View source for Earth:Tornado Intercept Vehicle

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV 1)
| image = [[File:Tornado intercept vehicle.jpg|310px]]
| designer = Sean Casey
| class = first generation storm research vehicle
| body_style = modified 1997 Ford F-Super Duty cab and chassis
| height = {{convert|14|ft|m}}
| weight = {{convert|14,000|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| layout = 2 wheel drive, 2 axles, 6 wheels
| engine = 7.3 liter [[Engineering:Ford Power Stroke engine|Powerstroke]] Diesel
| transmission = [[Company:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]] 5-speed manual
| caption = TIV 1 from 2005 before the addition of stabilizing claws.
}}
The '''Tornado Intercept Vehicle 1''' ('''TIV 1''') and '''Tornado Intercept Vehicle 2''' ('''TIV 2''') are vehicles used to film with an [[IMAX]] camera from very close to or within a tornado. They were designed by film director Sean Casey. Both TIVs have intercepted numerous tornadoes, including the June 12, 2005 Jayton, TX tornado, the June 5, 2009 La Grange WY tornado, and the strongest intercept, made by TIV 2, May 27, 2013 Lebanon, KS tornado.

==TIV 1==
The Tornado Intercept Vehicle 1 (TIV 1) is a heavily modified 1997 Ford F-Series F-Super Duty cab & chassis truck used as a [[Storm chasing|storm chasing]] platform and built by Sean Casey.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Forget ‘Twister.’ This Is What It’s Really Like to Be a Storm Chaser |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a44950472/chasing-tornadoes-tornado-alley/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Popular Mechanics |language=en-US}}</ref> This heavily armored vehicle can drive into a weak to relatively strong [[Earth:Tornado|tornado]] ([[Earth:Enhanced Fujita scale|EF0 to EF3]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}} to film it and take measurements. Work began on the TIV in 2002 and took around eight months to finish, at a total cost of around US$81,000. TIV's armored shell consists of 1/8–1/4&nbsp;inch steel plate welded to a two-inch square steel tubing frame. The windows are bullet resistant polycarbonate, measuring {{convert|1.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} thick on the windshield and {{convert|0.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} thick on the sides.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saavedra |first=Larry |date=March 1, 2009 |title=Storm Chasers TIV 1 And TIV 2 |url=https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/0903-8l-storm-chasers-tiv-1-and-tiv-2/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=MotorTrend}}</ref> The TIV weighs approximately {{convert|14,000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} fully loaded<ref>{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=How the Tornado Intercept Vehicle Works |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/meteorological-instruments/tiv.htm |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en-us}}</ref> and is powered by a 7.3 litre Ford Powerstroke [[Engineering:Turbocharger|turbocharged]] diesel engine manufactured by [[Company:Navistar International|Navistar-International]], otherwise known as the International T444E.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The vehicle includes air-ride suspension that, when deployed, drops the vehicle flush to the ground to prevent wind from getting under the vehicle. Four hydraulic claws were added at Discovery Channel’s request for safety, which are used to grapple onto the ground and anchor the TIV during an intercept. The vehicle's speed was limited by the factory Ford PCM, giving it a top speed of {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.tornadoalleymovie.com/index.php/explore/tiv/ | title = Tornado Alley, Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV) | work = Tornado Alley Movie Webpage | publisher = Tornado Alley, LLC | access-date = April 13, 2013 }}</ref> The TIV has a fuel capacity of {{convert|60|USgal|L}}, giving it a range of around {{convert|500|mi|km}}. The TIV is featured in a series called ''Storm Chasers'' which began airing on the Discovery Channel in October 2007.<ref>[http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071017/LIFE/710170308 SouthCoastToday.com: On 'Storm Chasers': In pursuit of twisters]</ref><ref name="discovery1">{{cite web|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/storm-chasers/vehicles/vehicles.html |title=Storm Chasers : Discovery Channel |publisher=Dsc.discovery.com |date=2011-12-01 |access-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> TIV was succeeded in 2008 by TIV 2, but returned to service to finish out the first few chases of the 2008 storm chasing season after TIV 2 suffered mechanical problems. In a June 2011 interview with NPR's ''All Things Considered'', Casey said that TIV is still in service and is designated as the backup vehicle in the event TIV 2 breaks down during a shoot.<ref>{{cite news|author=All Things Considered |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/06/01/136861305/filmmaker-shoots-at-the-heart-of-the-tornado |title=Filmmaker Shoots At The Heart Of The Tornado |publisher=NPR |access-date=2012-03-20}}</ref>

