View source for Chemistry:Elastic properties of the elements (data page)

{{Short description|Chemical data page}}
'''Elastic properties''' describe the reversible deformation ([[Physics:Elasticity|elastic response]]) of a material to an applied [[Physics:Stress (mechanics)|stress]]. They are a subset of the [[Chemistry:List of materials properties|material properties]] that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its [[Physics:Strength of materials|strength]]. 

Material properties are most often characterized by a set of numerical parameters called [[Physics:Elastic modulus|moduli]]. The elastic properties can be well-characterized by the [[Physics:Young's modulus|Young's modulus]], [[Physics:Poisson's ratio|Poisson's ratio]], [[Physics:Bulk modulus|Bulk modulus]], and [[Physics:Shear modulus|Shear modulus]] or they may be described by the [[Physics:Lamé parameters|Lamé parameters]].

== Young's modulus ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Physics:Young's modulus|Young's modulus]] ''E'' {{nobold|1=(GPa)}}
! number !! symbol !! name
! use
! {{abbr|WEL|webelements.com}}<ref name="WEL">
Values from WebElements presumably are also at room temperature.

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
* A.M. James and M.P. Lord in ''Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data'', Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
* G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in ''Tables of physical and chemical constants'', Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
* G.V. Samsonov (Ed.) in ''Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements'', IFI-Plenum, New York, USA, 1968.
* D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in ''Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics'', CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
</ref>
! {{abbr|CRC|CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics}}<ref name="CRC">
Values from CRC refer to room temperature.
As quoted in an online version of:
* David R. Lide (ed), ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition''. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
which further refers to:
* Scott, T., in ''Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths'', Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591.
</ref>
|-
| 3 || Li || [[Chemistry:Lithium|lithium]]
| 4.9	|| 4.9	|| 
|-
| 4 || Be || [[Chemistry:Beryllium|beryllium]]
| 287	|| 287	|| 
|-
| 11 || Na || [[Chemistry:Sodium|sodium]]
| 10	|| 10	|| 
|-
| 12 || Mg || [[Chemistry:Magnesium|magnesium]]
| 45	|| 45	|| 
|-
| 13 || Al || [[Chemistry:Aluminium|aluminium]]
| 70	|| 70	|| 
|-
| 14 || Si || [[Chemistry:Silicon|silicon]]
| 130–188|| 130–188 || 
|-
| 20 || Ca || [[Chemistry:Calcium|calcium]]
| 20	|| 20	|| 
|-
| 21 || Sc || [[Chemistry:Scandium|scandium]]
| 74.4	|| 74	|| 74.4
|-
