View source for Chemistry:Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

{{Short description|International environmental treaty}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name                = Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
| long_name           = 
| image               = Logo Stockholm Convention.svg
| image_width         = 150px
| caption             = The logo of the Stockholm Convention Secretariat
| type                = {{wipe|United Nations}} treaty
| date_drafted        =
| date_signed         = 22 May 2001
| location_signed     = [[Place:Stockholm|Stockholm]], Sweden
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      = 17 May 2004
| condition_effective = Ninety days after the ratification by at least 50 signatory states
| date_expiration     =
| signatories         = 152<ref name="UNTC">United Nations Treaty Collection: [https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&clang=_en CHAPTER XXVII – ENVIRONMENT – 15. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants]</ref>
| parties             = 186<ref name="UNTC" />
| depositor           = Secretary-General of the United Nations
| language            =
| languages           = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
| footnotes           = {{url|https://pops.int/}}
| wikisource          =
}}

[[File:Map of Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.svg|thumb|{{legend|#50C878|State parties to the Stockholm Convention as of 2022}}]]

'''Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants''' is an international [[Social:Environmental law|environmental]] treaty, signed on 22 May 2001 in [[Place:Stockholm|Stockholm]] and effective from 17 May 2004, that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lallas |first=Peter L. |date=2001 |title=The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/stockholm-convention-on-persistent-organic-pollutants/47E6AE71CC66943C239D5383B2B935C0 |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=692–708 |doi=10.2307/2668517 |jstor=2668517 |s2cid=144521094 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1995, the Governing Council of the [[Organization:United Nations Environment Programme|United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) called for global action to be taken on POPs, which it defined as "chemical substances that persist in the environment, bio-accumulate through the [[Biology:Food web|food web]], and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment".

Following this, the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the [[Chemistry:International Programme on Chemical Safety|International Programme on Chemical Safety]] (IPCS) prepared an assessment of the 12 worst offenders, known as the ''dirty dozen''.

The INC met five times between June 1998 and December 2000 to elaborate the convention, and delegates adopted the Stockholm Convention on POPs at the Conference of the Plenipotentiaries convened from 22 to 23 May 2001 in [[Place:Stockholm|Stockholm]], Sweden.
The negotiations for the convention were completed on 23 May 2001 in Stockholm. The convention entered into force on 17 May 2004 with ratification by an initial 128 parties and 151 signatories. Co-signatories agree to outlaw nine of the dirty dozen chemicals, limit the use of [[Chemistry:DDT|DDT]] to [[Medicine:Malaria|malaria]] control, and curtail inadvertent production of [[Chemistry:Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds|dioxins]] and [[Chemistry:Furan|furan]]s.

Parties to the convention have agreed to a process by which persistent toxic compounds can be reviewed and added to the convention, if they meet certain criteria for persistence and transboundary threat. The first set of new chemicals to be added to the convention were agreed at a conference in [[Place:Geneva|Geneva]] on 8 May 2009.

As of September 2022, there are 186 parties to the convention (185 states and the [[Social:European Union|European Union]]).<ref name="UNTC" /> Notable non-ratifying states include the United States, Israel, and Malaysia.

The Stockholm Convention was adopted to [[Social:European Union|EU]] legislation in Regulation (EC) No 850/2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:158:0007:0049:EN:PDF|title=REGULATION (EC) No 850/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC|publisher=Europa (web portal)|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> In 2019, the latter was replaced by Regulation (EU) 2019/1021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32019R1021|title=REGULATION (EU) 2019/1021 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 20 June 2019 on persistent organic pollutants (recast)|date=25 June 2019|publisher=Europa (web portal)|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>

==Summary of provisions==
Key elements of the Convention include the requirement that developed countries provide new and additional financial resources and measures to eliminate production and use of intentionally produced POPs, eliminate unintentionally produced POPs where feasible, and manage and dispose of POPs wastes in an environmentally sound manner. Precaution is exercised throughout the Stockholm Convention, with specific references in the preamble, the objective, and the provision on identifying new POPs.

==Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee==
When adopting the convention, provision was made for a procedure to identify additional POPs and the criteria to be considered in doing so. At the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP1), held in Punta del Este, Uruguay, from 2–6 May 2005, the POPRC was established to consider additional candidates nominated for listing under the convention.

The committee is composed of 31 experts nominated by parties from the five United Nations regional groups and reviews nominated chemicals in three stages. The Committee first determines whether the substance fulfills POP screening criteria detailed in Annex D of the convention, relating to its persistence, bioaccumulation, potential for long-range environmental transport (LRET), and toxicity. If a substance is deemed to fulfill these requirements, the Committee then drafts a risk profile according to Annex E to evaluate whether the substance is likely, as a result of its LRET, to lead to significant adverse human health and/or environmental effects and therefore warrants global action. Finally, if the POPRC finds that global action is warranted, it develops a risk management evaluation, according to Annex F, reflecting socioeconomic considerations associated with possible control measures. Based on this, the POPRC decides to recommend that the COP list the substance under one or more of the annexes to the convention. The POPRC has met annually in Geneva, Switzerland, since its establishment. 
	
The seventh meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC-7) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) took place from 10 to 14 October 2011 in Geneva. POPRC-8 was held from 15 to 19 October 2012 in Geneva, POPRC-9 to POPRC-15 were held in Rome, while POPRC-16 needed to be held online.

