View source for Earth:Doggerland

{{Short description|Landmass currently beneath the North Sea that connected the British Isles to mainland Europe}}
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[[File:Doggerland.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|A map showing the hypothetical extent of Doggerland (c. 10,000&nbsp;BCE), which connected Great Britain and continental Europe]]

'''Doggerland''' was an area of land in [[Place:Northern Europe|Northern Europe]], now submerged beneath the North Sea, that connected Britain to [[Earth:Continental Europe|continental Europe]]. It was flooded by rising sea levels around 6500–6200&nbsp;BCE. The flooded land is known as the Dogger Littoral.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://phys.org/news/2020-12-sediment-cores-dogger-littoral-island.html |title=Sediment cores from Dogger Littoral suggest Dogger Island survived ancient tsunami |author=Bob Yirka |publisher=phys.org |date=2 December 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> Geological surveys have suggested that it stretched from what is now the east coast of Great Britain to what is now the Netherlands, the western coast of {{wipe|Germany}} and the Danish peninsula of Jutland.<ref>[http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/title,89282,en.html "The Doggerland Project", University of Exeter Department of Archaeology]</ref> It was probably a rich habitat with human habitation in the Mesolithic period,<ref name="usask">[http://geochemistry.usask.ca/bill/courses/Climate/Coastal%20catastrophe%20prt.pdf Patterson, W, "Coastal Catastrophe" (paleoclimate research document), University of Saskatchewan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409025923/http://geochemistry.usask.ca/bill/courses/Climate/Coastal%20catastrophe%20prt.pdf |date=9 April 2008 }}</ref> although rising sea levels gradually reduced it to low-lying islands before its final submergence, possibly following a [[Tsunami|tsunami]] caused by the [[Earth:Storegga Slide|Storegga Slide]].<ref name="bbc010514" /> Doggerland was named after the Dogger Bank, which in turn was named after 17th-century Dutch fishing boats called ''[[Engineering:Dogger (boat)|doggers]]''.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Dogger Bank | volume= 08 | pages = 380 to 381 |short= x}}</ref>

The [[Earth:Archaeology|archaeological]] potential of the area was first identified in the early 20th century, and interest intensified in 1931 when a fishing trawler operating east of the Wash dragged up a barbed [[Biology:Antler|antler]] point that was subsequently dated to a time when the area was [[Earth:Tundra|tundra]]. Vessels have since dragged up remains of [[Biology:Woolly mammoth|mammoths]], [[Biology:Panthera spelaea|lions]] and other animals, and a few prehistoric tools and weapons.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Things to do in Doggerland when you're dead: Surviving OIS3 at the northwesternmost fringe of Middle Palaeolithic Europe|date = 24 November 2006|last = White|first = Mark J.|journal = World Archaeology|volume = 38|issue = 4|pages = 547–575|doi = 10.1080/00438240600963031|s2cid = 51729868|url = http://dro.dur.ac.uk/3760/1/3760.pdf}}</ref>

{{As of| 2020}} international teams are continuing a two-year investigation into the submerged [[Earth:Landscape|landscape]] of Doggerland using new and traditional archaeo-geophysical techniques, [[Computer simulation|computer simulation]], and [[Biology:Molecular biology|molecular biology]]. Evidence gathered allows study of past environments, [[Earth:Ecology|ecological]] change, and human transition from [[Biology:Hunter-gatherer|hunter-gatherer]] to farming communities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The first archaeological artefacts found during the search for lost prehistoric settlements in the North Sea|url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/news/archive/2019/the-first-archaeological-artefacts-found-during-the-search-for-lost-prehistoric-settlements-in-the-north-sea.php|access-date=2021-02-09|website=University of Bradford|language=en}}</ref>

==Formation==
[[File:Doggerland3er_en.png|thumb|upright=2.4|A map showing the hypothetical extent of Doggerland from now back to the [[Earth:Weichselian glaciation|Weichselian glaciation]]]]

