View source for Biology:Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum

{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Taxobox
| image = 
| image_caption = 
| domain = [[Biology:Bacteria|Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Biology:Verrucomicrobia|Verrucomicrobia]]
| classis = Unclassified
| ordo = Methylacidiphilales
| familia = Methylacidiphilaceae
| genus = ''Methylacidiphilum''
| species = '''''M. fumariolicum'''''
| binomial = ''Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum''
| binomial_authority = H. Op den Camp, et al 2007
| type_strain =
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22740660 SolV]
| synonyms = 
}}

'''''Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum ''''' is an [[Biology:Autotroph|autotroph]]ic bacterium first described in 2007 growing on volcanic pools near Naples, Italy. It grows in mud at [[Earth:Thermophile|temperatures]] between 50&nbsp;°C - 60&nbsp;°C and an [[Biology:Acidophile|acidic]] pH of 2–5. It is able to [[Chemistry:Anaerobic oxidation of methane|oxidize]] [[Chemistry:Methane|methane]] gas.<ref name=((Pol))>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Pol, A., et al)) | title = Rare Earth Metals Are Essential for Methanotrophic Life in Volcanic Mudpots | journal = Environ Microbiol | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 255–264 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24034209| doi = 10.1111/1462-2920.12249}}</ref> It uses [[Chemistry:Ammonium|ammonium]], [[Chemistry:Nitrate|nitrate]] or atmospheric [[Chemistry:Nitrogen|nitrogen]] as a nitrogen source and [[Biology:Capnophile|fixes carbon dioxide]].<ref name=((Khadem))>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Khadem, A. et al)) | title = Genomic and Physiological Analysis of Carbon Storage in the Verrucomicrobial Methanotroph "Ca. Methylacidiphilum Fumariolicum" SolV. | journal = Front Microbiol | volume = 3 | issue = 345 | pages = 345| year = 2012 | pmc = 3460235 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00345| pmid = 23060867 }}</ref>

Due to the presence of a [[Chemistry:Lanthanide|lanthanide]] dependent [[Biology:Methanol dehydrogenase|methanol dehydrogenase]] enzyme, its growth is strictly dependent on the abundance of rare-earth metals.<ref name=((Pol)) />

No [[Biology:Biological interaction|biotic interactions]] between ''M. fumariolicum'' and other organisms are known, probably due to the extreme environment the bacteria needs in order to grow.

==Biology==

===Genome===
The genome of ''M. fumariolicum'' is 2.36 Mbp in size with a [[Biology:GC-content|GC-content]] of 40.9% and 2,283 protein encoding genes.<ref name=((gen1))>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Khadem, A. et al)) | title = Draft Genome Sequence of the Volcano-Inhabiting Thermoacidophilic Methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum Strain SolV | journal = J Bacteriol | volume = 194 | issue = 14 | pages = 3729–3730| year = 2012 | pmid = 22740660 | doi = 10.1128/JB.00501-12| pmc = 3393509 }}</ref>

===Metabolism===
Energy is obtained by [[Chemistry:Methane|methane]] [[Chemistry:Anaerobic oxidation of methane|oxidation]] to [[Chemistry:Methanol|methanol]] and by the enzyme [[Biology:Methanol dehydrogenase|methanol dehydrogenase]] which is strictly dependent on the use of rare-earth metals as [[Biology:Cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactors]]. It generally uses [[Chemistry:Lanthanum|lanthanum]] as an essential cofactor but it has been shown that it can be replaced with other [[Chemistry:Lanthanide|lanthanide]]s such as [[Chemistry:Cerium|cerium]], [[Chemistry:Praseodymium|praseodymium]], or [[Chemistry:Neodymium|neodymium]] without negative effects and with [[Chemistry:Samarium|samarium]], [[Chemistry:Europium|europium]], or [[Chemistry:Gadolinium|gadolinium]] only slowing down the growth speed of the bacteria.<ref name=((Pol)) />

It uses the [[Biology:Light-independent reactions|Calvin Benson Bassham cycle]] to fixate [[Chemistry:Carbon dioxide|carbon dioxide]] and use it as a carbon source. In fact concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> below 0.3% (v/v) impairs any growth of ''M. fumariolicum''.<ref name=gen2>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Khadem, A. et al)) | title = Autotrophic Methanotrophy in Verrucomicrobia: Methylacidiphilum fumariolicumSolV Uses the Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle for Carbon Dioxide Fixation | journal = J Bacteriol | volume = 193 | issue = 17 | pages = 4438–4446| year = 2011 | pmid =  21725016| doi = 10.1128/JB.00407-11| pmc = 3165502}}</ref>

''M. fumariolicum'' was found to be more oxygen sensitive than most other [[Biology:Proteobacteria|proteobacteria]]l [[Biology:Methanotroph|methanotroph]]s. Probably due to the fact that it uses [[Biology:Nitrogenase|nitrogenase]] during [[Biology:Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixation]] which is known to be [[Biology:Anaerobic organism|oxygen sensitive]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=((Khadem, A. et al)) | title = Nitrogen fixation by the verrucomicrobial methanotroph 'Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum' SolV. | journal = Microbiology | volume = 156 | issue = 1 | pages = 1052–9| year = 2010 | pmid = 20056702  | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.036061-0| doi-access = free }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q29887869}}

[[Category:Verrucomicrobia]]

{{Sourceattribution|Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum|1}}