After no longer needing the vehicle, Casey abandoned the vehicle on a central Kansas farm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cline |first=Amanda |date=2022-03-14 |title=‘Storm Chasers’ Ford F-350 Tornado Intercept Vehicle Found via Google Earth |url=https://www.motorbiscuit.com/storm-chasers-ford-f-350-tornado-intercept-vehicle-found-via-google-earth/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=MotorBiscuit |language=en-US}}</ref> Casey placed the TIV as a prize for a scavenger hunt, where the first one to find the TIV would be able to keep it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=First Storm Chaser Tornado Interceptor Located In Kansas |url=https://news.yahoo.com/first-storm-chaser-tornado-interceptor-190000157.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> Wichita-based storm chaser Robert Clayton found the vehicle in 2021, after searching for it on [[Software:Google Earth|Google Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=First tornado intercept vehicle found in Kansas yard |url=https://www.ksn.com/weather/weather-stories/first-tornado-intercept-vehicle-found-in-kansas-yard/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=KSN-TV |language=en-US}}</ref> Clayton's restoration plan for TIV 1 includes removing the claws and adding hydraulic anchoring spikes similar to TIV 2, repairing the air-ride suspension to drop TIV to the ground to prevent wind from getting underneath the vehicle, repainting the vehicle black, and adding instrumentation to collect data for future research.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==TIV 2==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tornado Intercept Vehicle 2
| image = Tornado Intercept Vehicle 2.jpg
| designer = Sean Casey
| class = second generation storm research vehicle
| weight = {{convert|16,500|lb|kg|abbr=on}}  (2008), {{convert|14,300|lb|kg|abbr=on}}  (2009–present)
| layout = 6x6 (2008), 6x4 (2009–present), 3 axles, 10 wheels
| engine = modified 6.7 liter turbocharged Cummins Diesel
| transmission = automatic
| caption = TIV 2 from 2012
}}
Casey and his team developed and built the second Tornado Intercept Vehicle, dubbed TIV 2, to be featured in their next IMAX movie and the ''Storm Chasers'' series.<ref>[http://kswo.com/Global/story.asp?S=7429345 KSWO, Lawton, OK - Wichita Falls, TX: News, Weather, Sports. ABC, 24/7, Telemundo - Tech students help build tornado vehicle]</ref> Work began in September 2007 by forty welding students at the Great Plains Technology Center in Lawton, Oklahoma and was completed in time for the 2008 tornado chase season. TIV 2 was designed to address some of the problems experienced with the original TIV, namely its low ground clearance, lack of [[Engineering:Four-wheel drive|four-wheel drive]], and low top speed.The TIV 2 has the ability to withstand wind speeds up to 130MPH not deployed. Deployed, it can withstand a 250MPH headwind.  It is based on a Dodge Ram 3500 <!-- (shows for 43 frames as California plate 8S31673 in the two-hour special episode "Greatest Storms") --> that was strengthened and converted to [[Engineering:Six-wheel drive|six-wheel drive]] by adding a third [[Engineering:Axle|axle]].