| 22 || Ti || [[Chemistry:Titanium|titanium]]
| 116	|| 116	|| 
|-
| 23 || V || [[Chemistry:Vanadium|vanadium]]
| 128	|| 128	|| 
|-
| 24 || Cr || [[Chemistry:Chromium|chromium]]
| 279	|| 279	|| 
|-
| 25 || Mn || [[Chemistry:Manganese|manganese]]
| 198	|| 198	|| 
|-
| 26 || Fe || [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]]
| 211	|| 211	|| 
|-
| 27 || Co || [[Chemistry:Cobalt|cobalt]]
| 209	|| 209	|| 
|-
| 28 || Ni || [[Chemistry:Nickel|nickel]]
| 200	|| 200	|| 
|-
| 29 || Cu || [[Chemistry:Copper|copper]]
| 130	|| 130	|| 
|-
| 30 || Zn || [[Chemistry:Zinc|zinc]]
| 108	|| 108	|| 
|-
| 33 || As || [[Chemistry:Arsenic|arsenic]]
| 8	|| 8	|| 
|-
| 34 || Se || [[Chemistry:Selenium|selenium]]
| 10	|| 10	|| 
|-
| 37 || Rb || [[Chemistry:Rubidium|rubidium]]
| 2.4	|| 2.4	|| 
|-
| 39 || Y || [[Chemistry:Yttrium|yttrium]]
| 63.5	|| 64	|| 63.5
|-
| 40 || Zr || [[Chemistry:Zirconium|zirconium]]
| 68	|| 68	|| 
|-
| 41 || Nb || [[Chemistry:Niobium|niobium]]
| 105	|| 105	|| 
|-
| 42 || Mo || [[Chemistry:Molybdenum|molybdenum]]
| 329	|| 329	|| 
|-
| 44 || Ru || [[Chemistry:Ruthenium|ruthenium]]
| 447	|| 447	|| 
|-
| 45 || Rh || [[Chemistry:Rhodium|rhodium]]
| 275	|| 275 (possibly incorrect<ref name="Cardelli(2018)">{{Cite book|last=Cardarelli|first=François|date=2018|title=Materials Handbook|language=en|pages=567|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-38925-7_4}}</ref>)	|| 
|-
| 46 || Pd || [[Chemistry:Palladium|palladium]]
| 121	|| 121	|| 
|-
| 47 || Ag || [[Chemistry:Silver|silver]]
| 83	|| 83	|| 
|-
| 48 || Cd || [[Chemistry:Cadmium|cadmium]]
| 50	|| 50	|| 
|-
| 49 || In || [[Chemistry:Indium|indium]]
| 11	|| 11	|| 
|-
| 50 || Sn || [[Chemistry:Tin|tin]]
| 50	|| 50	|| 
|-
| 51 || Sb || [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]]
| 55	|| 55	|| 
|-
| 52 || Te || [[Chemistry:Tellurium|tellurium]]
| 43	|| 43	|| 
|-
| 55 || Cs || [[Chemistry:Caesium|caesium]]
| 1.7	|| 1.7	|| 
|-
| 56 || Ba || [[Chemistry:Barium|barium]]
| 13	|| 13	|| 
|-
| 57 || La || [[Chemistry:Lanthanum|lanthanum]]
| (α form) 36.6	|| 37	|| (α form) 36.6
|-
| 58 || Ce || [[Chemistry:Cerium|cerium]]
| (γ form) 33.6	|| 34	|| (γ form) 33.6
|-
| 59 || Pr || [[Chemistry:Praseodymium|praseodymium]]
| (α form) 37.3	|| 37	|| (α form) 37.3
|-
| 60 || Nd || [[Chemistry:Neodymium|neodymium]]
| (α form) 41.4	|| 41	|| (α form) 41.4
|-
| 61 || Pm || [[Chemistry:Promethium|promethium]]
| (α form) est. 46	|| 46	|| (α form) est. 46
|-
| 62 || Sm || [[Chemistry:Samarium|samarium]]
| (α form) 49.7	|| 50	|| (α form) 49.7
|-
| 63 || Eu || [[Chemistry:Europium|europium]]
| 18.2	|| 18	|| 18.2
|-
| 64 || Gd || [[Chemistry:Gadolinium|gadolinium]]
| (α form) 54.8	|| 55	|| (α form) 54.8
|-
| 65 || Tb || [[Chemistry:Terbium|terbium]]
| (α form) 55.7	|| 56	|| (α form) 55.7
|-
| 66 || Dy || [[Chemistry:Dysprosium|dysprosium]]
| (α form) 61.4	|| 61	|| (α form) 61.4
|-
| 67 || Ho || [[Chemistry:Holmium|holmium]]
