View source for Engineering:Fairchild F-27

{{short description|Regional airliner}}
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
 |name = F-27 / FH-227
 |image = File:Fairchild-Hil FH.227B PP-BUH Congonhas 06.05.72 edited-2.jpg
 |caption = A Fairchild Hiller FH-227B of VARIG at Congonhas Airport Sao Paulo in 1972
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
 |type =Airliner
 |manufacturer =[[Company:Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild Hiller]]
 |designer =
 |first flight = April 12, 1958 (F-27) <br />February 2, 1966 (FH-227)<ref>{{Harvnb|Becker|1988|pp=42, 44}}</ref>
 |introduced = 1958
 |produced =
 |retired =
 |status = Retired
 |primary user =
 |more users =
 |number built = 128 (F-27) <br />78 (FH-227)
 |developed from = [[Engineering:Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F27 Friendship]]
 |variants with their own articles =
}}
|}

The '''Fairchild F-27''' and '''Fairchild Hiller FH-227''' were versions of the [[Engineering:Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F27 Friendship]] twin-engined, [[Engineering:Turboprop|turboprop]], passenger aircraft manufactured under license by Fairchild Hiller in the United States. The Fairchild F-27 was similar to the standard Fokker F27, while the FH-227 was an independently developed, stretched version.

==Design and development==
[[File:Het prototype van de Fairchild F-27 (2161 026993).jpg|thumb|left|Prototype of the F-27 in 1958-1959]]
[[File:Fairchild F.27J N2706J A.South ATL 21.04.74 edited-2.jpg|thumb|right|Fairchild F-27J of Air South in 1974, showing the shorter fuselage of this version]]
The Fokker F27 began life as a 1950 design study known as the P275, a 32-seater powered by two [[Engineering:Rolls-Royce Dart|Rolls-Royce Dart]] turboprops. With the aid of Dutch government funding, the P275 evolved into the F27, which first flew on November 24, 1955. The first prototype was powered by Dart 507s and would have seated 28. To correct a slight tail heaviness and to allow for more seats, the second prototype (which first flew in January 1957) had a {{convert|3|ft|m|adj=mid|-longer}} [[Engineering:Fuselage|fuselage]], which allowed seating for 32.
[[File:Mohawk N7823M.png|thumb|right|A Fairchild Hiller FH-227B of the defunct Mohawk Airlines ''circa'' 1970]]
By this stage, Fokker had signed an agreement that would have Fairchild build Friendships in the U.S. as the F-27. The first aircraft of either manufacturer to enter service in the U.S. was, in fact, a Fairchild-built F-27, with West Coast Airlines in September 1958.  Other Fairchild F-27 operators in the U.S. included Air South, Air West and successor Hughes Airwest, Allegheny Airlines, Aloha Airlines, Bonanza Air Lines, Horizon Air, Ozark Air Lines, Pacific Air Lines, Piedmont Airlines (1948-1989), Northern Consolidated Airlines, and successor Wien Air Alaska.  Fairchild subsequently manufactured a larger, stretched version of the F-27 named the Fairchild Hiller FH-227, which was operated by U.S.-based air carriers [[Company:Delta Air Lines|Delta Air Lines]], Mohawk Airlines, Northeast Airlines, Ozark Air Lines, Piedmont Airlines (1948-1989),  and Wien Air Alaska.

Fairchild F-27s differed from the initial Fokker F27 Mk 100s in having basic seating for 40, heavier external skinning, a lengthened nose capable of housing [[Earth:Weather radar|weather radar]], and additional fuel capacity. They also incorporated a passenger airstair door in the rear of the aircraft, operated by a flight attendant, which eliminated the need for separate stairs on the ground.

Developments were the F-27A with more powerful engines and the F-27B [[Engineering:Combi aircraft|Combi aircraft]] version.  The F-27B Combi mixed passenger/freight version was operated in Alaska by Northern Consolidated Airlines and Wien Air Alaska.

Fairchild independently developed the stretched FH-227, which appeared almost two years earlier than Fokker's similar F27 Mk 500. The FH-227 featured a 1.83&nbsp;m (6&nbsp;ft) stretch over standard-length F27/F-27s, taking standard seating to 56, with a larger cargo area between the cockpit and the passenger cabin.