== Listed substances ==
There were initially twelve distinct chemicals ("dirty dozen") listed in three categories. Two chemicals, hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls, were listed in both categories A and C.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Measures to reduce or eliminate POPs
 |author=Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention
 |location=Geneva
 |url=https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/docs/publications/sc_factsheet_001.pdf
 |access-date=12 June 2009
}}</ref> Currently, five chemicals are listed in both categories.
{| class="wikitable sortable toptextcells"
! rowspan="2" | Annex
! rowspan="2" | Chemical
! rowspan="2" | CAS number
! rowspan="2" | Year of listing decision
! colspan="2" | Specific exemptions or acceptable purposes
|-
! Production
! Use
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Aldrin|Aldrin]]
| 309-00-2
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs">''[https://www.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/The12InitialPOPs/tabid/296/Default.aspx The 12 initial POPs under the Stockholm Convention]''</ref>
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Α-Hexachlorocyclohexane|α-Hexachlorocyclohexane]]
| 319-84-6
| 2009<ref name="COP2009">''[https://www.pops.int/Convention/Pressrelease/COP4Geneva8May2009/tabid/542/language/en-US/Default.aspx Governments unite to step-up reduction on global DDT reliance and add nine new chemicals under international treaty]'', Pressecommuniqué, 8 May 2009.</ref>
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Β-Hexachlorocyclohexane|β-Hexachlorocyclohexane]]
| 319-85-7
| 2009<ref name="COP2009" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Chlordane|Chlordane]]
| 57-74-9
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Chlordecone|Chlordecone]]
| 143-50-0
| 2009<ref name="COP2009" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Decabromodiphenyl ether|Decabromodiphenyl ether]]
| 1163-19-5
| 2017<ref name="COP2017"/>
| As allowed for the parties listed in the register of specific exemptions
| Vehicles, aircraft, textile, additives in plastic housings etc., [[Chemistry:Polyurethane|polyurethane]] foam for [[Physics:Building insulation|building insulation]]
|-
|A: Elimination
|[[Chemistry:Dechlorane plus|Dechlorane plus]]
|13560-89-9, 135821-03-3, 135821-74-8 
|2023<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Summary report 1–12 May 2023 |url=http://enb.iisd.org/basel-rotterdam-stockholm-conventions-brs-cops-2023-summary |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=IISD Earth Negotiations Bulletin |language=en}}</ref>
|none
|
|-
| B: Restriction
| [[Chemistry:DDT|DDT]]
| 50-29-3
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| Production for the specified uses
| Disease vector control
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Dicofol|Dicofol]]
| 115-32-2
| 2019<ref name="COP2019">[https://enb.iisd.org/vol15/enb15269e.html ''2019 Meetings of the Conferences of the Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions''], 13 May 2019.</ref>
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Dieldrin|Dieldrin]]
| 60-57-1
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Endosulfan|Endosulfan]]
| 115-29-7, 959-98-8, 33213-65-9
| 2011<ref>''[https://www.pops.int/Convention/Media/PressReleases/COP5Geneva3May2011Endosulfanphaseout/tabid/2216/Default.aspx United Nations targets widely-used pesticide endosulfan for phase out]'', Pressecommuniqué, 3 May 2011.</ref>
| As allowed for the parties listed in the register of specific exemptions
| Crop-pest complexes
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Endrin|Endrin]]
| 72-20-8
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Heptachlor|Heptachlor]]
| 76-44-8
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| Hexabromobiphenyl
| 36355-01-8
| 2009<ref name="COP2009" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Hexabromocyclododecane|Hexabromocyclododecane]]
| 25637-99-4, 3194-55-6, 134237-50-6, 134237-51-7, 134237-52-8
| 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pops.int/Implementation/Alternatives/AlternativestoPOPs/ChemicalslistedinAnnexA/HBCD/tabid/5861/Default.aspx|title=HBCD|website=pops.int|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref>
| As allowed for the parties listed in the register of specific exemptions
| Expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene in buildings
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Octabromodiphenyl ether|Hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether]]
| various
| 2009<ref name="COP2009" />
| none
| Recycling under certain conditions
|-
| A: Elimination<br />C: Unintentional production
| [[Chemistry:Hexachlorobenzene|Hexachlorobenzene]]
| 118-74-1
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination<br />C: Unintentional production
| [[Chemistry:Hexachlorobutadiene|Hexachlorobutadiene]]
| 87-68-3
| 2015<ref name="COP2015">Secretariat of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions: [https://www.brsmeas.org/Implementation/MediaResources/PressReleases/2015TripleCOPsdrewtoaclose/tabid/4514/ Countries move forward on important issues for sustainable management of chemicals and waste], press release, 16 May 2015.</ref>
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Lindane|Lindane]]
| 58-89-9
| 2009<ref name="COP2009" />
| none
| Human health pharmaceutical for control of head lice and [[Medicine:Scabies|scabies]] as second line treatment
|-
|A: Elimination
|[[Chemistry:Methoxychlor|Methoxychlor]]
|
|2023<ref name=":0" />
|none
|none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Mirex|Mirex]]
| 2385-85-5
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination<br />C: Unintentional production
| [[Chemistry:Pentachlorobenzene|Pentachlorobenzene]]
| 608-93-5
| 2009<ref name="COP2009" />
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Pentachlorophenol|Pentachlorophenol]] and its salts and esters
| various
| 2015<ref name="COP2015" />
| Production for the specified uses
| Utility poles and cross-arms

