.<ref name="Gardner15">Gardner 1987, page 15</ref>

[[Engineering:Dory|Dories]] appeared in New England fishing towns sometime after the early 18th century.<ref name="Chapelle85">Chapelle, page 85</ref> They were small, shallow-[[Engineering:Draft (hull)|draft]] [[Engineering:Boat|boat]]s, usually about five to seven metres (15 to 22&nbsp;feet) long. Lightweight and versatile, with high sides, a flat bottom and sharp bows, they were easy and cheap to build. The [[Engineering:Banks dory|Banks dories]] appeared in the 1830s. They were designed to be carried on [[Engineering:Mother ship|mother ship]]s and used for fishing [[Biology:Cod|cod]] at the Grand Banks.<ref name="Chapelle85" />  Adapted almost directly from the low freeboard, French river bateaus, with their straight sides and removable thwarts, bank dories could be nested inside each other and stored on the decks of fishing schooners, such as the ''[[Engineering:Gazela|Gazela Primeiro]]'', for their trip to the Grand Banks fishing grounds.

===Modern fishing trawler===
{{main|Engineering:Fishing trawler}}
[[File:The Herring Fleet Leaving the Dee by David Farquharson - David Farquharson - ABDAG000605.jpg|thumb|The Herring Fleet Leaving the Dee by David Farquharson, 1888]]
[[File:A Brixham trawler.jpg|thumb|''A Brixham trawler'' by William Adolphus Knell. The painting is now in the National Maritime Museum.]]

The Portuguese [[Engineering:Muletta|muletta]] and the British [[Engineering:Dogger (boat)|dogger]] were early types of sailing trawler in use before the 17th century and onward, but the modern fishing trawler was developed in the 19th century.

By the early 19th century, the fishermen at Brixham, needed to expand their fishing area further than ever before due to the ongoing depletion of stocks that was occurring in the overfished waters of South Devon. The [[Engineering:Brixham trawler|Brixham trawler]] that evolved there was of a sleek build and had a tall [[Engineering:Gaff rig|gaff rig]], which gave the vessel sufficient speed to make long-distance trips out to the fishing grounds in the ocean. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water. The great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of 'Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries'.

This revolutionary design made large scale trawling in the ocean possible for the first time, resulting in a massive migration of fishermen from the ports in the South of England, to villages further north, such as Scarborough, Hull, Grimsby, Harwich and Yarmouth, that were points of access to the large fishing grounds in the [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest fishing port in the world by the mid 19th century.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-20330148 Grimsby heyday of the 'three-day millionaire'] ''BBC'', 15 November 2012</ref><ref name="lochist">{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/grimsby.html |title=A brief history of Grimsby |date=14 March 2021 |publisher=localhistories.org}}</ref> With the tremendous expansion in the fishing industry, the Grimsby Dock Company was formed in 1846. The dock covered {{convert|25|acre|ha}} and was formally opened by Queen Victoria in 1854 as the first modern fishing port. The facilities incorporated many innovations of the time - the dock gates and cranes were operated by [[Hydraulic power network|hydraulic power]], and the {{convert|300|ft|m|adj=on}} Grimsby Dock Tower was built to provide a head of water with sufficient pressure by William Armstrong.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk-genealogy.org.uk/england/Lincolnshire/towns/GreatGrimsby.html |title=Great Grimsby |publisher=UK Genealogy Archives}}</ref>

The elegant [[Engineering:Brixham trawler|Brixham trawler]] spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere. Their distinctive sails inspired the song Red Sails in the Sunset, written aboard a Brixham sailing trawler called the ''Torbay Lass''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kjappeal.org/history.html |title=History of a Brixham trawler |date=2 March 2009 |publisher=JKappeal.org |access-date=13 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202015738/http://kjappeal.org/history.html |archive-date=2 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/news/112001/27/brixham_trawler.shtml |title=Pilgrim's restoration under full sail |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> By the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishermen around Europe, including from the Netherlands and [[Place:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]]. Twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sailing trawlers|date=10 January 2014 |url=http://issuu.com/tobyrussell/docs/brixham_sailing_trawlers}}</ref>

Although fishing vessel designed increasingly began to converge around the world, local conditions still often led the development of different types of fishing boats. The Lancashire nobby was used down the north west coast of England as a shrimp trawler from 1840 until World War II. The Manx nobby was used around the Isle of Man as a herring drifter. The [[Engineering:Fifie|fifie]] was also used as a herring drifter along the east coast of Scotland from the 1850s until well into the 20th century.

====Advent of steam power====
The earliest steam powered fishing boats first appeared in the 1870s and used the trawl system of fishing as well as lines and drift nets.  These were large boats, usually {{convert|80|-|90|ft}} in length with a beam of around {{convert|20|ft}}. They weighed 40-50 tons and travelled at {{convert|9|-|11|kn}}.

The earliest purpose built fishing vessels were designed and made by David Allan in Leith in March 1875, when he converted a drifter to steam power. In 1877, he built the first screw propelled [[Engineering:Steamship|steam trawler]] in the world. This vessel was ''Pioneer LH854''. She was of wooden construction with two masts and carried a gaff rigged main and mizen using booms, and a single foresail. ''Pioneer'' is mentioned in ''The Shetland Times'' of 4 May 1877. In 1878 he completed ''Forward'' and ''Onward'', steam-powered trawlers for sale. Allan built a total of ten boats at Leith between 1877 and 1881. Twenty-one boats were completed at Granton, his last vessel being ''Degrave'' in 1886. Most of these were sold to foreign owners in France, Belgium, {{wipe|Spain}} and the [[Place:West Indies|West Indies]].<ref name="grantontrawlers">{{cite web|url=http://grantontrawlers.com/steam%20trawler.html|title=The Steam Trawler}}</ref>