Until the middle [[Earth:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]], Great Britain was a peninsula of Europe, connected by the massive chalk Weald–Artois Anticline across the Strait of Dover. During the Anglian glaciation, about 450,000 years ago, an ice sheet filled much of the North Sea, with a large [[Earth:Proglacial lake|proglacial lake]] in the southern part fed by the [[Place:Rhine|Rhine]], the Scheldt and the Thames. The catastrophic overflow of this lake carved a channel through the anticline, leading to the formation of the Channel River, which carried the combined waters of the Rhine, the Scheldt and the Thames to the Atlantic. This probably created the potential for Great Britain to become isolated from the continent during periods of high sea level, although some scientists argue that the final break did not occur until a second ice-dammed lake overflowed during the [[Physics:Marine isotope stage|MIS]]8 or MIS6 glaciations, around 340,000 or 240,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book|title=The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World|first1=Paul|last1=Pettitt|first2=Mark|last2=White|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|pages=98–102, 277|location=Abingdon, UK|isbn=978-0-415-67455-3}}</ref> Kim Cohen and Marc Hijma date the final destruction of the Weald–Artois Anticline to the severe [[Earth:Saale glaciation|Saalian Glaciation]], which reached its peak around 160,000 years ago, and ended with a second meltwater lake around 130,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Cohen|first1=Kim |last2=Hijma |first2=Marc |chapter=Ice, Rivers, Sea and Spectacle:Geological Variation in a Drowned Landscape|pages=32–33 |title=Doggerland: Lost World Under the North Sea|editor1-first=Luc|editor1-last=Amkreutz | editor2-first=Sasja|editor2-last=van der Vaart-Verschoof |publisher=Sidestone Press |location =Leiden, Netherlands |year=2022}}</ref>

During the most recent glaciation of the [[Earth:Last Glacial Maximum|Last Glacial Maximum]], the North Sea and much of the British Isles were covered with glacial ice, and the sea level was about {{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}} lower. The climate later became warmer, and  around 12,000&nbsp;BCE, Great Britain, as well as much of the North Sea and the English Channel, was an expanse of low-lying [[Earth:Tundra|tundra]].<ref name=sussex>[http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/teaching/C1119/mhe08%20lecture%206.pdf University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609214154/http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/teaching/C1119/mhe08%20lecture%206.pdf |date=9 June 2011 }}, C1119 Modern human evolution, Lecture 6, slide 23</ref>

Evidence, including the contours of the present seabed, indicates that after the first main Ice Age the watershed between the North Sea and the English Channel extended east from East Anglia, then southeast to the Hook of Holland, rather than across the Strait of Dover. The Seine, the Thames, the Meuse, the Scheldt and the [[Place:Rhine|Rhine]] joined and flowed west along the English Channel as a wide slow river before eventually reaching the [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="usask"/><ref name=sussex/> In about 10,000&nbsp;BCE the north-facing coastal area of Doggerland had a coastline of [[Earth:Lagoon|lagoon]]s, saltmarshes, [[Earth:Mudflat|mudflat]]s and beaches as well as inland streams, rivers, [[Earth:Marsh|marsh]]es and lakes. It may have been the richest hunting, fowling and fishing ground in Europe in the Mesolithic period.<ref name="usask"/><ref name="gaffney">{{Cite web|title=Global Warming and Lost Lands: Understanding the Effects of Sea Level Rise {{!}} livebetter Magazine|url=http://livebettermagazine.com/article/global-warming-and-lost-lands-understanding-the-effects-of-sea-level-rise/|access-date=2021-02-09|language=en-US}}</ref>

One large river system found by a 3D seismic survey, undertaken by the Birmingham "North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project", drained the southeastern part of the Dogger Bank hill area into the east end of the Outer Silver Pit lake. It has been named the Shotton River after the Birmingham geologist Frederick William Shotton.

