View source for Biology:Pulleniatina obliquiloculata

{{Short description|Planktonic foraminifera}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Pulleniatina
| species = obliquiloculata
| authority = (Parker & Jones, 1865)
| image = Pulleniatina obliquiloculata bg-16-3377-2019-f02-web.png
| image_caption = Photomicrograph of a live specimen from oceanic samples
}}
'''''Pulleniatina obliquiloculata''''' is a [[Earth:Plankton|plankton]]ic [[Biology:Foraminifera|foraminifera]], one of the two extant species for the genus ''Pulleniatina'', first occurrence within N19 zone (or PL1, C3n. 1r). Widely tropical-subtropical marine [[Earth:Plankton|plankton]], pelagic inhabitants of deep waters (lower mesopelagic to upper bathypelagic environment).

== Taxonomy ==
This species first described in 1862 by Parker and Jones, named as ''Pullenia obliquiloculata''. Brady in 1884 fist changed the name to ''Pulleniatina obliquiloculata.'' Parker and Jones in 1967 divided ''Pulleniatina obliquiloculata'' in to three [[Biology:Subspecies|subspecies]]: ''P. obliquiloculata obliquiloculata'', ''P. obliquiloculata praecursor'' and ''P. obliquiloculata finalis''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Banner |first1=F. T. |last2=Blow |first2=W. H. |date=April 1967 |title=The Origin, Evolution and Taxonomy of the Foraminiferal Genus Pulleniatina Cushman, 1927 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1484667 |journal=Micropaleontology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=133 |doi=10.2307/1484667 |jstor=1484667 |bibcode=1967MiPal..13..133B |issn=0026-2803}}</ref> Later Reach supported those subspecies as species, ''Pulleniatina obliquiloculata obliquiloculata'' nowadays named ''Pulleniatina obliquiloculata.''

''P. obliquiloculata'' used to be under the Globorotaliinae as a subfamily which belongs to Globigerinidae, now Globorotaliinae is separated into an independent family Globorotaliidae.

== Evolution ==
Phylogenetic tree base on morphology and [[Biology:Fossil|fossil]] records shows that ''Pulleniatina'' evolved two lineages separated at Late Miocene (N17 zone), extant species are the obliquiloculata lineage, ''P. obliquiloculata'' separated from ''P. praecursor'' at Early- middle Pliocene<ref name=":0" />.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Paul N. |last2=Penny |first2=Luke |date=2021-04-13 |title=Coiling directions in the planktonic foraminifer Pulleniatina: A complex eco-evolutionary dynamic spanning millions of years |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=e0249113 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0249113 |pmid=33848285 |pmc=8043407 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1649113P |issn=1932-6203 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The closest relationship species with ''Pulleniatina'' is ''Neogloboquadrina acostaensis'' or ''Globorotalia (Turborotalia) acostaensis''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

''P. obloqulioculata'' also classified as nonspinose macroperforate, but a publication by Burt and Scott in 1975, suggested that ''P. obloqulioculata'' is spinose in the early of its ontogeny. Phylogenetic tree base on small sub-unit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) shows that ''P. obliquiloculata'' has closely relationship with ''Neogloboquadrina''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aurahs |first1=Ralf |last2=GÖker |first2=Markus |last3=Grimm |first3=Guido W. |last4=Hemleben |first4=Vera |last5=Hemleben |first5=Christoph |last6=Schiebel |first6=Ralf |last7=Kučera |first7=Michal |date=January 2009 |title=Using the Multiple Analysis Approach to Reconstruct Phylogenetic Relationships among Planktonic Foraminifera from Highly Divergent and Length-polymorphic SSU rDNA Sequences |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bbi.s3334 |journal=Bioinformatics and Biology Insights |volume=3 |pages=155–177 |doi=10.4137/bbi.s3334 |pmid=20140067 |pmc=2808177 |issn=1177-9322}}</ref> Somehow, there is a reach shows that ''P. obliquiloculata'' can separate into two [[Biology:Clade|clade]]s, the phylogenetic relationship with these two clades are so separated, maybe there were some ''P. finalis'' misidentification as ''P. obliquiloculata''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=André |first1=Aurore |last2=Quillévéré |first2=Frédéric |last3=Morard |first3=Raphaël |last4=Ujiié |first4=Yurika |last5=Escarguel |first5=Gilles |last6=de Vargas |first6=Colomban |last7=de Garidel-Thoron |first7=Thibault |last8=Douady |first8=Christophe J. |date=2014-08-13 |editor-last=Ketmaier |editor-first=Valerio |title=SSU rDNA Divergence in Planktonic Foraminifera: Molecular Taxonomy and Biogeographic Implications |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=e104641 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0104641 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4131912 |pmid=25119900 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j4641A |doi-access=free }}</ref> The genetic relationship of those modern macroperforates are not clear. So far, knowledge about these organisms is very limited.