[[File:Seine Net Trawler Hopeman 1958 - geograph.org.uk - 84412.jpg|thumb|left|[[Engineering:Seine fishing|Seine Net Trawler]], Hopeman 1958.]]
The first steam boats were made of wood, but steel [[Engineering:Hull (watercraft)|hull]]s were soon introduced and were divided into watertight compartments. They were well designed for the crew with a large building that contained the [[Engineering:Bridge (nautical)|wheelhouse]] and the deckhouse. The boats built in the 20th century only had a mizzen [[Engineering:Sail|sail]], which was used to help steady the boat when its nets were out. The main function of the mast was now as a [[Engineering:Crane (machine)|crane]] for lifting the catch ashore. It also had a steam capstan on the foredeck near the mast for hauling nets. The boats had narrow, high [[Engineering:Funnel|funnel]]s so that the steam and thick coal smoke was released high above the deck and away from the fishermen. These funnels were nicknamed ''woodbines'' because they looked like the popular brand of cigarette. These boats had a crew of twelve made up of a skipper, driver, fireman (to look after the boiler) and nine deck hands.<ref name="grantontrawlers"/>

Steam fishing boats had many advantages. They were usually about {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=mid|longer}} than the sailing vessels so they could carry more nets and catch more fish. This was important, as the market was growing quickly at the beginning of the 20th century. They could travel faster and further and with greater freedom from [[Earth:Weather|weather]], wind and [[Astronomy:Tide|tide]]. Because less time was spent travelling to and from the fishing grounds, more time could be spent fishing. The steam boats also gained the highest prices for their fish, as they could return quickly to harbour with their fresh catch. The main disadvantage of the steam boats, though, was their high operating costs. Their engines were mechanically inefficient and took up much space, while fuel and fitting out costs were very high.  Before the First World War, building costs were between 3,000 and £4,000, at least three times the cost of the sail boats. To cover these high costs, they needed to fish for longer seasons. The higher expenses meant that more steam drifters were company-owned or jointly owned. As the herring fishing industry declined, steam boats became too expensive.<ref name="grantontrawlers" />
Steam trawlers were introduced at Grimsby and Hull in the 1880s. In 1890 it was estimated that there were 20,000 men on the North Sea. The steam drifter was not used in the herring fishery until 1897. The last sailing fishing trawler was built in 1925 in Grimsby.

====Further development====
[[File:HNoMS Honningsvåg.jpg|thumb|right|Armed trawler {{HNoMS|Honningsvåg}} off Iceland.]]
Trawler designs adapted as the way they were powered changed from sail to coal-fired steam by [[Social:World War I|World War I]] to diesel and turbines by the end of [[Social:World War II|World War II]].

The first trawlers fished over the side, rather than over the [[Engineering:Stern|stern]]. In 1947, the company Christian Salvesen, based in Leith, Scotland, refitted a surplus ''Algerine''-class minesweeper (HMS ''Felicity'') with refrigeration equipment and a factory ship stern ramp, to produce the first combined freezer/stern trawler in 1947.<ref name="hulltrawler">{{cite web|url=http://www.hulltrawler.net/Stern/additions/History.htm|title=HISTORY|access-date=2015-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821172332/http://www.hulltrawler.net/Stern/additions/History.htm|archive-date=2013-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first purpose-built stern trawler was ''Fairtry'' built in 1953 at Aberdeen. The ship was much larger than any other trawlers then in operation and inaugurated the era of the 'super trawler'. As the ship pulled its nets over the stern, it could lift out a much greater haul of up to 60 tons. ''Lord Nelson'' followed in 1961, installed with vertical plate freezers that had been researched and built at the Torry Research Station. These ships served as a basis for the expansion of 'super trawlers' around the world in the following decades.<ref name="hulltrawler"/>

In recent decades, commercial fishing vessels have been increasingly equipped with electronic aids, such as radio navigation aids and [[Engineering:Fishfinder|fish finders]]. During the [[History:Cold War|Cold War]], some countries fitted fishing trawlers with additional electronic gear so they could be used as [[Engineering:Spy ship|spy ship]]s to monitor the activities of other countries.

== Global trends ==
[[File:Macduff, High and dry - geograph.org.uk - 1374026.jpg|thumb|right|Robustly designed contemporary fishing boat]]
About 1.3 million of these are decked vessels with enclosed areas. Nearly all of these decked vessels are mechanised, and  40,000 of them are over 100 tons. At the other extreme, two-thirds (1.8 million) of the [[Engineering:Deck (ship)|undecked]] boats are traditional craft of various types, powered only by sail and oars.<ref name="FAO 2007">FAO 2007</ref> These boats are used by artisan fishers.

The Cape Town Agreement is an international International Maritime Organization legal instrument established in 2012, that sets out minimum safety requirements for fishing vessels of 24 metres in length and over or equivalent in gross tons.<ref name="IMOCapeTown">{{cite web|url=https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/CapeTownAgreementForFishing.aspx |title=2012 Cape Town Agreement to enhance fishing safety|publisher=International Maritime Organization |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>

== Commercial vessels ==
[[File:Deutsche Fischfang Union Schiff Kiel 01.jpg|thumb|right|The German factory ship ''Kiel NC 105'']]
The [[Earth:Exclusive economic zone|200-mile fishing limit]] has changed fishing patterns and, in recent times, fishing boats are becoming more specialised and standardised. In the United States and Canada more use is made of large [[Engineering:Factory ship|factory trawlers]], while the huge blue water fleets operated by Japan and the Soviet-bloc countries have contracted. In western Europe, fishing vessel design is focused on compact boats with high catching power.

