View source for Biology:Signal transducing adaptor protein

{{Short description|Type of protein}}
[[File:PDB 1u5e EBI.jpg|thumb|Src-associated adaptor protein Skap2 with 1u5e code]]
'''Signal transducing adaptor proteins''' (STAPs) are [[Biology:Protein|protein]]s that are accessory to main proteins in a [[Biology:Signal transduction|signal transduction]] pathway.<ref>{{cite web|title=Role of Signal Transducing Adaptor Protein (STAP) Family in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia|url=http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/130/Suppl_1/1583?sso-checked=true|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref> Adaptor proteins contain a variety of protein-binding modules that link protein-binding partners together and facilitate the creation of larger signaling complexes. These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves,<ref>{{MeshName|Signal+Transducing+Adaptor+Proteins}}</ref> instead mediating specific protein–protein interactions that drive the formation of protein complexes. Examples of adaptor proteins include [[Biology:MYD88|MYD88]],<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MYD88 Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4615}}</ref><ref name="pmid9013863">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonnert TP, Garka KE, Parnet P, Sonoda G, Testa JR, Sims JE | title = The cloning and characterization of human MyD88: a member of an IL-1 receptor related family | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 402 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–4 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 9013863 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01506-2 | s2cid = 44843127 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Grb2 and SHC1.

==Signaling components==
Much of the specificity of [[Biology:Signal transduction|signal transduction]] depends on the recruitment of several signalling components such as protein kinases and G-protein [[Biology:GTPase|GTPase]]s into short-lived active complexes in response to an activating signal such as a [[Biology:Growth factor|growth factor]] binding to its [[Biology:Receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]].

==Domains==
Adaptor proteins usually contain several domains within their structure (e.g., [[Biology:SH2 domain|Src homology 2 (SH2)]] and [[Biology:SH3 domain|SH3 domain]]s) that allow specific interactions with several other specific proteins. SH2 domains recognise specific amino acid sequences within proteins containing phosphotyrosine residues and SH3 domains recognise [[Chemistry:Proline|proline]]-rich sequences within specific peptide sequence contexts of proteins.

There are many other types of interaction domains found within adaptor and other signalling proteins that allow a rich diversity of specific and coordinated protein–protein interactions to occur within the cell during [[Biology:Signal transduction|signal transduction]].

==Examples of adaptor proteins==

Adaptor proteins include:
* [[Biology:BCAR3|BCAR3]] – Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 3
* [[Biology:CBL (gene)|CBL]] – Casitas B-lineage Lymphoma
* FRS2 – Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2
* [[Biology:GAB2|GAB2]] – GRB2-associated binding protein 2
* GRAP – GRB2-related adaptor protein
* [[Biology:GRAP2|GRAP2]] – GRB2-related adaptor protein 2
* [[Biology:GRB2|GRB2]] – Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 
* IRS1 – Insulin receptor substrate 1 
* LDLRAP1 – low-density lipoprotein receptor adaptor protein 1
* [[Biology:MYD88|MYD88]] - Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88
* [[Biology:NCDN|NCDN]] - Neurochondrin
* [[Biology:NCK1|NCK1]] – NCK adaptor protein 1
* [[Biology:NCK2|NCK2]] – NCK adaptor protein 2
* [[Biology:NOS1AP|NOS1AP]] – nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal) adaptor protein
* PIK3AP1 – phosphoinositide-3-kinase adaptor protein 1
* SH2B1 – SH2B adaptor protein 1
* SH2B2 – SH2B adaptor protein 2
* SH2B3 – SH2B adaptor protein 3
* SH2D3A -SH2 domain containing 3A
* [[Biology:SH2D3C|SH2D3C]] – SH2 domain containing 3C
* SNTA1 – Syntrophin, alpha 1
* SHB – Src homology 2 domain containing adaptor protein B
* SLC4A1AP – solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger), member 1, adaptor protein

== See also ==
* Wikipedia:MeSH D12.776#MeSH D12.776.157.057 --- adaptor proteins.2C signal transducing
* Wikipedia:MeSH D12.776#MeSH D12.776.543.990.150 --- adaptor proteins.2C vesicular transport

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*TAB2 is an adaptor protein involved in the IL-1 signal transduction pathway: {{cite journal | vauthors = Takaesu G, Kishida S, Hiyama A, Yamaguchi K, Shibuya H, Irie K, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Matsumoto K | title = TAB2, a novel adaptor protein, mediates activation of TAK1 MAPKKK by linking TAK1 to TRAF6 in the IL-1 signal transduction pathway | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 649–58 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10882101 | doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80244-0 | doi-access = free }}
*Good article about adaptor proteins involved in [[Biology:Protein kinase C|protein kinase C]]-mediated signal transduction: {{cite journal | vauthors = Schechtman D, Mochly-Rosen D | title = Adaptor proteins in protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction | journal = Oncogene | volume = 20 | issue = 44 | pages = 6339–47 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11607837 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1204778 | doi-access = free }}
*A good article regarding the role of adaptor proteins involved with the T-cell antigen receptor: {{cite journal | vauthors = Samelson LE | title = Signal transduction mediated by the T cell antigen receptor: the role of adapter proteins | journal = Annual Review of Immunology | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 371–94 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11861607 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.092601.111357 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1234997 }}
*Signalling discussed with regards to adaptor proteins: {{cite journal|last1=Pawson|first1=T.|title=Signaling Through Scaffold, Anchoring, and Adaptor Proteins|journal=Science|volume=278|issue=5346|year=1997|pages=2075–2080|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.278.5346.2075|pmid=9405336|bibcode=1997Sci...278.2075P}}

{{Cell signaling}}
{{Adaptor proteins}}

[[Category:Proteins]]
[[Category:Cell signaling]]

{{Sourceattribution|Signal transducing adaptor protein}}