==Geological event==
There some coiling direction transition event happens after ''Pulleniatina ''differentiation, the cause and detailed mechanism are unknown, but it can still be used to assist in the judgment of geological age.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=Paul N. |last2=Young |first2=Jeremy |last3=King |first3=David J. |last4=Wade |first4=Bridget S. |date=2023-11-22 |title=Biochronology and evolution of Pulleniatina (planktonic foraminifera) |url=https://jm.copernicus.org/articles/42/211/2023/ |journal=Journal of Micropalaeontology |language=English |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=211–255 |doi=10.5194/jm-42-211-2023 |bibcode=2023JMicP..42..211P |issn=0262-821X |doi-access=free }}</ref>

''P. obliquiloculata'' basically right coiling, but ''Pulleniatina'' species on the originally are left coiling species, also the extinct ''Pulleniatina'' lineage ''Pulleniatina praespectabilis– spectabilis'' lineage actually left coiling. One of the famous transition event is left-coiling episode 9 or L9. Those kinds of transition have no evidence for cause by climate.<ref name=":2" />

Geological record shows ''Pulleniatina'' disappearance from the Atlantic Ocean in the Late Pliocene calls Atlantic Ocean disappearance. At the middle of [[Earth:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]] there was [[Earth:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]] reappearance for ''Pulleniatina''.<ref name=":2" />

==Ecology==
Base on the nitrogen isotopic composition between two [[Chemistry:Amino acid|amino acid]]s ([[Chemistry:Glutamic acid|glutamic acid]] and [[Chemistry:Phenylalanine|phenylalanine]]), the result shoes that ''P. obliquiloculata'' is omnivorous with herbivorous dependence, food source maybe contents more [[Earth:Phytoplankton|phytoplankton]] than [[Earth:Zooplankton|zooplankton]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Toue |first1=Ryuji |last2=Fujita |first2=Kazuhiko |last3=Tsuchiya |first3=Masashi |last4=Chikaraishi |first4=Yoshito |last5=Sasaki |first5=Yoko |last6=Ohkouchi |first6=Naohiko |date=2022-04-08 |title=Trophic niche separation of two non-spinose planktonic foraminifers Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata |journal=Progress in Earth and Planetary Science |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.1186/s40645-022-00478-3 |bibcode=2022PEPS....9...20T |issn=2197-4284 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

''P. obliquiloculata'' has ability to [[Biology:Sexual reproduction|sexual reproduction]], reproductive cycles have characterized by lunar periodicity, also seasonal changes, the peak breeding period is approximately from autumn to spring, around each full moon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jonkers |first1=L. |last2=Reynolds |first2=C. E. |last3=Richey |first3=J. |last4=Hall |first4=I. R. |date=2015-05-27 |title=Lunar periodicity in the shell flux of planktonic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico |url=https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/12/3061/2015/ |journal=Biogeosciences |language=English |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=3061–3070 |doi=10.5194/bg-12-3061-2015 |bibcode=2015BGeo...12.3061J |issn=1726-4170 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

''P. obliquiloculata'' calcification has strong positive correlation with temperature, ocean warming may increase ''P. obliquiloculata'' calcification.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=Bingbin |last2=Li |first2=Tiegang |last3=Xiong |first3=Zhifang |last4=Algeo |first4=Thomas J. |last5=Jia |first5=Qi |date=2020-10-01 |title=Calcification of planktonic foraminifer Pulleniatina obliquiloculata controlled by seawater temperature rather than ocean acidification |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818120301478 |journal=Global and Planetary Change |volume=193 |pages=103256 |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103256 |bibcode=2020GPC...19303256Q |s2cid=224950427 |issn=0921-8181}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q23754315}}

[[Category:Globigerinina]]

{{Improve categories|date=December 2023}}

{{Sourceattribution|Pulleniatina obliquiloculata}}