Commercial fishing is a high risk industry, and countries are introducing regulations governing the construction and operation of fishing vessels. The International Maritime Organization, convened in 1959 by the {{wipe|United Nations}}, is responsible for devising measures aimed at the prevention of accidents, including standards for ship design, construction, equipment, operation and manning.

According to the FAO, in 2004 the world's fishing fleet consisted of 4 million vessels. Of these, 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas. The rest were open vessels, of which two-thirds were traditional craft propelled by sails and oars.<ref name="FAO 2007"/> By contrast, nearly all decked vessels were mechanized. Of the decked vessels, 86 percent are found in Asia, 7.8 percent in Europe, 3.8 percent in North and Central America, 1.3 percent in Africa, 0.6 percent in South America and 0.4 percent in Oceania.<ref name="FAO 2007"/> Most commercial fishing boats are small, usually less than {{convert|30|m|ft}} but up to {{convert|100|m|ft}} for a large purse seiner or [[Engineering:Factory ship|factory ship]].

Commercial fishing vessels can be classified by architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, or geographical origin. The following classification follows the FAO,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/search/en |title=Technology Fact Sheets: Fishing Vessel type |publisher=FAO }}</ref> who classify commercial fishing vessels by the gear they use.

===Fishing gear===
<gallery>
File:Irish fishing boat.jpg|Drum winches mounted at the stern of an Irish  trawler
Image:Puretic Block.jpg|[[Engineering:Puretic power block|Puretic power block]]
</gallery>


===Trawlers===
[[File:Drawing of a large trawler.gif|right]]
{{main|Engineering:Fishing trawler}}
A [[Engineering:Fishing trawler|trawler]] is a fishing vessel designed to use trawl nets in order to catch large volumes of fish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/10/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Trawlers |publisher= FAO}}</ref>

* [[Engineering:Fishing trawler#Outrigger trawlers|Outrigger trawlers]] – use outriggers to tow the trawl. These are commonly used to catch shrimp. One or two otter trawls can be towed from each side. Beam trawlers, employed in the North sea for catching flatfish, are another form of outrigger trawler. Medium-sized and high powered vessels, these tow a beam trawl on each side at speeds up to 8 knots.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/90/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Outrigger trawlers |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7867 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** [[Engineering:Fishing trawler#Beam trawlers|Beam trawlers]] – use sturdy outrigger booms for towing a beam trawl, one warp on each side. Double-rig beam trawlers can tow a separate trawl on each side of the trawler. Beam trawling is used in the [[Physics:Flatfish|flatfish]] and shrimp fisheries in the North Sea. They are medium-sized and high powered vessels, towing gear at speeds up to 8 knots. To avoid the boat capsizing if the trawl snags on the sea floor, winch brakes can be installed, along with safety release systems in the boom stays. The engine power of bottom trawlers is also restricted to 2000 HP (1472 KW) for further safety.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/120/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Beam trawlers |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=8032 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* Otter trawlers – deploy one or more parallel trawls kept apart horizontally using otter boards. These trawls can be towed in midwater or along the bottom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/930/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Otter trawlers |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* [[Engineering:Fishing trawler#Pair trawlers|Pair trawlers]] – are trawlers which operate together towing a single trawl. They keep the trawl open horizontally by keeping their distance when towing. Otter boards are not used. Pair trawlers operate both midwater and bottom trawls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/940/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Pair trawlers |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* [[Engineering:Fishing trawler#Side trawlers|Side trawlers]] – have the trawl set over the side with the trawl warps passing through blocks which hang from two gallows, one forward and one aft. Until the late sixties, side trawlers were the most familiar vessel in the North Atlantic deep sea fisheries. They evolved over a longer period than other trawler types, but are now being replaced by stern trawlers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/20/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Side trawlers |publisher=FAO }}{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7905 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* Stern trawlers – have trawls which are deployed and retrieved from the stern. Larger stern trawlers often have a ramp, though pelagic and small stern trawlers are often designed without a ramp. Stern trawlers are designed to operate in most weather conditions. They can work alone when midwater or bottom trawling, or two can work together as pair trawlers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/30/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Stern trawlers |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7860 |title=Drawing  |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* [[Engineering:Fishing trawler#Freezer trawlers|Freezer trawlers]] – The majority of trawlers operating on high sea waters are freezer trawlers. They have facilities for preserving fish by freezing, allowing them to stay at sea for extended periods of time. They are medium to large size trawlers, with the same general arrangement as stern or side trawlers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/100/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Freezer trawlers |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7902 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* [[Engineering:Fishing trawler#Wet fish trawlers|Wet fish trawlers]] – are trawlers where the fish is kept in the hold in a fresh/wet condition. They must operate in areas not far distant from their landing place, and the fishing time of such vessels is limited.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/110/en  |title=Fishing Vessel type: Wet-fish trawlers |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7905 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
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===Seiners===
{{main|Engineering:Seine fishing}}
[[File:Seiner off the coast of the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska 2009 218.jpg|thumb|right|A seiner fishing for salmon off the coast of Raspberry Island, Alaska.]]