==Disappearance==
[[File:Doggerbank.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|The red line marks Dogger Bank, which is most likely a [[Earth:Moraine|moraine]] formed in the Pleistocene.<ref name="Stride">{{Cite journal|last= Stride|first= A.H|date= January 1959|title= On the origin of the Dogger Bank, in the North Sea |journal= Geological Magazine |volume= 96|issue= 1|pages= 33–34|url= http://geolmag.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/1/33|access-date= 12 January 2010|doi= 10.1017/S0016756800059197|bibcode= 1959GeoM...96...33S|s2cid= 128904893}}</ref>]]
As ice melted at the end of [[Earth:Weichselian glaciation|the last glacial period of the current ice age]], sea levels rose and the land began to tilt in an [[Earth:Post-glacial rebound|isostatic adjustment]] as the huge weight of ice lessened. Doggerland eventually became submerged, cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland by around 6500&nbsp;BCE.<ref name=sussex/><ref name="humanpast">{{cite book|last1=Scarre|first1=Chris|title=The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies|date=2005|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|isbn=978-0-500-28531-2|pages=180|ref=human past}}</ref> The Dogger Bank, an upland area of Doggerland, remained an island until at least 5000&nbsp;BCE.<ref name=sussex/><ref name=humanpast/> Key stages are now believed to have included the gradual evolution of a large tidal bay between eastern England and Dogger Bank by 9000&nbsp;BCE and a rapid [[Earth:Sea level rise|sea level rise]] thereafter, leading to Dogger Bank becoming an island and Britain becoming physically disconnected from the continent.<ref name=weninger>[http://www.personal.soton.ac.uk/ejr/Rohling-papers/2008-Weninger%20et%20al%20Documenta%20Praehistorica.pdf Bernhard Weninger et al., The catastrophic final flooding of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide tsunami, Documenta Praehistorica XXXV, 2008]</ref>

A recent hypothesis suggests that around 6200&nbsp;BCE much of the remaining coastal land was flooded by a [[Tsunami|tsunami]] caused by a submarine landslide off the coast of {{wipe|Norway}} known as the [[Earth:Storegga Slide|Storegga Slide]]. This suggests "that the Storegga Slide tsunami would have had a catastrophic impact on the contemporary coastal Mesolithic population ... Britain finally became separated from the continent and in cultural terms, the Mesolithic there goes its own way."<ref name=weninger/> It is estimated that up to a quarter of the Mesolithic population of Britain lost their lives.<ref>{{cite news |title=How a giant tsunami devastated Britain’s Atlantis |last=Keys |first=David |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/tsunami-britain-atlantis-6200-bc-archaeology-a9622591.html |work=The Independent |date=16 July 2020}}</ref> A study published in 2014 suggested that the only remaining parts of Doggerland at the time of the Storegga Slide were low-lying islands, but supported the view that the area had been abandoned at about the same time as the tsunamis.<ref name= bbc010514>{{cite web |last= Rincon |first= Paul |title= Prehistoric North Sea 'Atlantis' hit by 5m tsunami |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-27224243 |publisher= BBC News|date= 1 May 2014}}</ref>

Another view speculates that the Storegga tsunami devastated Doggerland, but then ebbed back into the sea, and that later [[Earth:Lake Agassiz|Lake Agassiz]] (in North America) burst, releasing so much fresh water that sea levels rose over about two years to flood much of Doggerland and make Great Britain an island.<ref>''Britain's Stone Age Tsunami'', Channel 4, 8 to 9 pm, Thursday 30 May 2013</ref> The difference in distribution of broken shells between lower-lying and high-lying parts of the area also suggest survival of land after the Storegga tsunami.<ref>{{cite news<!--|authors=James Walker, Vincent Gaffney, Simon Fitch, Merle Muru, Andrew Fraser, Martin Bates and Richard Bates-->|author=James Walker|display-authors=0|title=A great wave: the Storegga tsunami and the end of Doggerland?|publisher=Antiquity|year=2020|volume=94|issue=378|pages=1409–1425|doi=10.15184/aqy.2020.49}}</ref>