| 64.8	|| 65	|| 64.8
|-
| 68 || Er || [[Chemistry:Erbium|erbium]]
| 69.9	|| 70	|| 69.9
|-
| 69 || Tm || [[Chemistry:Thulium|thulium]]
| 74.0	|| 74	|| 74.0
|-
| 70 || Yb || [[Chemistry:Ytterbium|ytterbium]]
| (β form) 23.9	|| 24	|| (β form) 23.9
|-
| 71 || Lu || [[Chemistry:Lutetium|lutetium]]
| 68.6	|| 69	|| 68.6
|-
| 72 || Hf || [[Chemistry:Hafnium|hafnium]]
| 78	|| 78	|| 
|-
| 73 || Ta || [[Chemistry:Tantalum|tantalum]]
| 186	|| 186	|| 
|-
| 74 || W || [[Chemistry:Tungsten|tungsten]]
| 411	|| 411	|| 
|-
| 75 || Re || [[Chemistry:Rhenium|rhenium]]
| 463	|| 463	|| 
|-
| 77 || Ir || [[Chemistry:Iridium|iridium]]
| 528	|| 528	|| 
|-
| 78 || Pt || [[Chemistry:Platinum|platinum]]
| 168	|| 168	|| 
|-
| 79 || Au || [[Chemistry:Gold|gold]]
| 78	|| 78	|| 
|-
| 81 || Tl || [[Chemistry:Thallium|thallium]]
| 8	|| 8	|| 
|-
| 82 || Pb || [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]]
| 16	|| 16	|| 
|-
| 83 || Bi || [[Chemistry:Bismuth|bismuth]]
| 32	|| 32	|| 
|-
| 90 || Th || [[Chemistry:Thorium|thorium]]
| 79	|| 79	|| 
|-
| 92 || U || [[Chemistry:Uranium|uranium]]
| 208	|| 208	|| 
|-
| 94 || Pu || [[Chemistry:Plutonium|plutonium]]
| 96	|| 96	|| 
|}

== Poisson's ratio ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Physics:Poisson's ratio|Poisson's ratio]] <math>\nu</math> {{nobold|1=(dimensionless)}}<!-- letter nu -->
! number !! symbol !! name
! use
! {{abbr|WEL|webelements.com}}<ref name="WEL"/>
! {{abbr|CRC|CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics}}<ref name="CRC"/>
|-
| 4 || Be || [[Chemistry:Beryllium|beryllium]]
| 0.032	|| 0.032	|| 
|-
| 12 || Mg || [[Chemistry:Magnesium|magnesium]]
| 0.29	|| 0.29	|| 
|-
| 13 || Al || [[Chemistry:Aluminium|aluminium]]
| 0.35	|| 0.35	|| 
|-
| 20 || Ca || [[Chemistry:Calcium|calcium]]
| 0.31	|| 0.31	|| 
|-
| 21 || Sc || [[Chemistry:Scandium|scandium]]
| 0.279	|| 0.28	|| 0.279
|-
| 22 || Ti || [[Chemistry:Titanium|titanium]]
| 0.32	|| 0.32	|| 
|-
| 23 || V || [[Chemistry:Vanadium|vanadium]]
| 0.37	|| 0.37	|| 
|-
| 24 || Cr || [[Chemistry:Chromium|chromium]]
| 0.21	|| 0.21	|| 
|-
| 26 || Fe || [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]]
| 0.29	|| 0.29	|| 
|-
| 27 || Co || [[Chemistry:Cobalt|cobalt]]
| 0.31	|| 0.31	|| 
|-
| 28 || Ni || [[Chemistry:Nickel|nickel]]
| 0.31	|| 0.31	|| 
|-
| 29 || Cu || [[Chemistry:Copper|copper]]
| 0.34	|| 0.34	|| 
|-
| 30 || Zn || [[Chemistry:Zinc|zinc]]
| 0.25	|| 0.25	|| 
|-
| 34 || Se || [[Chemistry:Selenium|selenium]]
| 0.33	|| 0.33	|| 
|-
| 38 || Sr || [[Chemistry:Strontium|strontium]]
| 0.28	|| 0.28	|| 
|-
| 39 || Y || [[Chemistry:Yttrium|yttrium]]
| 0.243	|| 0.24	|| 0.243
|-
| 40 || Zr || [[Chemistry:Zirconium|zirconium]]
| 0.34	|| 0.34	|| 
|-
| 41 || Nb || [[Chemistry:Niobium|niobium]]
| 0.40	|| 0.40	|| 
|-
| 42 || Mo || [[Chemistry:Molybdenum|molybdenum]]
| 0.31	|| 0.31	|| 
|-
| 44 || Ru || [[Chemistry:Ruthenium|ruthenium]]