==Production==
[[File:FokkerAnde1972.jpg|thumb|An FH-227D used in the movie ''Alive!'' in the livery of Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya Flight 571 that crashed in the Andes in 1972]]

In addition to the 581 F27s built by Fokker, 128 F-27s and 78 FH-227s were built. {{As of|2010|2}}, only one Fairchild FH-227 aircraft, FH-227E serial number 501 belonging to the {{wipe|Myanmar Air Force}}, remained in active service.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

== Former operators ==
(Source: Roach & Eastwood)

; {{ALG}}
* Sahara Airlines (FH-227)

; {{ARG}}
* CATA Linea Aerea (FH-227)

;{{Flagu|Bahamas}}
* Bahamasair (FH-227)

; {{BRA}}
* Paraense Transportes Aereos (FH-227)
* TABA – Transportes Aereos da Bacia Amazonica (FH-227)
* VARIG (FH-227)

; {{CAN}}
* Norcanair (F-27)
* Nordair (FH-227)
* Time Air (F-27)
* Quebecair (F-27)

; {{CHI}}
* Aeronor Chile (FH-27A)

; {{FRA}}
* Air Melanesie (F-27)
* Air Polynesie (F-27)
* TAT European Airlines (FH-227)

; {{ROK}}
* Korean Air Lines (F-27, FH-227)

; {{TUR}}
* Turkish Airlines (F-27)

; {{USA}}
* Airlift International (F-27, FH-227)
* Air New England (FH-227)
* AirPac (FH-227B) – Alaska-based air carrier
* Air South (F-27)
* Air West<!--do not wikilink (wrong airline in Africa)--> (subsequently renamed Hughes Airwest) – former Bonanza Air Lines, Pacific Air Lines and West Coast Airlines F-27 aircraft
* Allegheny Airlines (F-27)
* Aloha Airlines (F-27)
* Aspen Airways (F-27)
* Bonanza Air Lines (F-27)
* Britt Airways (F-27, FH-227)
* Connectair (F-27)
* [[Company:Delta Air Lines|Delta Air Lines]] (FH-227B) – former Northeast Airlines aircraft
* Empire Airlines (F-27)
* Horizon Air (F-27)
* Hughes Airwest (F-27) – former Air West aircraft
* Mohawk Airlines (FH-227)
* Northeast Airlines (FH-227)
* Northern Consolidated Airlines (F-27B [[Engineering:Combi aircraft|combi aircraft]]) – merged with Wien Air Alaska
* Oceanair (F-27)
* Ozark Airlines (F-27, FH-227)
* Pacific Air Lines (F-27)
* Piedmont Airlines (1948–1989) (F-27, FH-227)
* Shawnee Airlines (FH-227)
* Southeast Airlines (F-27)
* West Coast Airlines (F-27)
* Wien Air Alaska (F-27B [[Engineering:Combi aircraft|Combi aircraft]]) – Former Northern Consolidated Airlines aircraft that were capable of mixed passenger/cargo operations
[[File:Avensa was de eerste maatschappij in Latijns-Amerika met een Fairchild F-27 (2161 026998).jpg|thumb|Venezuelan carrier Avensa was the first South American client for the F-27, taking delivery of its first in September 1958. However, this particular aircraft (reg. YV-C-EVH) was lost in an accident in February 1962, with the loss of all its 23 occupants.]] 
'''{{Flagu|Uruguay}}'''
* {{wipe|Uruguayan Air Force}}

; {{VEN}}
* Avensa (F-27)