[[Engineering:Seine fishing|Seiners]] use surrounding and seine nets. This is a large group ranging from open boats as small as {{convert|10|m}} in length to ocean-going vessels. There are also specialised gears that can target demersal species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/700/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Seiners |publisher=FAO }}</ref><ref name="American"/>
* Purse seiners are very effective at targeting aggregating pelagic species near the surface. The seiner circles the shoal with a deep curtain of netting, possibly using bow thrusters for better manoeuvrability. Then the bottom of the net is pursed (closed) underneath the fish shoal by hauling a wire running from the vessel through rings along the bottom of the net and then back to the vessel. The most important part of the fishing operation is searching for the fish shoals and assessing their size and direction of movement. Sophisticated electronics, such as echosounders, sonar, and track plotters, may be used are used to search for and track [[Biology:Shoaling and schooling|schools]]; assessing their size and movement and keeping in touch with the school while it is surrounded with the seine net. Crows nests may be built on the masts for further visual support. Large vessels can have observation towers and helicopter landing decks. Helicopters and spotter planes are used for detecting fish schools. The main types of purse seiners are the American seiners, the European seiners and the Drum seiners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/140/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Purse seiner |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** American seiners have their bridge and accommodation placed forward with the working deck aft. American seiners are most common on both coasts of North America and in other areas of Oceania. The net is stowed at the stern and is set over the stern. The [[Engineering:Puretic power block|power block]] is usually attached to a boom from a mast located behind the superstructure. American seiners use Triplerollers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/equipment/tripleroller/en |title=Fishery equipment: Tripleroller |publisher=FAO }}</ref>  A purse line winch is located amidships near the hauling station, near the side where the rings are taken on board.<ref name="American">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/710/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: American seiners |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7998 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** European seiners have their bridge and accommodation located more to the after part of the vessel with the working deck amidships. European seiners are most common in waters fished by European nations. The net is stowed in a net bin at the stern, and is set over the stern from this position. The pursing winch is normally positioned at the forward part of the working deck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/720/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: European seiners |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=8004 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Drum seiners have the same layout as American seiners except a drum is mounted on the stern and used instead of the power block. They are mainly used in Canada and USA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/733/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Drum seiners |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=8017 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Tuna purse seiners are large purse seiners, normally over 45 metres, equipped to handle large and heavy purse seines for [[Biology:Tuna|tuna]]. They have the same general arrangement as the American seiner, with the bridge and accommodation placed forward. A crows nest or tuna tower is positioned at the top of the mast, outfitted with the control and manoeuvre devices. A very heavy boom which carries the power block is fitted at the mast. They often carry a helicopter to search for tuna schools. On the deck are three drum purse seine winches and a power block, with other specific winches to handle the heavy boom and net. They are usually equipped with a skiff.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/150/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Tuna Purse seiners |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7936  |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* Seine netters - the basic types of seine netters are the anchor seiners and Scottish seiner in northern Europe and the Asian seiners in Asia.<ref name="Seine netters">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/180/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: [Seine netters |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url= http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7939 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Anchor seiners have the wheelhouse and accommodation aft and the working deck amidships, thus resembling side trawlers. The seine net is stored and shot from the stern, and they may carry a power block. Anchor seiners have the coiler and winch mounted transversally amidships.<ref name="Seine netters"/>
** Scottish seiners are basically configured the same as anchor seiners. The only difference is that, whereas the anchor seiner has the coiler and winch mounted transversally amidships, the Scottish seiner has them mounted transversally in the forward part of the vessel.<ref name="Seine netters"/>
** Asian seiners – In Asia, the seine netter usually has the wheelhouse forward and the working deck aft, in the manner of a stern trawler. However, in regions where the fishing effort is a labour-intensive, low-technology approach, they are often undecked and may be powered by outboards motors, or even by sail.<ref name="Seine netters"/>

<gallery>
File:Drawing of a purse seiner.gif|Purse seiner
File:Drawing of a large purse seiner.gif|Large purse seiner
File:Albatun Dod.jpg|Spanish tuna purse seiner, ''Albatun Dos'', near [[Place:Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria, Seychelles]]
</gallery>

{{clear}}

===Line vessels===
Line vessels – 
* Longliners – use one or more long heavy [[Engineering:Fishing line|fishing line]]s with a series of hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from the main line by means of branch lines called "snoods". Hand operated longlining can be operated from boats of any size. The number of hooks and lines  handled depends on the size of vessel, the number of crew, and the level of mechanisation. Large purpose built longliners can be designed for single species fisheries such as [[Biology:Tuna|tuna]]. On such larger vessels the bridge is usually placed aft, and the gear is hauled from the bow or from the side with mechanical or hydraulic line haulers. The lines are set over the stern. Automatic or semi-automatic systems are used to bait hooks and shoot and haul lines. These systems include rail rollers, line haulers, hook separators, dehookers and hook cleaners, and storage racks or drums. To avoid incidental catches of seabirds, an outboard setting funnel is used to guide the line from the setting position on the stern down to a depth of one or two metres. Small scale longliners handle the gear by hand. The line is stored into baskets or tubs, perhaps using a hand cranked line drum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/260/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Longliners |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7957 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Bottom longliners – <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/970/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Bottom longliners |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Midwater longliners – are usually medium-sized vessels which operate worldwide, purpose built to catch large pelagics. The line hauler is usually forward starboard, where the fish are hauled through a gate in the rail. The lines are set from the stern where a baiting table and chute are located. These boats need adequate speed to reach distant fishing grounds, enough endurance for continued fishing, adequate freezing storage, suitable mechanisms for shooting and hauling longlines quickly, and proper storage for fishing gears and accessories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/990/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Midwater longliners |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Freezer longliners – are outfitted with freezing equipment. The holds are insulated and refrigerated. Freezer longliners are medium to large with the same general characteristics of other longliners. Most longliners operating on the high seas are freezer longliners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/270/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Freezer longliners |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** [[Engineering:Factory ship|Factory longliners]] – are generally equipped with processing plant, including mechanical gutting and filleting equipment accompanied by freezing facilities, as well as fish oil, fish meal and sometimes canning plants. These vessels have a large buffer capacity. Thus, caught fish can be stored in refrigerated sea water tanks and peaks in the catch can also be used. Freezer longliners are large ships, working the high seas with the same general characteristics of other large longliners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/280/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Factory longliners |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Wet-fish longliners – keep the caught fish in the hold in the fresh/wet condition. The fish is stored in boxes and covered with ice, or stored with ice in the fish hold. The fishing time of such vessels is limited, so they operate close to the landing place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/290/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Wet-fish longliners |publisher=FAO }}</ref>