	
|-
| A: Elimination
| Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), its salts and PFHxS-related compounds
| various
| 2022<ref>{{cite web | url=https://enb.iisd.org/basel-rotterdam-stockholm-conventions-brs-cops-2022-daily-report-9jun2022 | title=Report of main proceedings for 9 June 2022 }}</ref>
| none
| none
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Perfluorooctanoic acid|Perfluorooctanoic acid]] (PFOA), its salts and PFOA-related compounds
| various
| 2019<ref name="COP2019" />
| Production for the specified uses, with the exception of fire-fighting foams
| various
|-
| B: Restriction
| Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride
| various
| 2009<ref name="COP2009" />
| Production for the specified uses
| Hard metal plating, insect baits for control of leaf-cutting ants, fire-fighting foams
|-
| A: Elimination<br />C: Unintentional production
| Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
| various
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| none
| none
|-
| C: Unintentional production
| [[Chemistry:Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins]] and [[Chemistry:Polychlorinated dibenzofurans|dibenzofurans]] (PCDD/PCDF)
| various
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| data-sort-value="-" | –
| data-sort-value="-" | –
|-
| A: Elimination<br />C: Unintentional production
| [[Chemistry:Polychlorinated naphthalene|Polychlorinated naphthalene]]s
| various
| 2015<ref name="COP2015" />
| Production for the specified uses
| Production of polyfluorinated naphthalenes, including octafluoronaphthalene
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Pentabromodiphenyl ether|Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether]]
| various
| 2009<ref name="COP2009" />
| none
| Recycling under certain conditions
|-
| A: Elimination
| Short-chain [[Chemistry:Chlorinated paraffins|chlorinated paraffins]] (C<sub>10–13</sub>; chlorine content > 48%)
| 85535-84-8, 68920-70-7, 71011-12-6, 85536-22-7, 85681-73-8, 108171-26-2
| 2017<ref name="COP2017">[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2017/CN.766.2017-Eng.pdf Reference: C.N.766.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.15 (Depositary Notification)]</ref>
| Production for the specified uses
| Additives in transmission belts, rubber conveyor belts, leather, lubricant additives, tubes for outdoor decoration bulbs, paints, adhesives, metal processing, plasticizers
|-
| A: Elimination
| [[Chemistry:Toxaphene|Toxaphene]]
| 8001-35-2
| 2001<ref name="Initial 12 POPs" />
| none
| none
|-
|A: Elimination
|[[Chemistry:UV-328|UV-328]]
|25973-55-1
|2023<ref name=":0" />
|As allowed for the parties listed in the register of specific exemptions
|
|}

== Chemicals newly proposed for inclusion in Annexes A, B, C ==
POPRC-7 considered three proposals for listing in Annexes A, B and/or C of the convention: [[Chemistry:Polychlorinated naphthalene|chlorinated naphthalenes]] (CNs), [[Chemistry:Hexachlorobutadiene|hexachlorobutadiene]] (HCBD) and [[Chemistry:Pentachlorophenol|pentachlorophenol]] (PCP), its salts and esters. The proposal is the first stage of the POPRC's work in assessing a substance, and requires the POPRC to assess whether the proposed chemical satisfies the criteria in Annex D of the convention. The criteria for forwarding a proposed chemical to the risk profile preparation stage are persistence, bioaccumulation, potential for long-range environmental transport (LRET), and adverse effects.

POPRC-8 proposed [[Chemistry:Hexabromocyclododecane|hexabromocyclododecane]] for listing in Annex A, with specific exemptions for production and use in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene in buildings. This proposal was agreed at the sixth Conference of Parties on 28 April-10 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/LatestMeeting/POPRC8/POPRC8Followup/HBCDRecommendation/tabid/2912/Default.aspx|title=HBCD Recommendation|first=Stockholm|last=Convention|website=pops.int|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2013/CN.934.2013-Eng.pdf Decision SC-6/13 – C.N.934.2013.TREATIES-XXVII.15 (Depositary Notification)], 2013</ref>

POPRC-9 proposed [[Chemistry:Polychlorinated naphthalene|di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta- and octa-chlorinated napthalenes]], and hexachlorobutadiene for listing in Annexes A and C. It also set up further work on pentachlorophenol, its salts and esters, and decabromodiphenyl ether, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl chloride.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pops.int/Convention/POPsReviewCommittee/LatestMeeting/POPRC9/POPRC9Documents/tabid/3281/Default.aspx|title=Stockholm Convention > The Convention > POPs Review Committee > Meetings > POPRC 9 > Documents|first=Stockholm|last=Convention|website=pops.int|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>

POPRC-15 proposed PFHxS for listing in Annex A without specific exemptions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pops.int/Implementation/PublicAwareness/PressReleases/POPRC15expertsrecommendeliminationofPFHxS/tabid/8153/Default.aspx|title=UN experts recommend elimination of additional hazardous chemicals to protect human health and the environment|website=BRSMeas|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref>

