View source for Chemistry:Chlorotrifluoromethane

{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 441022733
| ImageFileL1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageFileL1 = Chlorotrifluoromethane-2D.svg
| ImageSizeL1 = 
| ImageFileR1 = Chlorotrifluoromethane-3D-vdW.png
| ImageSizeR1 = 
| PIN = Chloro(trifluoro)methane <!-- Parentheses are used according to Subsection P-16.5.1.3 of Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book) -->
| OtherNames = Chlorotrifluoromethane<br />Monochlorotrifluoromethane<br />Trifluorochloromethane<br />Trifluoromethyl chloride<br />Trifluoromonochlorocarbon<br />Arcton 3<br />Freon 13<br />Genetron 13<br />R-13<br />CFC 13<br />UN 1022
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 6152
| InChIKey = AFYPFACVUDMOHA-UHFFFAOYAV
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/CClF3/c2-1(3,4)5
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = AFYPFACVUDMOHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo = 75-72-9
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII = 7C6U91JNED
| EINECS = 200-894-4
| PubChem = 6392
| SMILES = ClC(F)(F)F
| InChI = 1/CClF3/c2-1(3,4)5
| RTECS = PA6410000
  }}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = CClF<sub>3</sub>
| MolarMass = 104.46 g/mol
| Appearance = Colorless gas with sweet odor
| Density = 1.526 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| MeltingPtC = -181
| MeltingPt_notes = 
| BoilingPtC = -81.5
| BoilingPt_notes = 
| Solubility = 0.009% at {{convert|25|C}}
| VaporPressure = 3.263 MPa at {{convert|21|C}}
| ThermalConductivity = 0.01217 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> (300 K)<ref>Touloukian, Y.S., Liley, P.E., and Saxena, S.C. Thermophysical properties of matter - the TPRC data series. Volume 3. Thermal conductivity - nonmetallic liquids and gases. Data book. 1970.</ref>
  }}
|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0420.htm ICSC 0420]
| MainHazards = Ozone depletor and asphyxiant
| NFPA-H = 
| NFPA-F = 
| NFPA-R = 
| NFPA-S = 
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
  }}
}}

'''Chlorotrifluoromethane''', '''R-13''', '''CFC-13''', or '''Freon 13''', is a non-flammable, non-corrosive, nontoxic [[Earth:Chlorofluorocarbon|chlorofluorocarbon]] (CFC) and also a mixed [[Chemistry:Halomethane|halomethane]].  It is a man-made substance used primarily as a [[Chemistry:Refrigerant|refrigerant]].  When released into the environment, CFC-13 has a high ozone depletion potential, and long [[Chemistry:Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|atmospheric lifetime]].<ref name=Ull>{{Ullmann|first1=Günter |last1=Siegemund |first2=Werner |last2=Schwertfeger |first3=Andrew |last3=Feiring |first4=Bruce |last4=Smart |first5=Fred |last5=Behr |first6=Herward |last6=Vogel |first7=Blaine |last7=McKusick |title=Fluorine Compounds, Organic |year=2002 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a11_349}}</ref> Only a few other [[Chemistry:Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas]]es surpass CFC-13 in [[Physics:Global warming potential|global warming potential]] (GWP).<ref name="VollmerMartin_20171010"/>{{rp|2}} The IPCC AR5 reported that CFC-13's [[Chemistry:Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|atmospheric lifetime]] was 640 years.<ref name="ar5"/>

==Production==
CFC-13{{emdash}}like all chlorofluorocarbon compounds{{emdash}}contains atoms of [[Chemistry:Carbon|carbon]] (C), [[Chemistry:Chlorine|chlorine]] (Cl), and [[Chemistry:Fluorine|fluorine]] (F).<ref name="Ashworth_20230403">{{Cite magazine |last=Ashworth |first=James |title = Mystery emissions of ozone-damaging gases are fuelling climate change |magazine=Natural History Museum | access-date = April 3, 2023 |date=April 3, 2023| url = https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2023/april/mystery-emissions-ozone-damaging-gases-fuelling-climate-change.html}}</ref><ref name="NOAA_Elkins_2013">{{Cite press release |first=James.W. |last=Elkins | via = US Department of Commerce and NOAA |work=NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory | title = Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species| access-date = April 3, 2023 |date=2013 | url = https://gml.noaa.gov/hats/about/cfc.html}}</ref> 