==Notable accidents==
Of the 78 FH-227s built, 23 crashed.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v8nPTGiDZc#t=5m59s Surviving the Andes Plane Crash (2010)] Gary Orlando FH-227 historian</ref>
* On November 7, 1960: An AREA Ecuador F-27A struck the dormant Atacazo volcano in bad weather during its approach to Mariscal Sucre International Airport in [[Place:Quito|Quito]], Ecuador after a domestic flight from Simón Bolívar International Airport, in [[Place:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]].<ref>https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/quito/momentos-tristes-del-aeropuerto-mariscal.html</ref><ref>https://airlinercafe.com/forums/topic/lost-schemes-294-area-ecuador-dc-7c-1968/</ref> The crash, {{convert|16|km|mi}} south of Quito and 150 meters to the summit of the Atacazo, killed all the 37 occupants of the plane.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19601107-0</ref> This particular aircraft (msn. 1, reg. HC-ADV) was the first prototype of the Fairchild F-27, which had been sold to AREA Ecuador in 1959.<ref>https://www.fokkerairliners.net/424443594</ref><ref>https://airlinercafe.com/forums/topic/lost-schemes-294-area-ecuador-dc-7c-1968/</ref> At the time, it was the worst aerial crash in the history of Ecuador, the first and worst fatal loss of an F-27, and the first accident involving the then-recently-opened Quito airport.<ref>https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/quito/momentos-tristes-del-aeropuerto-mariscal.html</ref><ref>https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19601107-0</ref>
* On February 25, 1962, an Avensa F-27A crashed into a mountain on Margarita Island, killing all 23 on board.
* On November 15, 1964, Bonanza Air Lines Flight 114, flying from Phoenix, Arizona, to Las Vegas, Nevada, crashed into a mountain south of Las Vegas during poor weather. All 26 passengers and three crew on board died.
* On March 10, 1967, West Coast Airlines Flight 720 crashed with four fatalities and no survivors near Klamath Falls, Oregon. The Fairchild F-27 was bound for Medford, Oregon, from Klamath Falls, and crashed due to ice accumulation on the aircraft.
* On August 10, 1968, Piedmont Airlines Flight 230 was on an ILS localizer-only approach to Charleston-Kanawha County Airport (CRW) runway 23 when it struck trees 360 feet from the runway threshold. The aircraft continued and struck up-sloping terrain short of the runway in a nose-down attitude. The aircraft continued up the hill and onto the airport, coming to rest 6 feet beyond the threshold and 50 feet from the right edge of the runway. A layer of dense fog was obscuring the runway threshold and about half of the approach lights. Visual conditions existed outside the fog area. All three crew members and 32 of the 34 passengers perished. The National Transportation Safety Board blamed the accident on an "unrecognized loss of altitude orientation during the final portion of an approach into shallow, dense fog." The disorientation was caused by a rapid reduction in the ground guidance segment available to the pilot at a point beyond which a go-around could succeed.<ref>http://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR69-06.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* On October 25, 1968, Northeast Airlines Flight 946, an FH-227, crashed on Moose Mountain near Hanover, New Hampshire, on approach to Lebanon Municipal Airport. Of the 39 passengers and three crew on board, 32 were killed.
* On December 2, 1968, Wien Consolidated Airlines F-27B, N4905B, encountered turbulence near Pedro Bay, Alaska that tore off the right wing. All 39 on board died. Pre-existing fatigue cracks contributed to wing failure. (NTSB DCA69A0006)
* On March 14, 1970, a Paraense Fairchild Hiller FH-227B registration PP-BUF operating flight 903 from São Luiz to Belém-Val de Cans, while on final approach to land at Belém, crashed into Guajará Bay. Of the 40 passengers and crew, three survived.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19700314-2 | title=Accident description PP-BUF | publisher=Aviation Safety Network | access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Carlos Ari César | last=Germano da Silva | title=O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996 | chapter=O fim da Paraense | publisher=EDIPUCRS | edition=2 | place=Porto Alegre | year=2008 | pages=267–268 | isbn=978-85-7430-760-2 | language=pt}}</ref>
* On March 3, 1972, Mohawk Airlines Flight 405, a Fairchild Hiller FH-227, crashed into a house in Albany, New York, on approach to Albany County Airport. The crew had difficulty getting the cruise lock to disengage in one of the engines. While the crew attempted to deal with the problem, the aircraft crashed short of the airfield, killing 16 of the 48 people in the aircraft and one person on the ground. The lone surviving crew member was stewardess Sandra Quinn.
* On Friday, October 13, 1972, {{wipe|Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571}}, an FH-227D carrying 45 people, crashed in the Andes mountains. The pilot mistakenly believed the aircraft had overflown Curicó, the turning point to fly north, and begin descending. He failed to notice that instrument readings indicated he was still {{convert|60|–|70|km|abbr=on}} east of Curicó. The plane crashed at {{convert|11,000|ft}} on a glacier; 16 of the 45 people on board survived for 72 days by resorting to anthropophagy, or eating their dead friends.  The event became known as the "Miracle in the Andes", and was the subject of the 1974 book ''Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors'', the 1993 film ''Alive'' and the 2023 film ''Society of the Snow'".
* On July 23, 1973, Ozark Air Lines Flight 809 was operated by one of the company's Fairchild-Hiller FH-227's, registration N4215. The flight was scheduled to go from Nashville, Tennessee to St. Louis, Missouri, with four  intermediate stops. The segments to Clarksville, Paducah, Cape Girardeau, and Marion proceeded normally. Crashed in storm downdraft on final approach to St. Louis. 38 fatalities, 6 survivors.