| 0.30	|| 0.30	|| 
|-
| 45 || Rh || [[Chemistry:Rhodium|rhodium]]
| 0.26	|| 0.26	|| 
|-
| 46 || Pd || [[Chemistry:Palladium|palladium]]
| 0.39	|| 0.39	|| 
|-
| 47 || Ag || [[Chemistry:Silver|silver]]
| 0.37	|| 0.37	|| 
|-
| 48 || Cd || [[Chemistry:Cadmium|cadmium]]
| 0.30	|| 0.30	|| 
|-
| 50 || Sn || [[Chemistry:Tin|tin]]
| 0.36	|| 0.36	|| 
|-
| 57 || La || [[Chemistry:Lanthanum|lanthanum]]
| (α form) 0.280	|| 0.28	|| (α form) 0.280
|-
| 58 || Ce || [[Chemistry:Cerium|cerium]]
| (γ form) 0.24	|| 0.24	|| (γ form) 0.24
|-
| 59 || Pr || [[Chemistry:Praseodymium|praseodymium]]
| (α form) 0.281	|| 0.28	|| (α form) 0.281
|-
| 60 || Nd || [[Chemistry:Neodymium|neodymium]]
| (α form) 0.281	|| 0.28	|| (α form) 0.281
|-
| 61 || Pm || [[Chemistry:Promethium|promethium]]
| (α form) est. 0.28	|| 0.28	|| (α form) est. 0.28
|-
| 62 || Sm || [[Chemistry:Samarium|samarium]]
| (α form) 0.274	|| 0.27	|| (α form) 0.274
|-
| 63 || Eu || [[Chemistry:Europium|europium]]
| 0.152	|| 0.15	|| 0.152
|-
| 64 || Gd || [[Chemistry:Gadolinium|gadolinium]]
| (α form) 0.259	|| 0.26	|| (α form) 0.259
|-
| 65 || Tb || [[Chemistry:Terbium|terbium]]
| (α form) 0.261	|| 0.26	|| (α form) 0.261
|-
| 66 || Dy || [[Chemistry:Dysprosium|dysprosium]]
| (α form) 0.247	|| 0.25	|| (α form) 0.247
|-
| 67 || Ho || [[Chemistry:Holmium|holmium]]
| 0.231	|| 0.23	|| 0.231
|-
| 68 || Er || [[Chemistry:Erbium|erbium]]
| 0.237	|| 0.24	|| 0.237
|-
| 69 || Tm || [[Chemistry:Thulium|thulium]]
| 0.213	|| 0.21	|| 0.213
|-
| 70 || Yb || [[Chemistry:Ytterbium|ytterbium]]
| (β form) 0.207	|| 0.21	|| (β form) 0.207
|-
| 71 || Lu || [[Chemistry:Lutetium|lutetium]]
| 0.261	|| 0.26	|| 0.261
|-
| 72 || Hf || [[Chemistry:Hafnium|hafnium]]
| 0.37	|| 0.37	|| 
|-
| 73 || Ta || [[Chemistry:Tantalum|tantalum]]
| 0.34	|| 0.34	|| 
|-
| 74 || W || [[Chemistry:Tungsten|tungsten]]
| 0.28	|| 0.28	|| 
|-
| 75 || Re || [[Chemistry:Rhenium|rhenium]]
| 0.30	|| 0.30	|| 
|-
| 76 || Os || [[Chemistry:Osmium|osmium]]
| 0.25	|| 0.25	|| 
|-
| 77 || Ir || [[Chemistry:Iridium|iridium]]
| 0.26	|| 0.26	|| 
|-
| 78 || Pt || [[Chemistry:Platinum|platinum]]
| 0.38	|| 0.38	|| 
|-
| 79 || Au || [[Chemistry:Gold|gold]]
| 0.44	|| 0.44	|| 
|-
| 81 || Tl || [[Chemistry:Thallium|thallium]]
| 0.45	|| 0.45	|| 
|-
| 82 || Pb || [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]]
| 0.44	|| 0.44	|| 
|-
| 83 || Bi || [[Chemistry:Bismuth|bismuth]]
| 0.33	|| 0.33	|| 
|-
| 90 || Th || [[Chemistry:Thorium|thorium]]
| 0.27	|| 0.27	|| 
|-
| 92 || U || [[Chemistry:Uranium|uranium]]
| 0.23	|| 0.23	|| 
|-
| 94 || Pu || [[Chemistry:Plutonium|plutonium]]
| 0.21	|| 0.21	|| 
|}

== Bulk modulus ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Physics:Bulk modulus|Bulk modulus]] ''K'' {{nobold|(GPa)}}
! number !! symbol !! name
! use
! {{abbr|WEL|webelements.com}}<ref name="WEL"/>
! {{abbr|CRC|CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics}}<ref name="CRC"/>