{{externalimage
|float=right
|width=220px
|image1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5mMI8t7vV0&feature=channel Tuna Fishing – South Pacific] – ''BBC Documentary''}}

* Pole and line vessels – are used mainly to catch [[Biology:Tuna|tuna]] and [[Biology:Skipjack tuna|skipjack]]. The fishers stand at the railing or on special platforms and fish with [[Engineering:Fishing line|poles]] and [[Engineering:Fishing line|lines]]. The lines have hooks which are [[Engineering:Fishing bait|baited]], preferably with [[Biology:Bait fish|live bait]]. Caught tuna are swung on board, by two to three fishermen if the tuna is big, or with an automated swinging mechanism. The tuna usually release themselves from the barbless hook when they hit the deck. Tanks with live bait are placed round the decks, and water spray systems are used to attract the fish. The vessels are 15 to 45 metres [[Engineering:Length overall|o/a]]. On smaller vessels fishers fish from the main deck right around the boat. With larger vessels, there are two different deck styles: the American style and the Japanese style.<ref name="pole">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/350/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Pole and line vessels |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** American style – fishers stand on platforms arranged over the side abaft amidships and around the stern. The vessel moves ahead during fishing operation.<ref name="pole"/>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=8011 |title=Drawing  |publisher=FAO }}
** Japanese style – fishers stand at the rail in the forepart of the vessel. The vessel drifts during fishing operations.<ref name="pole"/>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=8029 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}
[[File:Drawing of a troll vessel.gif|right]]
* Trollers – catch fish by towing astern one of more trolling lines. A trolling line is a [[Engineering:Fishing line|fishing line]] with [[Biology:Bait fish|natural]] or [[Engineering:Fishing lure|artificial baited]] hooks trailed by a vessel near the surface or at a certain depth. Several lines can be towed at the same time using outriggers to keep the lines apart. The lines can be hauled in manually or by small winches. A length of rubber is often included in each line as a shock absorber. The trolling line is towed at a speed depending on the target species, from 2.3 knots up to at least 7 knots. Trollers range from small open boats to large refrigerated vessels 30 metres long. In many tropical artisanal fisheries, trolling is done with sailing canoes with outriggers for stability. With properly designed vessels, trolling is an economical and efficient way of catching [[Biology:Tuna|tuna]], [[Biology:Mackerel|mackerel]] and other pelagic fish swimming close to the surface. Purpose-built trollers are usually equipped with two or four trolling booms raised and lowered by topping lifts, held in position by adjustable stays. Electrically powered or hydraulic reels can be used to haul in the lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/360/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Trawler |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7979 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>

{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | direction = horizontal
 | width1    = 200
 | image1    = Long liner in Cook Strait, New Zealand 1988.jpg
 | alt1      = 
 | caption1  = Japanese [[Engineering:Jigging|squid jigger]]
 | width2    = 170
 | image2    = Squid jigger electric lamps.JPG
 | alt2      = 
 | caption2  = Electric lamps on squid jigger
}}

* Jiggers – there are two types of jiggers: specialised [[Biology:Squid|squid]] jiggers which work mostly in the southern hemisphere and smaller vessels using jigging techniques in the northern hemisphere mainly for catching [[Biology:Cod|cod]].<ref name="jigger">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/330/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Jigger vessels |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Squid jiggers – have single or double drum jigger winches lined along the rails around the vessel. Strong lamps, up to 5000 W each, are used to attract the squid. These are arranged 50–60 centimetres apart, either as one row in the centre of the vessel, or two rows, one on each side. As the squid are caught they are transferred by chutes to the processing plant of the vessel. The jigging motion can be produced mechanically by the shape of the drum or electronically by adjustment to the winch motor. Squid jiggers are often used during the day as midwater trawlers and during the night as jiggers.<ref name="jigger"/>
** Cod jiggers – use single jigger machines and do not use lights to attract the fish. The fish are attracted by the jigging motion and artificial bait.<ref name="jigger"/>
{{clear}}

===Other vessels===
* [[Engineering:Fishing dredge|Dredgers]] – use a dredge for collecting [[Biology:Mollusc|mollusc]]s from the seafloor. There are three types of dredges: (a) The dredge can be dragged along the seabed, scooping the shellfish from the ground. These dredges are towed in a manner similar to beam trawlers, and large dredgers can work three or more dredges on each side.  (b) Heavy mechanical dredging units are operated by special gallows from the bow of the vessel. (c) The dredger employs a hydraulic dredge which uses a powerful water pump to operates water jets which flush the molluscs from the bottom. Dredgers don't have a typical deck arrangement, the bridge and accommodation can be aft or forward. Derricks and winches may be installed for lowering and lifting the dredge. Echosounders are used for determining depths.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/440/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Dredgers |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7988 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>

[[File:Drawing of a gill netter.gif|thumb|right]]
[[File:YarmouthNS FishingBoats.jpg|thumb|right|Lobster fishing boats]]
[[File:French Fishing Vessel 'Alf' in the Irish Sea MOD 45155246.jpg|thumb|Fishing boat in a heavy sea]]
[[File:RV Celtic Explorer, Galway Bay, Ireland.jpg|thumb|right|The fisheries research vessel RV ''Celtic Explorer'']]