* On August 8, 1975, Wien Air Alaska F-27B, N4904, crashed into mountain on approach in bad weather at Gambell, Alaska, killing 10 and seriously injuring 20.  (NTSB DCA76AZ004)
* On March 29, 1979, Québecair Flight 255, a Fairchild F-27, crashed after take-off, killing 17 and injuring seven.
* On January 24, 1980, a {{wipe|Burma Air Force}} FH-227 crashed when an engine failed shortly after take-off, killing all but one of the 44 people on board. One person on the ground was injured.
* On June 12, 1982, a TABA – Transportes Aéreos da Bacia Amazônica Fairchild Hiller FH-227 registration PT-LBV en route from Eirunepé to Tabatinga on approach to Tabatinga collided with a pole in poor visibility and crashed onto a parking lot. All 40 passengers and four crew died.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19820612-1 | title=Accident description PT-LBV | publisher=Aviation Safety Network | access-date=30 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Carlos Ari César | last=Germano da Silva | title=O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996 | chapter=Aru traiçoeiro | publisher=EDIPUCRS | edition=2 | place=Porto Alegre | year=2008 | pages=327–331 | isbn=978-85-7430-760-2 | language=pt}}</ref>
* On December 9, 1982, an Aeronor Chile F-27A was operating as Flight 304 on a scheduled domestic service from Santiago to La Serena, Chile. On final approach to La Serena's La Florida Airport, the aircraft stalled and crashed, bursting into flames on impact. All 42 passengers and four crew on board died.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19821209-1 Aviation Safety Network CC-CJE accident synopsis] retrieved 2010-06-23</ref>
* On March 4, 1988, a TAT European Airlines FH-227B operating a scheduled service from Nancy to Paris Orly as TAT Flight 230 crashed near Fontainebleau, France, killing all 23 occupants. An electrical malfunction during the start of the aircraft's descent had resulted in a sudden loss of control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19880304-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Fairchild FH-227B F-GCPS Machault|first=Harro|last=Ranter}}</ref>
* On June 6, 1990, TABA Fairchild Hiller FH-227 registration PT-ICA flying from Belém-Val de Cans to Cuiabá via Altamira and other stops, while on approach under fog to land at Altamira, descended below the approach path, collided with trees, and crashed 850 m short of the runway. Of the 41 passengers and crew, 23 died.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900606-1 | title=Accident description PT-ICA | publisher=Aviation Safety Network | access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Carlos Ari César | last=Germano da Silva | title=O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996 | chapter=Nevoeiro na reta final | publisher=EDIPUCRS | edition=2 | place=Porto Alegre | year=2008 | pages=361–363 | isbn=978-85-7430-760-2 | language=pt}}</ref>
* On January 25, 1993, TABA Fairchild Hiller FH-227, registration PT-LCS, operating a cargo flight from Belém-Val de Cans to Altamira crashed into the jungle near Altamira during night-time approach procedures. The crew of three died.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19930125-0 | title=Accident description PT-LCS | publisher=Aviation Safety Network | access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>
* On November 28, 1995, TABA Fairchild Hiller FH-227, registration PP-BUJ, operating a cargo flight from Belém-Val de Cans to Santarém crashed on its second attempt to approach Santarém. The crew of two and one of the passenger occupants died.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19951128-0 | title=Accident description PP-BUJ | publisher=Aviation Safety Network | access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>
* On October 28, 1997, an Aerogal FH-227D, registration HC-BUF, was operating a repositioning ferry flight with staff and equipment from [[Place:Quito|Quito]]'s Mariscal Sucre Airport to [[Place:Ambato, Ecuador|Ambato]]'s Chachoan Airport in the Ecuadorian [[Place:Andes|Andes]] region. Due to the pilots' and the airline's poor-to-none flight preparation into this high-elevation airfield, the plane touched down halfway down the runway at high speed (at 100 knots). It overran the runway by 170 meters and fell into a 90-meter-deep ravine. There were no casualties among the seven occupants but the plane was written off.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19971028-0</ref>  This particular airframe (cn. 573 formerly N2784R) had been briefly used in 1992 for photoshoot purposes for the 1993 ''Alive'' film, painted in the livery of the ill-fated Uruguayan Air Force 571.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://abpic.co.uk/pictures/view/1209712 | title=Fairchild Hiller FH-227D, N2784R / 573, South Seattle Community College }}</ref><ref>https://aviation-safety.net/photo/2007/Fairchild-FH-227D-571</ref>
* On January 17, 2002, an FH-227E (reg. HC-AYM, sn. 511) belonging to the aviation unit of Petroproducción, a subsidiary of the Ecuadorian state-owned Petroecuador oil company, flying from Quito's airport to Lago Agrio Airport (150 km. west of Quito), in the Amazon region province of Sucumbíos, went off course and flew into the 4500 meter-high ''Cerro El Tigre'' mountain in Colombia's Putumayo Department, 14 km. across from the border with Ecuador and approximately 50 miles (80 km.) from its destination.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rescate.com/hcaym.html | title=Detresfa, Fairchaild F- 27, Matricula Hc - Aym }}</ref> All 21 passengers (Petroecuador employees) plus the five crew members were killed in the crash. The controlled flight into terrain was caused by a loss of situational awareness by the pilots, owing to distractions (lack of sterile cockpit rule) and poor [[Crew resource management|crew resource management]]. All these factors were compounded by poor visibility due to bad weather (fog) and the plane's lack of a [[Engineering:Ground proximity warning system|ground proximity warning system]].<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20020117-0&lang=es</ref>