! other
|-
| 3 || Li || [[Chemistry:Lithium|lithium]]
| 11	|| 11	|| 
|-
| 4 || Be || [[Chemistry:Beryllium|beryllium]]
| 130	|| 130	|| 
|-
| 5 || B || [[Chemistry:Boron|boron]]
| (β form) 185	|| 320	|| 	|| β 185(7) GPa, α 224(15) GPa<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.47.7668 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.47.7668 | title=Neutron- and x-ray-diffraction measurements of the bulk modulus of boron | year=1993 | last1=Nelmes | first1=R. J. | last2=Loveday | first2=J. S. | last3=Allan | first3=D. R. | last4=Besson | first4=J. M. | last5=Hamel | first5=G. | last6=Grima | first6=P. | last7=Hull | first7=S. | journal=Physical Review B | volume=47 | issue=13 | pages=7668–7673 | pmid=10004773 | bibcode=1993PhRvB..47.7668N }}</ref>
|-
| 6 || C || [[Chemistry:Carbon|carbon]]
| 33	|| 33	|| 
|-
| 11 || Na || [[Chemistry:Sodium|sodium]]
| 6.3	|| 6.3	|| 
|-
| 12 || Mg || [[Chemistry:Magnesium|magnesium]]
| 45	|| 45	|| 
|-
| 13 || Al || [[Chemistry:Aluminium|aluminium]]
| 76	|| 76	|| 
|-
| 14 || Si || [[Chemistry:Silicon|silicon]]
| 100	|| 100	|| 
|-
| 15 || P || [[Chemistry:Phosphorus|phosphorus]]
| 11	|| 11	|| 
|-
| 16 || S || [[Chemistry:Sulfur|sulfur]]
| 7.7	|| 7.7	|| 
|-
| 17 || Cl || [[Chemistry:Chlorine|chlorine]]
| 	|| (liquid) 1.1	|| 
|-
| 19 || K || [[Chemistry:Potassium|potassium]]
| 3.1	|| 3.1	|| 
|-
| 20 || Ca || [[Chemistry:Calcium|calcium]]
| 17	|| 17	|| 
|-
| 21 || Sc || [[Chemistry:Scandium|scandium]]
| 56.6	|| 57	|| 56.6
|-
| 22 || Ti || [[Chemistry:Titanium|titanium]]
| 110	|| 110	|| 
|-
| 23 || V || [[Chemistry:Vanadium|vanadium]]
| 160	|| 160	|| 
|-
| 24 || Cr || [[Chemistry:Chromium|chromium]]
| 160	|| 160	|| 
|-
| 25 || Mn || [[Chemistry:Manganese|manganese]]
| 120	|| 120	|| 
|-
| 26 || Fe || [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]]
| 170	|| 170	|| 
|-
| 27 || Co || [[Chemistry:Cobalt|cobalt]]
| 180	|| 180	|| 
|-
| 28 || Ni || [[Chemistry:Nickel|nickel]]
| 180	|| 180	|| 
|-
| 29 || Cu || [[Chemistry:Copper|copper]]
| 140	|| 140	|| 
|-
| 30 || Zn || [[Chemistry:Zinc|zinc]]
| 70	|| 70	|| 
|-
| 31 || Ga || [[Chemistry:Gallium|gallium]]
| 56  ||   ||  || 56 average<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azom.com/articles.aspx|title=Materials Science Articles &#124; Latest Science Articles &#124; Scientific Development|website=AZoM.com|accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 32 || Ge || [[Chemistry:Germanium|germanium]]
| 75.8  ||   || || 75.8<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F10551045_235 | doi=10.1007/10551045_235 | chapter=Germanium (Ge) bulk modulus | title=Group IV Elements, IV-IV and III-V Compounds. Part a - Lattice Properties | series=Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter | year=2001 | pages=1–6 | isbn=3-540-64070-3 }}</ref>
|-
| 33 || As || [[Chemistry:Arsenic|arsenic]]