After season two, the six-wheel drive system was modified to four-wheel drive.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} It is powered by a 6.7-liter [[Company:Cummins|Cummins]] turbocharged diesel engine, modified with propane and water injection to produce {{convert|625|hp}}. This gives TIV 2 an estimated top speed of over {{convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. Its fuel capacity is 92 US Gallons (348 L), giving TIV 2 an approximate range of around {{convert|750|mi|km}}. The body of TIV 2 is constructed of a 1/8-inch steel skin welded over a {{convert|2|in|mm|abbr=on}} square tubing steel frame. The windows in TIV&nbsp;2 are all bullet-resistant {{convert|1.63|in|mm|abbr=on}} interlayered polycarbonate sheets and tempered glass. TIV&nbsp;2 also features an IMAX filming turret similar to the one on the original TIV. The original TIV's air ride suspension mechanism was not used on TIV 2 in favor of six hydraulic skirts that drop down to deflect wind over the TIV to stabilize it and protect the underside from debris. It was also not originally equipped with hydraulic claws.

TIV 2 debuted on the second season of ''Storm Chasers'', which began airing on the Discovery Channel in October 2008. Its initial performance did not go well, as it was plagued by mechanical failures, including several broken axles, which forced Casey to abandon TIV 2 and return to chasing in the original TIV until TIV&nbsp;2's issues could be resolved.<ref name="discovery1"/><ref name="jalopnik1">{{cite web|author=Ben Wojdyla|url=http://jalopnik.com/5076023/tiv+2-an-exclusive-look-inside-the-techie-tank+like-tornado+chaser |title=TIV-2: An Exclusive Look Inside The Techie Tank-Like Tornado-Chaser |publisher=Jalopnik.com |date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> Despite Discovery Channel showing that TIV 2 was out of commission for the majority of the season, TIV 2 could be seen chasing through to the end of the season, including the May 29, 2008 Kearney, NE tornado, though it was not shown in the series.

In the fall of 2008, TIV 2 received several modifications, mostly focused on reducing the vehicle's {{convert|16,500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} weight. To achieve this, less crucial areas of TIV 2's armor were converted from steel to [[Chemistry:Aluminium|aluminum]] while more vital areas were reinforced with supplemental [[Chemistry:Composite armour|composite armor]] consisting of thin layers of steel, [[Chemistry:Kevlar|Kevlar]], polycarbonate, and rubber. In all, the weight reduction measures brought TIV&nbsp;2's weight down to {{convert|14,300|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. The safety systems were also improved, with the three front wind flaps being consolidated into one skirt, and new hydraulic stabilizing spikes to further increase stability in high winds. Other modifications included additional doors that provided every seat position with an exit (wind skirts up or down), and a redesigned IMAX turret with 50% more windows. The third axle was disconnected from the drive train, thus changing TIV 2 to a 6×4 from its 6×6 design. The third axle now acts as a brace for the vehicle's weight.<ref name="discovery1"/>

The TIV 2 appeared again before the halfway point of the third season of ''Storm Chasers.'' In between seasons three and four of ''Storm Chasers,'' TIV 2 also appeared in an episode of another Discovery Channel series, ''Mythbusters'', wherein both the TIV 2 and the [[Earth:SRV Dominator|SRV Dominator]] vehicle operated by Reed Timmer of [http://www.tornadovideos.net/ TornadoVideos.Net] were tested to determine their endurance to storm-force winds by being parked behind a [[Engineering:Boeing 747|Boeing 747]] with the engines at full throttle. When tested at a wind speed of {{convert|160|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, the TIV 2 had the driver's door pulled open, though this was due to human error, as Casey forgot to lock the door prior to the test. When tested again at {{convert|250|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} (equivalent to an EF5 tornado), the TIV 2 suffered no ill effects other than the anchoring spikes being slightly bent; the Dominator ended up being blown approximately {{convert|50|ft|m}}, although it remained upright.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fandomania.com/tv-review-mythbusters-8-19-storm-chasing-myths/|title=TV Review: Mythbusters 8.19 – "Storm Chasing Myths"|date=2010-10-19|website=Fandomania|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref> TIV 2 would intercept a tornado near La Grange, WY in 2009 which would be his intercept shot he needed for his IMAX film. Future chases in TIV 2 would be for b-roll footage of the TIV 2 and for his new IMAX film.