* Gillnetters – On inland waters and inshore, gillnets can be operated from open boats and canoes. In coastal waters, they are operated by small decked vessels which can have their wheelhouse either aft or forward. In coastal waters, gillnetting is often used as a second fishing method by trawlers or beam trawlers, depending on fishing seasons and targeted species. For offshore fishing, or fishing on the high seas, medium-sized vessels using drifting gillnets are called [[Engineering:Drifter (fishing boat)|drifters]], and the bridge is usually located aft. The nets are set and hauled by hand on small open boats. Larger boats use hydraulic or occasionally mechanical net haulers, or net drums. These vessels can be equipped with an echosounder, although locating fish is more a matter of the fishermen's personal knowledge of the fishing grounds rather than depending on special detection equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/200/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Gillnetters |publisher=FAO }} {{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7943 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Set netters – also operate gillnets. However, during fishing operations the vessel is not attached to the nets. The size of the vessels varies from open boats to large specialised drifters operating on the high seas. The wheelhouse is usually located aft, and the front deck is used for handling gear. Normally the nets are set at the stern by steaming ahead. Hauling is done over the side at the forepart of the deck, usually using hydraulic driven net haulers. Wet fish is packed in containers chilled with ice. Larger vessels might freeze the catch.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/1000/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Set netters |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* Lift netters – are equipped to operate lift nets, which are held from the vessel's side and raised and lowered by means of outriggers. Lift netters range from open boats about 10 metres long to larger vessels with open ocean capability. Decked vessels usually have the bridge amidships. Larger vessels are often equipped with winches and derricks for handling the lifting lines, as well as outriggers and light booms. They can be fitted with powerful lights to attract and aggregate the fish to the surface. Open boats are usually unmechanized or use hand-operated winches. Electronic equipment, such as [[Engineering:Fishfinder|fishfinder]]s, sonar and echo sounders are used extensively on larger boats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/480/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Lift netters |publisher=FAO }}{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7994 |title=Drawing |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* Trap setters – are used to set [[Engineering:Lobster trap|pots]] or [[Engineering:Fish trap|traps]] for catching fish, crabs, lobsters, crayfish and other similar species. Trap setters range in size from open boats operating inshore to larger decked vessels, 20 to 50 metres long, operating out to the edge of the [[Earth:Continental shelf|continental shelf]]. Small decked trap setters have the wheelhouse either forward or aft with the fish hold amidships. They use hydraulic or mechanical pot haulers. Larger vessels have the wheelhouse forward, and are equipped with derricks, davits or cranes for hauling pots aboard. Locating fish is often more a matter of the fishermen's knowledge of the fishing grounds rather than the use of special detection equipment. Decked vessels are usually equipped with an echosounder, and large vessels may also have a Loran or GPS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/230/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Trap setters |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* Handliners – are normally undecked vessels used for handlining (fishing with a [[Engineering:Fishing line|line]] and hook). Handliners include canoes and other small or medium-sized vessels. Traditional handliners are less than 12 metres o/a, and do not have special gear handling, there is no winch or gurdy. Locating fish is left to the fishermen's personal knowledge of fishing grounds rather than the use of special electronic equipment. Non traditional handliners can set and haul using electrical or hydraulic powered reels. These mechanised reels are normally fastened to the gunwale or set on stanchions close to or overhanging the gunwale. They operate all over the world, some in shallow waters, some fishing up to 300 metres deep. No typical deck arrangement exists for handliners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/340/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Handliners |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* Multipurpose vessels – are vessels which are designed so they can deploy more than one type of fishing gear without major modifications to the vessels. The fish detection equipment present on board also changes according to which fishing gear is being used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/380/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Multipurpose vessels |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
** Trawler/Purse seiners – are designed so the deck arrangement and equipment, including a suitable combination winch, can be used for both methods. Rollers, blocks, trawl gallows and purse davits need to be arranged so they control the lead of warps and pursing lines in such a way as to reduce the time needed to convert from one type to the other. Typical fish detection equipment includes a sonar and an echosounder. These vessels are usually designed as trawlers, since the power requirement for trawling is higher.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/vesseltype/400/en |title=Fishing Vessel type: Trawler-purse seiners |publisher=FAO }}</ref>
* [[Earth:Research vessel|Research vessel]]s – a fisheries research vessel (FRV) requires platforms which are capable of towing different types of fishing nets, collecting [[Earth:Plankton|plankton]] or water samples from a range of depths, and carrying acoustic fish-finding equipment. Fisheries research vessels are often designed and built along the same lines as a large fishing vessel, but with space given over to laboratories and equipment storage, as opposed to storage of the catch. An example of a fisheries research vessel is [[Organization:Fisheries Research Services|FRV ''Scotia'']].
{{clear}}

==Artisan vessels==
Artisan fishing is small-scale commercial or [[Finance:Subsistence economy|subsistence]] fishing, particularly practices involving coastal or island ethnic groups using traditional fishing techniques and traditional boats. This may also include heritage groups involved in customary fishing practices.