| 22	|| 22	|| 
|-
| 34 || Se || [[Chemistry:Selenium|selenium]]
| 8.3	|| 8.3	|| 
|-
| 35 || Br || [[Chemistry:Bromine|bromine]]
| 	|| 1.9	|| 
|-
| 37 || Rb || [[Chemistry:Rubidium|rubidium]]
| 2.5	|| 2.5	|| 
|-
| 39 || Y || [[Chemistry:Yttrium|yttrium]]
| 41.2	|| 41	|| 41.2
|-
| 41 || Nb || [[Chemistry:Niobium|niobium]]
| 170	|| 170	|| 
|-
| 42 || Mo || [[Chemistry:Molybdenum|molybdenum]]
| 230	|| 230	|| 
|-
| 44 || Ru || [[Chemistry:Ruthenium|ruthenium]]
| 220	|| 220	|| 
|-
| 45 || Rh || [[Chemistry:Rhodium|rhodium]]
| 380	|| 380 (possibly incorrect<ref name="Cardelli(2018)" />)	|| 
|-
| 46 || Pd || [[Chemistry:Palladium|palladium]]
| 180	|| 180	|| 
|-
| 47 || Ag || [[Chemistry:Silver|silver]]
| 100	|| 100	|| 
|-
| 48 || Cd || [[Chemistry:Cadmium|cadmium]]
| 42	|| 42	|| 
|-
| 50 || Sn || [[Chemistry:Tin|tin]]
| 58	|| 58	|| 
|-
| 51 || Sb || [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]]
| 42	|| 42	|| 
|-
| 52 || Te || [[Chemistry:Tellurium|tellurium]]
| 65	|| 65	|| 
|-
| 53 || I || [[Chemistry:Iodine|iodine]]
| 7.7	|| 7.7	|| 
|-
| 55 || Cs || [[Chemistry:Caesium|caesium]]
| 1.6	|| 1.6	|| 
|-
| 56 || Ba || [[Chemistry:Barium|barium]]
| 9.6	|| 9.6	|| 
|-
| 57 || La || [[Chemistry:Lanthanum|lanthanum]]
| (α form) 27.9	|| 28	|| (α form) 27.9
|-
| 58 || Ce || [[Chemistry:Cerium|cerium]]
| (γ form) 21.5	|| 22	|| (γ form) 21.5
|-
| 59 || Pr || [[Chemistry:Praseodymium|praseodymium]]
| (α form) 28.8	|| 29	|| (α form) 28.8
|-
| 60 || Nd || [[Chemistry:Neodymium|neodymium]]
| (α form) 31.8	|| 32	|| (α form) 31.8
|-
| 61 || Pm || [[Chemistry:Promethium|promethium]]
| (α form) est. 33	|| 33	|| (α form) est. 33
|-
| 62 || Sm || [[Chemistry:Samarium|samarium]]
| (α form) 37.8	|| 38	|| (α form) 37.8
|-
| 63 || Eu || [[Chemistry:Europium|europium]]
| 8.3	|| 8.3	|| 8.3
|-
| 64 || Gd || [[Chemistry:Gadolinium|gadolinium]]
| (α form) 37.9	|| 38	|| (α form) 37.9
|-
| 65 || Tb || [[Chemistry:Terbium|terbium]]
| (α form) 38.7	|| 38.7	|| (α form) 38.7
|-
| 66 || Dy || [[Chemistry:Dysprosium|dysprosium]]
| (α form) 40.5	|| 41	|| (α form) 40.5
|-
| 67 || Ho || [[Chemistry:Holmium|holmium]]
| 40.2	|| 40	|| 40.2
|-
| 68 || Er || [[Chemistry:Erbium|erbium]]
| 44.4	|| 44	|| 44.4
|-
| 69 || Tm || [[Chemistry:Thulium|thulium]]
| 44.5	|| 45	|| 44.5
|-
| 70 || Yb || [[Chemistry:Ytterbium|ytterbium]]
| (β form) 30.5	|| 31	|| (β form) 30.5
|-
| 71 || Lu || [[Chemistry:Lutetium|lutetium]]
| 47.6	|| 48	|| 47.6
|-
| 72 || Hf || [[Chemistry:Hafnium|hafnium]]
| 110	|| 110	|| 
|-
| 73 || Ta || [[Chemistry:Tantalum|tantalum]]
| 200	|| 200	|| 
|-
| 74 || W || [[Chemistry:Tungsten|tungsten]]
| 310	|| 310	|| 
|-
| 75 || Re || [[Chemistry:Rhenium|rhenium]]
| 370	|| 370	|| 
|-
| 76 || Os || [[Chemistry:Osmium|osmium]]