==Discovery and investigation by archaeologists==
[[File:200805231215 Wollhaarmammut Millie Schädel.jpeg|thumb|A [[Biology:Woolly mammoth|Woolly mammoth]] skull discovered by fishermen in the North Sea, at the Celtic and Prehistoric Museum, Ireland]]
The existence of what is now known as Doggerland was established in the late 19th century. The remains of plants brought to the surface from Dogger Bank were studied in 1913 by Clement Reid, and the remains of animals and worked flints from the Neolithic period had also been found.<ref name="Keith">{{Cite book| last=Keith|first=Arthur |title=The Antiquity of Man |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd |date=15 August 2004|pages=41|chapter=3|isbn=81-7041-977-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCxEDWs8kwgC&q=submerged+forest+france&pg=PA41|access-date=12 January 2010}}</ref> In his book ''The Antiquity of Man'' of 1915, [[Biology:Anatomy|anatomist]] Sir Arthur Keith discussed the archaeological potential of the area.<ref name="Keith" /> In 1931, the [[Engineering:Fishing trawler|trawler]] ''Colinda'' hauled up a lump of [[Earth:Peat|peat]] whilst fishing near the Ower Bank, {{convert|25|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}} east of Norfolk. The peat was found to contain a barbed antler point, possibly used as a [[Engineering:Harpoon|harpoon]] or fish spear, {{convert|8.5|in|order=flip|abbr=on}} long, which dated from between 10,000 and 4,000&nbsp;BCE when the area was [[Earth:Tundra|tundra]].<ref name="usask"/><ref name=gaffney/>

Interest was reinvigorated in the 1990s by Bryony Coles, who named the area "Doggerland" "after the great banks in the southern North Sea"<ref name=gaffney/> – and produced speculative maps of the area.<ref name=gaffney/><ref name=coles>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2023101 B.J. Coles. "Doggerland : a speculative survey (Doggerland : une prospection spéculative)", ''Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society''], {{ISSN|0079-497X}}, 1998, vol. 64, pp. 45–81 (3 p. 1/4)</ref> Although she recognised that the current relief of the southern North Sea [[Earth:Seabed|seabed]] is not a sound guide to the topography of Doggerland,<ref name=coles/> this topography has more recently begun to be reconstructed more authoritatively using [[Earth:Reflection seismology|seismic survey]] data obtained from oil exploration.

Between 2003 and 2007, a team at the [[Organization:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]] led by Vince Gaffney and Ken Thomson mapped around {{convert|23000|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} of the Early Holocene landscape, using seismic data provided for research by [[Company:Petroleum Geo-Services|Petroleum Geo-Services]], as part of the work of the University of Birmingham North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project.<ref>[http://www.iaalocal.bham.ac.uk/North_Sea_Palaeolandscapes/index.htm North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project]</ref> The results of this study were published as a technical monograph and a popular book on the history and archaeology of Doggerland.<ref name ="archaeology">[http://sci.tech-archive.net/Archive/sci.archaeology/2008-07/msg00136.html Laura Spinney, "The lost world: Doggerland"]</ref><ref name="GaffneyThomson2007">{{cite book|editor1=Vincent L. Gaffney|editor2=Kenneth Thomson|editor3=Simon Fitch|title=Mapping Doggerland: The Mesolithic Landscapes of the Southern North Sea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrsrE8oZx44C&pg=PR11|year=2007|publisher=Archaeopress|isbn=978-1-905739-14-1|page=11}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britarch.ac.uk/books/Gaffney2009 Vincent Gaffney, Simon Fitch, David Smith, ''Europe's Lost World: The rediscovery of Doggerland'', University of Birmingham, 2009]</ref><ref name='IA2'>{{cite journal|last1=Fitch|first1=S|last2=Gaffney|first2=V|first3=Thomson|last3=K|title=In Sight of Doggerland: From speculative survey to landscape exploration|journal=Internet Archaeology|date=2007|issue=22|doi=10.11141/ia.22.3|doi-access=|url=http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue22/3/}}</ref> Names have been given to some of its features: "The Spines" to a system of dunes above the broad "Shotton River", the upland area of the "Dogger Bank", a basin between two huge sandbanks called "The Outer Silver Pit".<ref name="Macfarlane2012">{{cite book|author=Robert Macfarlane|title=The Old Ways|year=2012|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-141-03058-6|pages=70–71}}</ref> 
[[File:Early Holocene landscape features mapped by the North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project.png|thumb|upright=1.28|Early [[Earth:Holocene|Holocene]] landscape features off the coast of the UK, mapped by the North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project]]