It can be prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a [[Chemistry:Catalysis|catalytic]] amount of [[Chemistry:Antimony pentachloride|antimony pentachloride]]:

CCl<sub>4</sub> + 3HF <nowiki>→</nowiki> CClF<sub>3</sub> + 3HCl

This reaction can also produce [[Chemistry:Trichlorofluoromethane|trichlorofluoromethane]] (CCl<sub>3</sub>F), [[Chemistry:Dichlorodifluoromethane|dichlorodifluoromethane]] (CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>) and [[Chemistry:Tetrafluoromethane|tetrafluoromethane]] (CF<sub>4</sub>).<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=304}}</ref>

==Montreal Protocol==
Following the unanimous ratification of the 1987 Montreal Protocol{{emdash}}in response to concerns about the role of concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in [[Physics:Ozone layer|ozone layer]]-depletion in the [[Earth:Stratosphere|stratosphere]]{{emdash}}a process was put into place to gradually phase out and replace CFC-13 and all the other CFCs.<ref name="Allen_20230403">{{Cite news |first=Kate |last=Allen | title = Remember ozone-destroying CFCs? They're on the rise again. And the source is a mystery| work = The Star | access-date = April 3, 2023 | date = April 3, 2023 | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2023/04/03/remember-ozone-destroying-cfcs-theyre-on-the-rise-again-and-the-source-is-a-mystery.html}}</ref> Research in the 1980s said that these man-made CFC compound compounds had opened a hole in ozone layer in the upper atmosphere or stratosphere that protects life on earth from UV radiation.<ref name="Ashworth_20230403"/> 

CFC-13's ozone depletion potential (ODP) is high{{emdash}} 1<ref name=EPAodsC1/> ([[Chemistry:Trichlorofluoromethane|CCl<sub>3</sub>F]] = 1){{emdash}}it is categorized as a Class I in the IPCC's list of ozone-depleting substances.<ref name=EPAodsC1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/Ozone/science/ods/classone.html |title=Class I Ozone-depleting Substances |year=2007 |work=Science - Ozone Layer Protection |publisher=US EPA |access-date=2010-12-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210101528/http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/ods/classone.html |archive-date=2010-12-10 }}</ref> CFC-13's radiative efficiency is high which results in a high [[Physics:Global warming potential|global warming potential]] (GWPs) of 13 900 GWP-100 yr that is "surpassed by very few other greenhouse gases."<ref name="VollmerMartin_20171010">{{cite journal |last1=Vollmer |first1= Martin |last2=Young |first2= Dickon |last3=Trudinger |first3= Cathy |last4=Mühle |first4= Jens |last5=Henne |first5= Stephan |last6=Rigby |first6= Matt |last7=Park |first7= Sunyoung |last8=Li |first8= Shihong |last9=Guillevic |first9= Myriam |last10=Mitrevski |first10= Blagoj |last11=Harth |first11= Christina |last12=Miller |first12= Benjamin |last13=Reimann |first13= Stefan |last14=Yao |first14= Bo |last15=Steele |first15= L. |last16=Wyss |first16= Simon |last17=Lunder |first17= Chris |last18=Arduini |first18= Jgor |last19=McCulloch |first19= Archie |last20=Simmonds |first20= Peter |date=October 10, 2017 |number=39 |title=Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), CFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5) |volume= 2017 |doi=10.5194/acp-2017-935 |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions|hdl=1721.1/116270 |hdl-access=free |doi-access= free }}</ref> It is categorized as a Class I in the list of ozone-depleting Substances.<ref name=EPAodsC1/>{{rp|2}} 

===Increase in atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 in 2010s===
Starting in the 2010s, despite a global ban on the production of CFCs, five of these ozone-damaging emissions were on the rise.<ref name="Ashworth_20230403"/>

The atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 rose from 3.0&nbsp;parts per trillion (ppt) in year 2010 to 3.3&nbsp;ppt in year 2020 based on analysis of air samples gathered from sites around the world.<ref name="agage">{{cite web |url=https://agage.mit.edu/data/agage-data |title=AGAGE Data and Figures |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=2021-02-11}}</ref>
Contrary to the Montreal Protocol, the atmospheric emissions of CFC-13 and four other chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), increased between 2010 and 2020.<ref name="Nature_Western_2023">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w| issn = 1752-0908| pages = 309–313| last1 = Western| first1 = Luke M.| last2 = Vollmer| first2 = Martin K.| last3 = Krummel| first3 = Paul B.| last4 = Adcock| first4 = Karina E.| last5 = Fraser| first5 = Paul J.| last6 = Harth| first6 = Christina M.| last7 = Langenfelds| first7 = Ray L.| last8 = Montzka| first8 = Stephen A.| last9 = Mühle| first9 = Jens| last10 = O’Doherty| first10 = Simon| last11 = Oram| first11 = David E.| last12 = Reimann| first12 = Stefan| last13 = Rigby| first13 = Matt| last14 = Vimont| first14 = Isaac| last15 = Weiss| first15 = Ray F.| last16 = Young| first16 = Dickon| last17 = Laube| first17 = Johannes C.| title = Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020| journal = Nature Geoscience| access-date = April 3, 2023 | date = April 3, 2023 | volume = 16| issue = 4| bibcode = 2023NatGe..16..309W| hdl = 1983/9e103fef-e61c-49c7-a1a3-902540ec1d7c| s2cid = 257941769| url = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-023-01147-w| hdl-access = free}}</ref> 

As of 2023, the drivers behind the increase in CFC-13 and CFC-112a emissions were not certain.<ref name="Nature_Western_2023"/>