| 462 || 	|| 	|| 462<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nsls.bnl.gov/newsroom/science/2002/05-Cynn.htm|author1=H. Cynn |author2=J. E. Klepeis |author3=C.-S. Yoo |author4=D. A. Young |title=Osmium has the Lowest Experimentally Determined Compressibility|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=88, 135701|year=2002|issue=13 |page=135701 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.135701 |pmid=11955108 |bibcode=2002PhRvL..88m5701C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110203516/http://www.nsls.bnl.gov/newsroom/science/2002/05-Cynn.htm |archive-date=2006-01-10 }}</ref>
|-
| 77 || Ir || [[Chemistry:Iridium|iridium]]
| 320	|| 320	|| 
|-
| 78 || Pt || [[Chemistry:Platinum|platinum]]
| 230	|| 230	|| 
|-
| 79 || Au || [[Chemistry:Gold|gold]]
| 180	|| 180	|| 
|-
| 80 || Hg || [[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|mercury]]
| 	|| 25	|| 
|-
| 81 || Tl || [[Chemistry:Thallium|thallium]]
| 43	|| 43	|| 
|-
| 82 || Pb || [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]]
| 46	|| 46	|| 
|-
| 83 || Bi || [[Chemistry:Bismuth|bismuth]]
| 31	|| 31	|| 
|-
| 90 || Th || [[Chemistry:Thorium|thorium]]
| 54	|| 54	|| 
|-
| 92 || U || [[Chemistry:Uranium|uranium]]
| 100	|| 100	|| 
|}

== Shear modulus ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Physics:Shear modulus|Shear modulus]] ''G'' {{nobold|1=(GPa)}}
! number !! symbol !! name
! use
! {{abbr|WEL|webelements.com}}<ref name="WEL"/>
! {{abbr|CRC|CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics}}<ref name="CRC"/>
|-
| 3 || Li || [[Chemistry:Lithium|lithium]]
| 4.2	|| 4.2	|| 
|-
| 4 || Be || [[Chemistry:Beryllium|beryllium]]
| 132	|| 132	|| 
|-
| 11 || Na || [[Chemistry:Sodium|sodium]]
| 3.3	|| 3.3	|| 
|-
| 12 || Mg || [[Chemistry:Magnesium|magnesium]]
| 17	|| 17	|| 
|-
| 13 || Al || [[Chemistry:Aluminium|aluminium]]
| 26	|| 26	|| 
|-
| 19 || K || [[Chemistry:Potassium|potassium]]
| 1.3	|| 1.3	|| 
|-
| 20 || Ca || [[Chemistry:Calcium|calcium]]
| 7.4	|| 7.4	|| 
|-
| 21 || Sc || [[Chemistry:Scandium|scandium]]
| 29.1	|| 29	|| 29.1
|-
| 22 || Ti || [[Chemistry:Titanium|titanium]]
| 44	|| 44	|| 
|-
| 23 || V || [[Chemistry:Vanadium|vanadium]]
| 47	|| 47	|| 
|-
| 24 || Cr || [[Chemistry:Chromium|chromium]]
| 115	|| 115	|| 
|-
| 26 || Fe || [[Chemistry:Iron|iron]]
| 82	|| 82	|| 
|-
| 27 || Co || [[Chemistry:Cobalt|cobalt]]
| 75	|| 75	|| 
|-
| 28 || Ni || [[Chemistry:Nickel|nickel]]
| 76	|| 76	|| 
|-
| 29 || Cu || [[Chemistry:Copper|copper]]
| 48	|| 48	|| 
|-
| 30 || Zn || [[Chemistry:Zinc|zinc]]
| 43	|| 43	|| 
|-
| 34 || Se || [[Chemistry:Selenium|selenium]]
| 3.7	|| 3.7	|| 
|-
| 38 || Sr || [[Chemistry:Strontium|strontium]]
| 6.1	|| 6.1	|| 
|-
| 39 || Y || [[Chemistry:Yttrium|yttrium]]
| 25.6	|| 26	|| 25.6
|-
| 40 || Zr || [[Chemistry:Zirconium|zirconium]]
| 33	|| 33	|| 
|-
| 41 || Nb || [[Chemistry:Niobium|niobium]]
| 38	|| 38	|| 
|-
| 42 || Mo || [[Chemistry:Molybdenum|molybdenum]]
| 120	|| 120	|| 
|-
| 44 || Ru || [[Chemistry:Ruthenium|ruthenium]]