Currently, [[Chemistry:Chlorpyrifos|chlorpyrifos]], long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids and medium-chain [[Chemistry:Chlorinated paraffins|chlorinated paraffins]] are under review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemicals proposed for listing under the Convention |url=https://www.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=pops.int}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Although some critics have alleged that the treaty is responsible for the continuing death toll from malaria, in reality the treaty specifically permits the public health use of [[Chemistry:DDT|DDT]] for the control of [[Biology:Mosquito|mosquito]]es (the malaria [[Biology:Vector (epidemiology)|vector]]).<ref>{{citation | author = Curtis, C. F. | year = 2002 | title = Should the use of DDT be revived for malaria vector control? | journal = Biomedica | volume = 22 | pages = 455–61 | pmid = 12596442 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.7705/biomedica.v22i4.1171 | doi-access = free }}.</ref><ref>{{citation | title = 10 Things You Need to Know about DDT Use under The Stockholm Convention | url = http://www.chem.unep.ch/DDT/documents/WHO_10thingsonDDT.pdf | publisher = [[Organization:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] | year = 2005 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102119/http://www.chem.unep.ch/DDT/documents/WHO_10thingsonDDT.pdf | archive-date = 4 March 2016 }}.</ref><ref>{{citation | author = Bouwman, H. | year = 2003 | contribution = POPs in southern Africa | url = http://192.129.24.144/licensed_materials/0698/bibs/3003o/3003o0297.htm | title = Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 3O: Persistent Organic Pollutants | pages = 297–320 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071010052026/http://192.129.24.144/licensed_materials/0698/bibs/3003o/3003o0297.htm | archive-date = 10 October 2007 }}.</ref> There are also ways to prevent high amounts of DDT consumed by using other malaria controls such as window screens. As long as there are specific measures taken, such as use of DDT indoors, then the limited amount of DDT can be used in a regulated fashion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69945|title=The use of DDT in malaria vector control : WHO position statement|last=World Health Organization. Global Malaria Programme|date=2011|publisher=Geneva: World Health Organization|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> From a developing country perspective, a lack of data and information about the sources, releases, and environmental levels of POPs hampers negotiations on specific compounds, and indicates a strong need for research.<ref>{{citation | author = Bouwman, H. | year = 2004 | title = South Africa and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants | journal = S. Afr. J. Sci. | volume = 100 | issue = 7/8 | pages = 323–28 }}</ref><ref name="unep">{{cite journal |author1=Porta M. |author2=Zumeta E | year = 2002 | title = Implementing the Stockholm treaty on POPs [Editorial] | journal = Occupational & Environmental Medicine | volume = 59 | issue = 10| pages = 651–652 | pmc=1740221 | pmid=12356922 | doi=10.1136/oem.59.10.651}}</ref>

Another controversy would be certain POPs (which are continually active, specifically in the Arctic Biota) that were mentioned in the Stockholm Convention, but were not part of the Dirty Dozen such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Godduhn|first1=Anna|last2=Duffy|first2=Lawrence K.|date=August 2003|title=Multi-generation health risks of persistent organic pollution in the far north: use of the precautionary approach in the Stockholm Convention|journal=Environmental Science and Policy|volume=6|issue=4|pages=341–353|doi=10.1016/S1462-9011(03)00061-3}}</ref> PFOS have many general uses such as stain repellents but have many properties which can make it a dangerous due to the fact that PFOS can be highly resistant to environmental breakdown. PFOS can be toxic in terms of increased offspring death, decrease in body weight, and the disruption of neurological systems. What makes this compound controversial is the economic and political impact it can have among various countries and businesses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Thanh |last2=Wang |first2=Yawei |last3=Liao |first3=Chunyang |last4=Cai |first4=Yaqi |last5=Jiang |first5=Guibin |title=Perspectives on the Inclusion of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate into the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 1 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |date=15 July 2009 |volume=43 |issue=14 |pages=5171–5175 |doi=10.1021/es900464a |pmid=19708337 |bibcode=2009EnST...43.5171W |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Related conventions and other ongoing negotiations regarding pollution ==
* [[Chemistry:Rotterdam Convention|Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade]] 
* [[Earth:Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution|Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution]] (CLRTAP)
* [[Chemistry:Basel Convention|Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal]]
* Minamata Convention on Mercury