==Physical properties==

The IPCC AR5 reported that CFC-13's [[Chemistry:Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|Atmospheric lifetime]] was 640 years.<ref name="IPCC_AR4_Forster_2007">{{Cite journal| last1 = Forster| first1 = Piers| last2 = Ramaswamy| first2 = Venkatachalam| last3 = Artaxo| first3 = Paulo| last4 = Berntsen| first4 = Terje| last5 = Betts| first5 = Richard| last6 = Fahey| first6 = David W| last7 = Haywood| first7 = James| last8 = Lean| first8 = Judith| last9 = Lowe| first9 = David C| last10 = Raga| first10 = Graciela| last11 = Schulz| first11 = Michael| last12 = Dorland| first12 = Robert Van| last13 = Bodeker| first13 = G| last14 = Etheridge| first14 = D| last15 = Foukal| first15 = P| last16 = Fraser| first16 = P| last17 = Geller| first17 = M| last18 = Joos| first18 = F| last19 = Keeling| first19 = C D| last20 = Keeling| first20 = R| last21 = Kinne| first21 = S| last22 = Lassey| first22 = K| last23 = Oram| first23 = D| last24 = O’Shaughnessy| first24 = K| last25 = Ramankutty| first25 = N| last26 = Reid| first26 = G| last27 = Rind| first27 = D| last28 = Rosenlof| first28 = K| last29 = Sausen| first29 = R| last30 = Schwarzkopf| first30 = D| last31 = Solanki| first31 = S K| last32 = Stenchikov| first32 = G| last33 = Stuber| first33 = N| last34 = Takemura| first34 = T| last35 = Textor| first35 = C| last36 = Wang| first36 = R| last37 = Weiss| first37 = R| last38 = Whorf| first38 = T| last39 = Nakajima| first39 = Teruyuki| last40 = Ramanathan| first40 = Veerabhadran| last41 = Ramaswamy| first41 = V| last42 = Artaxo| first42 = P| last43 = Berntsen| first43 = T| last44 = Betts| first44 = R| last45 = Fahey| first45 = D W| last46 = Haywood| first46 = J| last47 = Lean| first47 = J| last48 = Lowe| first48 = D C| last49 = Myhre| first49 = G| last50 = Nganga| first50 = J| last51 = Prinn| first51 = R| last52 = Raga| first52 = G| last53 = Schulz| first53 = M| last54 = Dorland| first54 = R Van| title = Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing |series=AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis |journal=International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Property
! Value
|-
| [[Physics:Density|Density]] (ρ) at -127.8&nbsp;°C (liquid)
| 1.603 g⋅cm<sup>−3</sup>
|-
| [[Physics:Density|Density]] (ρ) at boiling point (gas)
| 6.94&nbsp;kg⋅m<sup>−3</sup>
|-
| [[Physics:Density|Density]] (ρ) at 15&nbsp;°C (gas)
| 4.41 g⋅cm<sup>−3</sup>
|-
| [[Chemistry:Triple point|Triple point]] temperature (T<sub>t</sub>)
|
|-181&nbsp;°C (92 K)
|-
| [[Physics:Critical temperature|Critical temperature]] (T<sub>c</sub>)
| 28.8&nbsp;°C (302 K)
|-
| Critical pressure (p<sub>c</sub>)
| 3.86 MPa (38.6 bar)
|-
| Critical density (ρ<sub>c</sub>)
| 5.5&nbsp;mol⋅L<sup>−1</sup>
|-
| Latent heat of vaporization at boiling point
| 149.85 kJ⋅kg<sup>−1</sup>
|-
| [[Physics:Specific heat capacity|Specific heat capacity]] at constant pressure (C<sub>p</sub>) at -34.4&nbsp;°C
| 0.06 kJ⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>⋅K<sup>−1</sup>
|-
| [[Physics:Specific heat capacity|Specific heat capacity]] at constant volume (C<sub>V</sub>) at -34.4&nbsp;°C
| 0.051 kJ⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>⋅K<sup>−1</sup>
|-
| [[Physics:Heat capacity ratio|Heat capacity ratio]] (к) at -34.4&nbsp;°C
| 1.168016
|-
| [[Physics:Compressibility|Compressibility Factor]] (Z) at 15&nbsp;°C
| 0.9896
|-
| [[Physics:Acentric factor|Acentric factor]] (ω)
| 0.17166
|-
| [[Physics:Viscosity|Viscosity]] (η) at 0&nbsp;°C (gas)
| 13.3 mPa⋅s (0.0133 cP)
|-
| [[Physics:Viscosity|Viscosity]] (η) at 25&nbsp;°C (gas)
| 14.1 mPa⋅s (0.01440 cP)
|-
| Ozone depletion potential (ODP)
| 1<ref name=EPAodsC1/>([[Chemistry:Trichlorofluoromethane|CCl<sub>3</sub>F]] = 1)
|-
| [[Physics:Global warming potential|Global warming potential]] (GWP)
| 14,000<ref name="ar5">{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ |contribution= Chapter 8 |title=AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis |page=731}}</ref> ([[Chemistry:Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] = 1)
|-
| [[Chemistry:Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|Atmospheric lifetime]]
| 640 years<ref name="ar5"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Chemistry:IPCC list of greenhouse gases|IPCC list of greenhouse gases]]
* [[Chemistry:List of refrigerants|List of refrigerants]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006101924/https://www.mathesontrigas.com/pdfs/msds/MAT04900.pdf MSDS at mathesontrigas.com]
* {{ICSC|0420|04}}
* [http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=16 Entry at Air Liquide gas encyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707095939/http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=16 |date=2011-07-07 }}
* [http://journals.iucr.org/b/issues/1985/02/00/a24389/a24389.pdf The crystal structure of chlorotrifluoromethane, CF<sub>3</sub>Cl; neutron powder diffraction and constrained refinement]{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.chem.msu.su/rus/handbook/ivtan/218.html Termochemical data table]

{{Halomethanes}}
{{fluorine compounds}}

[[Category:Chlorofluorocarbons]]
[[Category:Halomethanes]]
[[Category:Refrigerants]]
[[Category:Greenhouse gases]]
[[Category:Trifluoromethyl compounds]]

{{Sourceattribution|Chlorotrifluoromethane}}