| 173	|| 173	|| 
|-
| 45 || Rh || [[Chemistry:Rhodium|rhodium]]
| 150	|| 150	|| 
|-
| 46 || Pd || [[Chemistry:Palladium|palladium]]
| 44	|| 44	|| 
|-
| 47 || Ag || [[Chemistry:Silver|silver]]
| 30	|| 30	|| 
|-
| 48 || Cd || [[Chemistry:Cadmium|cadmium]]
| 19	|| 19	|| 
|-
| 50 || Sn || [[Chemistry:Tin|tin]]
| 18	|| 18	|| 
|-
| 51 || Sb || [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]]
| 20	|| 20	|| 
|-
| 52 || Te || [[Chemistry:Tellurium|tellurium]]
| 16	|| 16	|| 
|-
| 56 || Ba || [[Chemistry:Barium|barium]]
| 4.9	|| 4.9	|| 
|-
| 57 || La || [[Chemistry:Lanthanum|lanthanum]]
| (α form) 14.3	|| 14	|| (α form) 14.3
|-
| 58 || Ce || [[Chemistry:Cerium|cerium]]
| (γ form) 13.5	|| 14	|| (γ form) 13.5
|-
| 59 || Pr || [[Chemistry:Praseodymium|praseodymium]]
| (α form) 14.8	|| 15	|| (α form) 14.8
|-
| 60 || Nd || [[Chemistry:Neodymium|neodymium]]
| (α form) 16.3	|| 16	|| (α form) 16.3
|-
| 61 || Pm || [[Chemistry:Promethium|promethium]]
| (α form) est. 18	|| 18	|| (α form) est. 18
|-
| 62 || Sm || [[Chemistry:Samarium|samarium]]
| (α form) 19.5	|| 20	|| (α form) 19.5
|-
| 63 || Eu || [[Chemistry:Europium|europium]]
| 7.9	|| 7.9	|| 7.9
|-
| 64 || Gd || [[Chemistry:Gadolinium|gadolinium]]
| (α form) 21.8	|| 22	|| (α form) 21.8
|-
| 65 || Tb || [[Chemistry:Terbium|terbium]]
| (α form) 22.1	|| 22	|| (α form) 22.1
|-
| 66 || Dy || [[Chemistry:Dysprosium|dysprosium]]
| (α form) 24.7	|| 25	|| (α form) 24.7
|-
| 67 || Ho || [[Chemistry:Holmium|holmium]]
| 26.3	|| 26	|| 26.3
|-
| 68 || Er || [[Chemistry:Erbium|erbium]]
| 28.3	|| 28	|| 28.3
|-
| 69 || Tm || [[Chemistry:Thulium|thulium]]
| 30.5	|| 31	|| 30.5
|-
| 70 || Yb || [[Chemistry:Ytterbium|ytterbium]]
| (β form) 9.9	|| 9.9	|| (β form) 9.9
|-
| 71 || Lu || [[Chemistry:Lutetium|lutetium]]
| 27.2	|| 27	|| 27.2
|-
| 72 || Hf || [[Chemistry:Hafnium|hafnium]]
| 30	|| 30	|| 
|-
| 73 || Ta || [[Chemistry:Tantalum|tantalum]]
| 69	|| 69	|| 
|-
| 74 || W || [[Chemistry:Tungsten|tungsten]]
| 161	|| 161	|| 
|-
| 75 || Re || [[Chemistry:Rhenium|rhenium]]
| 178	|| 178	|| 
|-
| 76 || Os || [[Chemistry:Osmium|osmium]]
| 222	|| 222	|| 
|-
| 77 || Ir || [[Chemistry:Iridium|iridium]]
| 210	|| 210	|| 
|-
| 78 || Pt || [[Chemistry:Platinum|platinum]]
| 61	|| 61	|| 
|-
| 79 || Au || [[Chemistry:Gold|gold]]
| 27	|| 27	|| 
|-
| 81 || Tl || [[Chemistry:Thallium|thallium]]
| 2.8	|| 2.8	|| 
|-
| 82 || Pb || [[Chemistry:Lead|lead]]
| 5.6	|| 5.6	|| 
|-
| 83 || Bi || [[Chemistry:Bismuth|bismuth]]
| 12	|| 12	|| 
|-
| 90 || Th || [[Chemistry:Thorium|thorium]]
| 31	|| 31	|| 
|-
| 92 || U || [[Chemistry:Uranium|uranium]]
| 111	|| 111	|| 
|-
| 94 || Pu || [[Chemistry:Plutonium|plutonium]]
| 43	|| 43	|| 
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== See also ==
{{Navbox elements data}}
{{Navbox periodic table}}

[[Category:Chemical properties]]

{{Sourceattribution|Elastic properties of the elements (data page)}}