According to the FAO, at the end of 2004, the world fishing fleet consisted of about 4 million vessels, of which 2.7 million were undecked (open) boats. While nearly  all decked vessels were mechanized, only one-third of the undecked fishing boats were powered, usually with outboard engines. The remaining 1.8 million boats were traditional craft of various types, operated by sail and oars.<ref name="FAO 2007"/>

These figures for small fishing vessels are probably under reported. The FAO compiles these figures largely from national registers. These records often omit smaller boats where registration is not required or where fishing licences are granted by provincial or municipal authorities.<ref name="FAO 2007"/>

<gallery>
File:Fisherman Seychelles.jpg|Fisherman landing his catch in the Seychelles.
File:Catamaran india.jpg|Indian split-log fishing canoe
File:Gambian fishing boats.jpg|Fishing boats in Gambia.
File:Vietnamese fishing boat 05.jpg|Traditional Vietnamese fishing boat
File:First known photo of Koreans 1871.jpg|Fishing junk, 1871
</gallery>

Artisan fishing boats are usually small traditional fishing boats, appropriately designed for use on their local inland waters or coasts. Many localities around the world have developed their own traditional types of fishing boats, adapted to use local materials suitable for boat building and to the specific requirements of the fisheries and sea conditions in their area. Artisan boats are often open (undecked). Many have sails, but they do not usually use much, or any mechanised or electronic gear. Large numbers of artisan fishing boats are still in use, particularly in developing countries with long productive marine coastlines. For example, Indonesia has reported about 700,000 fishing boats, 25 percent of which are [[Engineering:Dugout canoe|dugout canoe]]s, and half of which are without motors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_ID |title=Country Profile: Indonesia |publisher=FAO }}</ref> The {{wipe|Philippines}} have reported a similar number of small fishing boats. Many of the boats in this area are double-outrigger craft, consisting of a narrow main hull with two attached outriggers, commonly known as ''[[Engineering:Jukung|jukung]]'' in Indonesia and ''banca'' in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_PH |title=Country Profile: Philippines |publisher=FAO }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:ManamocBoats.JPG|A small Philippine ''basnigan'' with the characteristic poles used for anchoring nets and holding gas-powered lamps for attracting fish
File:Madagascar - Traditional fishing pirogue.jpg|Traditional fishing ''[[Engineering:Lakana|lakana]]'' with a [[Engineering:Crab claw sail|crab claw sail]] from {{wipe|Madagascar}}
File:Jangada-Tibau.jpg|The elegant ''[[Engineering:Jangada|jangada]]'' on the coast off Mossoró in Brazil
File:Jantar.jpg|Indian [[Engineering:Clinker (boat building)|clinker]] fishing boats
File:Baleteshore.JPG|Traditional Philippine fishing [[Engineering:Outrigger canoe|outrigger canoe]]s (''bangka'')
</gallery>

==Recreational vessels==
[[File:Drawing of a sport fishing boat.gif|left]]
Recreational fishing is done for leisure or sport, and not for profit or survival. Just about anything that will stay afloat can be called a recreational fishing boat, so long as a fisherman periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch fish. Usually some form of [[Engineering:Fishing tackle|fishing tackle]] is brought on board, such as hooks and [[Engineering:Fishing line|line]]s, [[Engineering:Fishing rod|rod]]s and [[Engineering:Fishing reel|reel]]s, [[Engineering:Fishing sinker|sinkers]] or nets, and occasionally high-tech devices such as [[Engineering:Fishfinder|fishfinder]]s and diving drones. Fish are caught for recreational purposes from boats that range from [[Engineering:Dugout canoe|dugout canoe]]s, kayaks, [[Engineering:Raft|raft]]s, pontoon boats and small [[Engineering:Dinghy|dinghies]] to [[Engineering:Runabout (boat)|runabouts]], [[Engineering:Cabin cruiser|cabin cruiser]]s and [[Engineering:Yacht|yacht]]s to large, high-tech and luxurious [[Engineering:Superyacht|big game boat]]s sometimes fitted with [[Engineering:Outrigger|outrigger]]s.<ref>NOAA: [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/speciesid/fish_page/fish51a.html Sport fishing boat]</ref> Larger boats, purpose-built with recreational fishing in mind, usually have large, open [[Engineering:Cockpit (sailing)|cockpit]]s at the [[Engineering:Stern|stern]], designed for convenient fishing.

Big game fishing started as a sport after the invention of the motorized boat. Charles Frederick Holder, a marine biologist and early conservationist, is credited with founding the sport in 1898.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boot.de/cipp/md_boot/custom/pub/content,lang,2/oid,8067/ticket,g_u_e_s_t |title=The history of game fishing |publisher=Boot.de |access-date=2009-05-05 |archive-date=2016-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403054722/http://www.boot.de/cipp/md_boot/custom/pub/content,lang,2/oid,8067/ticket,g_u_e_s_t |url-status=dead }}</ref> Purpose-built game fishing boats appeared shortly after. An example is the ''Crete'', in use at Catalina Island, {{wipe|California}}, in 1915, and shipped to Hawaii the following year. According to a newspaper report at that time, the  ''Crete'' had "a deep cockpit, a chair fitted for landing big fish and leather pockets for placing the pole."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/krauss/Pages/viewtext.php?s=browse&tid=21108&doctype=28&route=browseby.php&start=9136&by=doctype&view=list&s=browse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719210836/http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/krauss/Pages/viewtext.php?s=browse&tid=21108&doctype=28&route=browseby.php&start=9136&by=doctype&view=list&s=browse |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2011 |title=First game fishing boat arrives in Hawaii |date=13 March 1916 |publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin }}</ref>

It is difficult to estimate how many recreational fishing boats there are, although the number is high. The term is fluid, since most recreational boats are also used for fishing from time to time. Unlike most commercial fishing vessels, recreational fishing boats are often not dedicated just to fishing, but also other water sports such as water skiing, parasailing and underwater diving.