In 2011, a siren was added to the vehicle to allow the TIV 2 to act as a mobile warning system for civilians in the path of incoming tornadoes, after several incidents earlier that year where the TIV 2 team was unable to effectively warn locals of the imminent danger of the tornadoes they were tracking, especially during the 2011 Super Outbreak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/storm-chasers/season-5-episodes3.htm |title=Storm Chasers: Season 5 Episodes : Discovery Channel |access-date=2014-04-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329020506/http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/storm-chasers/season-5-episodes3.htm |archive-date=2014-03-29 }}</ref> On April 27, 2011, the TIV 2 team intercepted an EF4 tornado that hit near Enterprise, Mississippi. While not in the path but 200 yards from it, it was the first tornado he shot with his new stereoscopic IMAX camera. Casey removed the rear flap in early 2012 and built a new set of two hydraulic spikes that go into the ground during an intercept.

On May 27, 2013, TIV 2 intercepted a large tornado near Smith Center, Kansas. The vehicle was struck by large debris from a nearby farm and suffered damage to the roof-mounted [[Engineering:Anemometer|anemometer]] and at least two breaches of the crew compartment when the roof hatch and one of the doors were blown open. Before the anemometer was disabled, it recorded winds of {{convert|150|to|175|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, placing the tornado in the EF3 to EF4 range.<ref>{{cite web | title=5/27/2013 TIV2 (Tornado Intercept Vehicle) Is Hit By WEDGE Tornado in Kansas | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LobCDYO78Us  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528042140/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LobCDYO78Us&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2013-05-28 |url-status=dead| author=StormChasingVideo.com | website=[[Company:YouTube|YouTube]] | date=May 27, 2013 | access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>

On October 21, 2019, Casey listed the TIV 2 on [[Company:Craigslist|Craigslist]] for US$35,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tsui|first=Chris|title=Craigslist Find: Ram 3500-Based Tornado Intercept Camera Truck From Storm Chasers|url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/30529/craigslist-find-ram-3500-based-tornado-intercept-camera-truck-from-storm-chasers|access-date=2020-07-01|website=The Drive|date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> and it was later sold to storm chaser Ryan Shepard.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-13|title=One-Of-A-Kind Storm Chasing Vehicle Built For Tagging Along With Twisters|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2020/01/13/tornado-intercept-vehicle-ryan-shepard-colorado-storm-chasing/|access-date=2020-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>  The TIV 2 was fully restored and back on the road again in the 2021 storm season, where it made multiple close intercepts on June 10 in western North Dakota. It is under sponsorship of Storm of Passion and Live Storm Chasers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=2021 Tornado Intercept Vehicle Promo|website=[[Company:YouTube|YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rBTR5rUzcQ|access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref>

==Instrumentation==
Although primarily designed to shoot film from near or within tornadoes, the TIVs have at times been outfitted with [[Engineering:Meteorological instrumentation|meteorological instrumentation]] atop masts to complement the [[Earth:Doppler on Wheels|Doppler on Wheels]] (DOW) radar trucks of the Center for Severe Weather Research run by atmospheric scientist and inventor Joshua Wurman.<ref name="Svenvold">{{cite book |last = Svenvold |first = Mark |title = Big Weather: Chasing Tornadoes in the Heart of America |publisher = Henry Holt |date = 2005 |location = New York |url = https://archive.org/details/bigweatherchasin00sven |isbn = 978-0805076462 |url-access = registration }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Earth:SRV Dominator|SRV Dominator]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tornadoalleymovie.com ''Tornado Alley'' IMAX movie]
* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/tiv.htm How the Tornado Intercept Vehicle Works]
* [http://www.stormchaser.ca/Misc/TIV/TIV.html TIV images]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118084359/http://dir.salon.com/story/books/feature/2005/05/20/svenvold/index.html Riders on the storm]
* [https://stormofpassion.com/ Ryan Shepard]

[[Category:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment]]
[[Category:Tornado]]
[[Category:Armoured cars]]
[[Category:Storm chasing]]

{{Sourceattribution|Tornado Intercept Vehicle}}