A skull fragment of a [[Biology:Neanderthal|Neanderthal]], dated at over 40,000 years old, was recovered from material dredged from the Middeldiep, some {{convert|10|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}} off the coast of Zeeland, and exhibited in Leiden in 2009.<ref>[http://www.palarch.nl/2009/06/news-first-fossil-of-neanderthal-from-northsea-the-netherlands/ Palarch: Spectacular discovery of first-ever Dutch Neanderthal Fossil skull fragment unveiled by Minister Plasterk in National Museum of Antiquities], 15 June 2009</ref> In March 2010, it was reported that recognition of the potential archaeological importance of the area could affect the future development of offshore wind farms.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Alister Doyle, Environment|date=2010-03-23|title=Stone Age could complicate N.Sea wind farm plans|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/energy-wind-idUSLDE62M12020100323|access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> In 2019, a flint flake partially covered in birch bark tar dredged up off the coast of the Netherlands provided valuable insight into Neanderthal technology and cognitive evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Niekus|first1=Marcel J. L. Th.|last2=Kozowyk|first2=Paul R. B.|last3=Langejans|first3=Geeske H. J.|last4=Ngan-Tillard|first4=Dominique|last5=van Keulen|first5=Henk|last6=van der Plicht|first6=Johannes|last7=Cohen|first7=Kim M.|last8=van Wingerden|first8=Willy|last9=van Os|first9=Bertil|last10=Smit|first10=Bjørn I.|last11=Amkreutz|first11=Luc W. S. W.|date=2019-10-21|title=Middle Paleolithic complex technology and a Neandertal tar-backed tool from the Dutch North Sea|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=44|pages=22081–22087|doi=10.1073/pnas.1907828116|pmid=31636186|pmc=6825292|bibcode=2019PNAS..11622081N |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2012 the results of study of Doggerland by the universities of [[Organization:University of Birmingham|Birmingham]], [[Organization:University of St Andrews|St Andrews]], [[Organization:University of Dundee|Dundee]], and [[Organization:University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]], including surveys of artefacts, were displayed at the Royal Society summer exhibition in London.<ref name=bbc2012>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-18687504 BBC News, "Hidden Doggerland underworld uncovered in North Sea", 3 July 2012]. Accessed 4 July 2012</ref> Richard Bates of St Andrews University said:<ref name=bbc2012/>

{{Blockquote|We have speculated for years on the lost land's existence from bones dredged by fishermen all over the North Sea, but it's only since working with oil companies in the last few years that we have been able to re-create what this lost land looked like ... We have now been able to model its flora and fauna, build up a picture of the ancient people that lived there and begin to understand some of the dramatic events that subsequently changed the land, including the sea rising and a devastating tsunami.|title=|source=}}