[[File:bassboat1.jpg|thumb|right|Standard aluminum [[Engineering:Bass boat|bass boat]], with trolling motor]]
* Fishing kayaks have gained popularity in recent years. The kayak has long been a means of accessing fishing grounds.
* Pontoon boats have also become popular in recent years. These boats allow one or two fishermen to get into small rivers or lakes that would have difficulty accommodating larger boats. Typically 8–12&nbsp;ft in length, these inflatable craft can be assembled quickly and easily. Some feature rigid frames derived from the white water rafting industry.
* [[Engineering:Bass boat|Bass boat]]s are small aluminium or fibreglass motorboats used in freshwater lakes and rivers in the {{wipe|United States}}. for fishing bass and other panfish. They have a flat front deck, swivel chairs for the anglers, storage bins for fishing tackle, and a live well with recirculating water to keep caught fish alive. They are usually fitted with an [[Engineering:Outboard motor|outboard motor]] and a slower [[Engineering:Trolling motor|trolling motor]], as well [[Engineering:Fishfinder|fishfinder]] and GPS navigation.
* Charter boats are often privately operated, purpose-built fishing boats, and host guided fishing trips for paying clients. Their size can range widely depending on the type of trips run and the geographical location.
* Freshwater fishing boats account for approximately one third of all registered boats in the USA. Most other types of boats end up being used for fishing on occasion.
* Saltwater fishing boats vary widely in size and can be specialized for certain species of fish. Flounder boats, for example, have flat bottoms for a shallow draft and are used in protected, shallow waters. Sport fishing boats range from 25 to 80 feet or more, and can be powered by large outboard engines or inboard diesels. Boats used for fishing in cold climates may have space dedicated to a cuddy cabin or enclosed wheelhouse, while boats in warmer climates are more likely to be open.
{{clear}}

<gallery>
File:Flyfishing - Winslow Homer.jpg|[[Engineering:Fly fishing|Fly fishing]] from a [[Engineering:Dinghy|dinghy]]
File:Saint-Cassien pecheur.jpg|Angling from a small [[Engineering:Inflatable boat|inflatable]] on Saint-Cassien's lake, {{wipe|France}}
File:Small sport fishing boat.jpg|Small sport fishing boat
File:Coming in...two blues! (2).jpg|A larger charter big game rig in Bermuda.
File:The 'Blue Aquarius' off Bangor - geograph.org.uk - 1024552.jpg|
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Engineering:Factory ship|Factory ship]]
* Maritime history of the United Kingdom
* Shetland bus boats
* [[Engineering:Traditional fishing boat|Traditional fishing boat]]
* ''Western Flyer'' (boat)

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Chapelle, Howard L. (1951) ''American Small Sailing Craft'' WW Norton Company, New York, {{ISBN|0-393-03143-8}}
* Fagan, Brian (2008) ''The Great Warming.'' Chapter 10:  [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819141456/http://www.brianfagan.com/chapter_10.html ''Bucking the trades''] Bloomsbury Press. {{ISBN|978-1-59691-392-9}}
* FAO: Fisheries technology: [http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/1616/en Fishing vessels] Retrieved 2 February 2009.
* FAO: CWP Handbook of Fishery Statistical Standards : [http://www.fao.org/fishery/cwp/handbook/L Section L: Fishery Fleet]
* FAO (1999) [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/x4360e/X4360E00.pdf ''Analysis of the vessels over 100 tons in the global fishing fleet'']{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  FAO Fisheries Circular C949.
* FAO (2007) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E04.htm#4.1.5 ''The status of the fishing fleet''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218073819/http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E04.htm#4.1.5 |date=2019-02-18 }} State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. {{ISBN|978-92-5-105568-7}}
* Gardner, John (1987) ''The Dory Book.'' Mystic Seaport Museum, Mystic Connecticut. {{ISBN|0-913372-44-7}}
* McGrail, Sean (2004). ''Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times''.  USA: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-927186-0}}.
* NOAA: [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/fishwatch/fishinggears.htm Fish Watch: Fisheries Gear]
* {{aut|Vries, J. de, and Woude, A. van der}} (1997), ''The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815'', {{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-57825-7}}

==Further reading==
* Gerr, Dave (1995) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yc6QDZ4Vp24C&dq=boier+boat+dutch&pg=PA5 ''The Nature of Boats: Insights and Esoterica for the Nautically Obsessed''] McGraw-Hill Professional. {{ISBN|978-0-07-024233-3}}
* Smylie, Michael (1999) ''Traditional Fishing Boats of Britain & Ireland: Design, History and Evolution.'' Adlard Coles Nautical. {{ISBN|978-1-84037-035-5}}
* Traung, Jan-Olaf (1960) [https://archive.org/details/fishingboatsofth034718mbp ''Fishing Boats of the World 2''] Fishing News (Books) Ltd.,  [https://archive.org/download/fishingboatsofth034718mbp/fishingboatsofth034718mbp.pdf Download PDF (99MB)]
* Traung, Jan-Olaf (1967) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vefaynRVJEUC&q=%22Fishing+boats+of+the+world%22 ''Fishing Boats of the World 3''] Kiefer Press. {{ISBN|978-1-4437-6711-8}}. [https://archive.org/download/fishingboatsofth034717mbp/fishingboatsofth034717mbp.pdf Download PDF (56MB)]
* Vigor, John (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLg6Lx5yRP0C&dq=boier+boat+dutch&pg=PA335 ''The Practical Encyclopedia of Boating: An A-Z Compendium of Seamanship, Boat Maintenance, Navigation, and Nautical Wisdom''] McGraw-Hill Professional. {{ISBN|978-0-07-137885-7}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211154746/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=209335 Fishing vessels] ''History.com Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 14 September 2009.

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org/figis/vrmf/finder FAO Fishing Vessels Finder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131011853/http://www.fao.org/figis/vrmf/finder/ |date=2013-01-31 }}, FAO public database of fishing vessels, includes data from different sources and allows searching vessel data by many different criteria
{{ModernMerchantShipTypes}}

[[Category:Fishing vessels| ]]
[[Category:Boat types]]

{{Sourceattribution|Fishing vessel}}