=== Ongoing negotiations ===
* Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS)
* [[Organization:Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management|Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management]] (SAICM)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Chasek, Pam, David L. Downie, and J.W. Brown (2013). ''Global Environmental Politics'', 6th Edition, Boulder: Westview Press.
* Downie, D., Krueger, J. and Selin, H. (2005). "Global Policy for Toxic Chemicals", in R. Axelrod, D. Downie and N. Vig (eds.) ''The Global Environment: Institutions, Law & Policy'', 2nd Edition, Washington: CQ Press.
* Downie, David and Jessica Templeton (2013). "Persistent Organic Pollutants." ''The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics''. New York: Routledge.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Selin |first1=Henrik |last2=Eckley |first2=Noelle |date=2003 |title=Science, Politics, and Persistent Organic Pollutants: The Role of Scientific Assessments in International Environmental Co-operation |journal=International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=17–42 |doi=10.1023/A:1021355802732 |s2cid = 3033517}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Kohler P. |author2=Ashton M. | year = 2010 | title = Paying for POPs: Negotiating the Implementation of the Stockholm Convention in Developing Countries | journal = International Negotiation | volume = 15 | issue = 3 |pages = 459–484 |doi=10.1163/157180610x529636}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Porta |first1=Miquel |last2=Puigdomènech |first2=Elisa |last3=Ballester |first3=Ferran |last4=Selva |first4=Javier |last5=Ribas-Fitó |first5=Núria |last6=Llop |first6=Sabrina |last7=López |first7=Tomàs |title=Monitoring concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in the general population: The international experience |journal=Environment International |date=May 2008 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=546–561 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2007.10.004 |pmid=18054079}}
* Porta, M., Gasull, M., López, T., Pumarega, J. Distribution of blood concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in representative samples of the general population. United Nations Environment Programme – Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (CP/RAC) Annual Technical Publication 2010, vol. 9, pp.&nbsp;24–31 ([http://www.cprac.org/docs/CP_RAC_n._9.pdf PDF]).
* Selin, H. (2010). Global Governance of Hazardous Chemicals: Challenges of Multilevel Management, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhanyun |last2=Adu-Kumi |first2=Sam |last3=Diamond |first3=Miriam L. |last4=Guardans |first4=Ramon |last5=Harner |first5=Tom |last6=Harte |first6=Agustín |last7=Kajiwara |first7=Natsuko |last8=Klánová |first8=Jana |last9=Liu |first9=Jianguo |last10=Moreira |first10=Estefania Gastaldello |last11=Muir |first11=Derek C. G. |last12=Suzuki |first12=Noriyuki |last13=Pinas |first13=Victorine |last14=Seppälä |first14=Timo |last15=Weber |first15=Roland |last16=Yuan |first16=Bo |date=2022-03-01 |title=Enhancing Scientific Support for the Stockholm Convention's Implementation: An Analysis of Policy Needs for Scientific Evidence |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=2936–2949 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c06120|pmid=35167273 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.2936W |s2cid=246866809 |url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/empa/islandora/object/empa%3A28420 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/537552 |hdl-access=free }}

== External links ==
* [https://www.pops.int/ Stockholm Convention Secretariat]
* [https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/Repository/convention_text/UNEP-POPS-COP-CONVTEXT-FULL.English.PDF Text of the Convention]
* [https://www.pops.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesandSignatoires/tabid/4500/ Ratifications]
* [https://enb.iisd.org/negotiations/stockholm-convention-persistent-organic-pollutants ''Earth Negotiation Bulletin'' coverage of Stockholm Convention Meetings]
* [https://enb.iisd.org/process/chemical_management-popsintro.html Introduction to the POPs Convention]

{{Pollution|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants}}
[[Category:Chemical safety]]
[[Category:Obsolete pesticides]]

{{Sourceattribution|Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants}}