Since 2015 the [[Organization:University of Bradford|University of Bradford]]'s ''Europe's Lost Frontiers''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Frontiers|first=Europe's Lost|title=Europe's Lost Frontiers|url=https://lostfrontiers.teamapp.com/?_webpage=v1|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Europe's Lost Frontiers}}</ref> project has continued mapping the prehistoric landscapes of Doggerland and has used this data to direct a programme of extensive coring of marine palaeochannels. Sediment from the cores has provided sedimentary DNA as well as conventional environmental data and these will be used in a major computational modelling programme replicating colonisation of the submerged landscape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lostfrontiers.teamapp.com/|title=Lost Frontiers (Lost Frontiers) Home page – Lost Frontiers An Erc Research Project team/club based in University of Bradford, United Kingdom. {{!}} Team App|last=App|first=Team|website=Lost Frontiers|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref name=sarah>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11836627/British-Atlantis-archaeologists-begin-exploring-lost-world-of-Doggerland.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/archaeology/11836627/British-Atlantis-archaeologists-begin-exploring-lost-world-of-Doggerland.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=British Atlantis: archaeologists begin exploring lost world of Doggerland|author= Sarah Knapton|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London |date=1 September 2015 |access-date=2 September 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2019 a team of scientists from the [[Organization:University of Bradford|University of Bradford]] and [[Organization:Ghent University|Ghent University]] found a [[Engineering:Hammerstone|hammerstone]] flint on the seabed {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} off the coast of Cromer, Norfolk, from a depth of {{convert|32|m|abbr=on}}, which could point to the existence of prehistoric settlements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-48594701|title=Evidence of human life found under North Sea off Cromer|publisher=BBC News|date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

An internationally significant early Middle Palaeolithic finds assemblage from the southern North Sea was also discovered through aggregate dredging off the coast of Norfolk. The cultural material was found to be associated with a floodplain deposit of the now submerged Palaeo-Yare river system.<ref name='IA'>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=L|last2=Hamel|first2=A|title=The Submerged Palaeo-Yare: a review of Pleistocene landscapes and environments in the southern North Sea|journal=Internet Archaeology|date=2023|issue=61|doi=10.11141/ia.61.8|doi-access=free|url=http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue61/8/}}</ref>

Ancient artefacts have been found by beachcombers in material dredged from the sea bottom {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} offshore and spread on a Dutch beach in 2012, as a coastal protection measure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/relics-washed-beaches-reveal-lost-world-beneath-north-sea|title=Lost world revealed by human, Neanderthal relics washed up on North Sea beaches|date=30 January 2020}}</ref>

==In media==
* The area was featured in a 2007 episode of the Channel 4 ''Time Team'' documentary series called "Britain's Drowned World".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-01-26|title=Britain's drowned world: A Time Team Special|url=https://heritageaction.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/britains-drowned-world-a-time-team-special/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Heritage Journal|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Technical advice for "Britain's Drowned World" was provided by Vincent Gaffney, co-author of ''Europe's Lost World: The Rediscovery of Doggerland'', and the presenter of the programme, Tony Robinson, wrote a foreword to the book.{{sfn|Gaffney|Fitch|Smith|2009|p=foreword}} }} It was followed up in 2017 by "Britain's Stone Age Tsunami", investigating the Storegga Slide's effect on the land.

==See also==
* [[Astronomy:List of lost lands|List of lost lands]]
* Maglemosian culture
* Norwegian Trench
* [[Earth:Outburst flood|Outburst flood]]
* [[Earth:Paleoshoreline|Paleoshoreline]]
* [[Earth:Submerged continent|Submerged continent]]
* Viking-Bergen Banks
* Weald–Artois Anticline