==Specifications (FH-227E)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1969-70.''<ref name="Janes 69 p321-2">{{harvnb|Taylor|1969|pp=321–322}}</ref>
|prime units?=kts
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|genhide=

|crew=Two (pilot and co-pilot)
|capacity=44–52 passengers ''or''{{convert|11200|lb|kg|abbr=on}} payload
|length m=
|length ft=83
|length in=8
|span m=
|span ft=95
|span in=2
|height m=
|height ft=27
|height in=7
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=754
|aspect ratio=12:1
|airfoil=NACA 64-421 (mod.) at root, NACA 64-415 (mod.) at tip
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=22923
|gross weight kg=
|max takeoff weight lb=43500
|fuel capacity={{convert|1364|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on}} normal, optional tanks for up to {{convert|1004|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on}} extra
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Engineering:Rolls-Royce Dart|Rolls-Royce Dart]] RDa.7 Mk 532-7L
|eng1 type=[[Engineering:Turboprop|turboprop]]s
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 hp=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 shp=2300<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 note=(take-off power) (ehp)

|prop blade number=4
|prop name=Rotol [[Engineering:Constant-speed propeller|constant-speed propeller]]
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=12<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=6<!-- propeller aircraft -->

<!--
        Performance
-->
|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=294
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=at {{convert|15000|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed mph=270<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed note=at {{convert|25000|ft|m|abbr=on}} (econ. cruise)
|stall speed mph=87.3
|stall speed note=(flaps down)
|never exceed speed mph=331
|never exceed speed note=[[Physics:Equivalent airspeed|EAS]]
|range km=
|range miles=656
|range nmi=
|range note=with maximum payload, {{convert|1655|mi|nmi mi km|abbr=on|order=out}}
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=28000
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=1560
|more performance=

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
* Fokker F27
* [[Engineering:Fokker 50|Fokker 50]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Engineering:Antonov An-24|Antonov An-24]]
* [[Engineering:Handley Page Herald|Handley Page Herald]]
* Hawker Siddeley HS.748
* [[Engineering:NAMC YS-11|NAMC YS-11]]
|sequence=
|lists=
* List of military aircraft of the United States
* [[Engineering:List of military transport aircraft|List of military transport aircraft]]
|see also=

}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{cite book |last=Becker |first=Hans-Jürgen |title=F27 Friendship |year=1988 |location=Martinsried |publisher=NARA Verlag |isbn=3-925671-02-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Roach |first1=J. R. |last2=Eastwood |first2= A. B. |title=Turboprop Airliner Production List |publisher=The Aviation Hobby Shop|year=1998 |isbn=0-907178-69-3 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=John W. R. |title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1969–70 |year=1969 |location=London |publisher=Jane's Yearbooks |isbn=0-354-000-519 }}

==External links==

{{Fairchild aircraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fairchild Hiller Fh-227}}
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]

{{Sourceattribution|Fairchild F-27}}