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Coles |first=B. J. |date=1998 |title=Doggerland: a Speculative Survey |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/doggerland-a-speculative-survey/EB385EB842EADD38C07250C400040CC0 |journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society |volume=64 |pages=45–81 |doi=10.1017/S0079497X00002176|s2cid=130559107 }}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Gaffney|editor1-first=V.|url=https://www.academia.edu/2480682|editor2-last=Thomson|editor2-first=K.|editor3-last=Fitch|editor3-first=S.|year=2007|title=Mapping Doggerland: The Mesolithic Landscapes of the Southern North Sea|publisher=Archaeopress|isbn=9781784913250}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gaffney |first1=Vincent |last2=Fitch |first2=Simon |last3=Smith |first3=David |year=2009 |title=Europe's Lost World: The Rediscovery of Doggerland |publisher=Council for British Archaeology |isbn=978-1-902771-77-9}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=James |last2=Gaffney |first2=Vincent |last3=Fitch |first3=Simon |last4=Muru |first4=Merle |last5=Fraser |first5=Andrew |last6=Bates |first6=Martin |last7=Bates |first7=Richard |title=A great wave: the Storegga tsunami and the end of Doggerland? |journal=Antiquity |date=2020|volume=94 |issue=378 |pages=1409–1425 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2020.49 |language=en |issn=0003-598X|doi-access=free |hdl=10454/18239 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Moffat |first=Alistair |year=2005 |title=Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-05133-7}} Discussed in depth in chapters 2–4.
* {{Cite news |last=Morelle |first=Rebecca |date=4 April 2017 |title=Evidence of ancient 'geological Brexit' revealed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39494740 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 April 2017}}
* {{cite journal |last=Spinney |first=Laura |date=December 2012 |others=Robert Clark (photog.); Alexander Maleev (illus.) |title=The Lost World of Doggerland |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/doggerland/spinney-text |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126085615/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/doggerland/spinney-text |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2012 |journal=National Geographic |volume=222 |issue=6 |pages=132–143 |access-date=30 November 2012}}

==External links==
*[https://www.wired.com/2015/11/hunting-for-dna-in-doggerland-an-ancient-land-beneath-the-north-sea "Hunting for DNA in Doggerland, an Ancient Land Beneath the North Sea"], Elizabeth Preston, ''Wired'', 27 November 2015
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12244964 "The moment Britain became an island"], Megan Lane, BBC News, 15 February 2011
*[http://www.iaalocal.bham.ac.uk/North_Sea_Palaeolandscapes/index.htm "North Sea Paleolandscapes"], Institute for Archaeology and Antiquity, [[Organization:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]]
*[https://www.thevintagenews.com/2015/12/25/39894/?src=fba&type=wca&page=tvn Britain's 'Atlantis’ found]
*[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/ns-prehistory-research-manage-framework/10278_North_Sea_Prehistory_web.pdf "North Sea Prehistory Research and Management Framework (NSPRMF) 2009"], English Heritage, 2009
*[http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/title,89282,en.html "The Doggerland project"], Professor Bryony Coles, [[Organization:University of Exeter|University of Exeter]]. Includes hypothesised map of Doggerland in the early Holocene.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163414/http://opennature.org/sc-shotton.html CGI images (2 stills and a movie)] of a Mesolithic camp beside the Shotton River
*[http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/fotostrecke-34337.html "Das rekonstruierte Doggerland" ("Doggerland reconstructed")], computer generated images of a Doggerland landscape, 19 August 2008, ''Der Spiegel'' {{in lang|de}} 
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-18687504 "Hidden Doggerland underworld uncovered in North Sea"], BBC News, 3 July 2012
*[https://lostfrontiers.teamapp.com/ Europe's Lost Frontiers]
*[https://www.e-a-a.org/EAA/Prizes___Awards/Heritage_Prize/2013/EAA/Navigation_Prizes_and_Awards/Heritage_Prize_2013.aspx 2013 European Heritage Prize awarded to M. Daniel Thérond and Professor Vincent Gaffney]#
*[https://www.academia.edu/2480682/Mapping_Doggerland_the_Mesolithic_Landscapes_of_the_Southern_North_Sea Mapping Doggerland: the Mesolithic Landscapes of the southern North Sea]
*{{YouTube|id=eS3Dtum93i4|title=Maps of a now-submerged land help reconstruct the lives of ancient Europeans}} 13 Feb 2020 ''Science''
*[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/01/evidence-life-on-doggerland-after-devastating-tsunamis-study Evidence of settlements on Doggerland]


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[[Category:Historical geology]]
[[Category:Stone Age Europe]]

{{Sourceattribution|Doggerland}}