View source for Biology:Enoplea

{{Short description|Class of roundworms}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Mermis nigrescens beentree.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Biology:Mermis nigrescens|Mermis nigrescens]]''
| taxon = Enoplea
| authority = Inglis, 1983
| subdivision_ranks = Subclasses
| subdivision = 
*[[Biology:Dorylaimia|Dorylaimia]]
*[[Biology:Enoplia|Enoplia]]
}}

'''Enoplea''' ('''enopleans''') is a [[Biology:Class|class]], which with the classes [[Biology:Secernentea|Secernentea]]<ref name = tol2002>[[Biology:Tree of Life Web Project|Tree of Life Web Project]] (ToL) (2002): [http://tolweb.org/Nematoda/2472/2002.01.01 Nematoda]. Version of January 1, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008.</ref> and [[Biology:Chromadorea|Chromadorea]] make up the [[Biology:Phylum|phylum]] [[Biology:Nematode|Nematoda]] in current [[Biology:Taxonomy|taxonomy]].<ref>[http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/Classes.htm Phylum Nematoda.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012091303/http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/Classes.htm |date=2013-10-12 }} Nemaplex: Nematode-Plant Expert Information System. University of California, Davis. Version October 4, 2012.</ref><ref name=juh>{{cite journal | last1 = Jühling | first1 = F. | display-authors = etal   | year = 2012 | title = Armless mitochondrial tRNAs in Enoplea (Nematoda) | journal = RNA Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 9| pages = 1161–66 | doi=10.4161/rna.21630 | pmid=23018779 | pmc=3579883}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hyman | first1 = B. C. | display-authors = etal   | year = 2011 | title = Rampant gene rearrangement and haplotype hypervariation among nematode mitochondrial genomes | journal = Genetica | volume = 139 | issue = 5| pages = 611–15 | doi=10.1007/s10709-010-9531-3 | pmid=21136141 | pmc=3089818}}</ref> The Enoplea are considered to be a more ancestral group than the [[Biology:Chromadorea|Chromadorea]], and researchers have referred to its members as the "ancestrally diverged nematodes", compared to the "more recently diverged nematodes" of Chromadorea.<ref name=sch>{{cite journal | last1 = Schulze | first1 = J. | last2 = Schierenberg | first2 = E. | year = 2009 | title = Embryogenesis of ''Romanomermis culicivorax'': An alternative way to construct a nematode | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 334 | issue = 1| pages = 10–21 | doi=10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.06.009 | pmid=19523940| doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Description==
The Enoplea are distinguished from the Chromadorea by a number of characteristics. The enoplean [[Biology:Esophagus|esophagus]] is cylindrical or "bottle-shaped", compared to the bulbous chromadorean esophagus. Enopleans have pocket-like amphids, while chromadoreans have amphids shaped like slits, pores, coils, or spirals. An enoplean is smooth or marked with fine lines, while a chromadorean may have rings, projections, or [[Biology:Seta|seta]]e. The enoplean [[Biology:Excretory system|excretory system]] is simple, sometimes made up of a single cell, while chromadoreans have more complex, tubular systems, sometimes with glands.<ref name=eno>[http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/Enoplea.HTM Class Enoplea.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928180359/http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/Enoplea.HTM |date=2013-09-28 }} Nemaplex: Nematode-Plant Expert Information System. University of California, Davis. Version October 9, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/Chromadorea.htm Class Chromadorea.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231092206/http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/Chromadorea.htm |date=2013-12-31 }} Nemaplex: Nematode-Plant Expert Information System. University of California, Davis. Version October 4, 2012.</ref>

==Taxonomy==
Phylogenetic analysis of phylum Nematoda suggests three distinct basal clades, the dorylaims, enoplids and chromadorids.{{sfn|Lee|2010|loc=p. 13}} These represent Clades I, II and C+S of Blaxter (1998).{{sfn|Blaxter|1998}} Of these, the first two appear to have sister clade status, allowing resolution into two classes, Enoplea and Chromadorea, and division of the former into two subclasses corresponding to Clades I and II respectively, the Enoplia and Dorylaimia.

===Subdivision ===
Two subclasses are divided into [[Biology:Order|orders]].<ref name=eno/>{{sfn|Lee|2010|loc=p. 13}}{{sfn|Zhang|2011|loc=p. 63}}

*Subclass [[Biology:Enoplia|Enoplia]] 
**Order [[Biology:Enoplida|Enoplida]]
**Order Trefusiida
**Order [[Biology:Triplonchida|Triplonchida]]
*Subclass [[Biology:Dorylaimia|Dorylaimia]] 
**Order [[Biology:Dorylaimida|Dorylaimida]] 
**Order [[Biology:Mermithida|Mermithida]]
**Order [[Biology:Mononchida|Mononchida]]
**Order Dioctophymatida
**Order Trichinellida
**Order Isolaimida
**Order [[Biology:Muspiceida|Muspiceida]]
**Order Marimermithida

==Ecology==
Several orders of enopleans are mainly freshwater animals, and several include marine species.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tahseen | first1 = Q | year = 2012 | title = Nematodes in aquatic environments: adaptations and survival strategies | url = http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/3(1)_13-40.pdf | journal = Biodiversity Journal | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = 13–40 }}</ref>

Many enopleans are [[Earth:Parasitism|parasites]] of plants and animals, including humans. The orders Triplonchida and Dorylaimida include plant-parasitic nematodes that are [[Biology:Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] of plant pathogens. The orders Mermithida and Marimermithida include parasites of [[Biology:Invertebrate|invertebrate]]s. The orders Dioctophymatida, Trichinellida, and Muspiceida include parasites of vertebrates such as birds and mammals. Examples are ''[[Biology:Trichinella spiralis|Trichinella spiralis]]'', a nematode known for causing [[Medicine:Trichinosis|trichinosis]] in humans who consume it in undercooked pork, ''[[Biology:Haycocknema perplexum|Haycocknema perplexum]]'' which can be life-threatening to humans,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Basuroy |first1=Ron |last2=Pennisi |first2=Robert |date=February 2008 |title=Parasitic myositis in tropical Australia |url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2008/188/4/parasitic-myositis-tropical-australia |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |volume=188 |issue=4 |pages= 254–256|access-date=10 December 2017 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01601.x |pmid=18279140 |s2cid=44551136 }}</ref> and [[Biology:Trichuris|whipworms]] (genus ''Trichuris''), which are parasites of mammals, including cats, dogs, and humans.<ref name=eno/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Lee|editor1-first=Donald L|title=The biology of nematodes|date=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=London|isbn=978-0415272117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omQLBAAAQBAJ|access-date=16 December 2014}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Zhang|editor1-first=Zhi-Qiang|title=Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness|date=2011|publisher=Magnolia Press|location=Auckland, N.Z.|isbn=978-1869778491|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3_DVd5DtGEC|access-date=15 December 2014}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Blaxter|first1=Mark L.|last2=De Ley|first2=Paul|last3=Garey|first3=James R.|last4=Liu|first4=Leo X.|last5=Scheldeman|first5=Patsy|last6=Vierstraete|first6=Andy|last7=Vanfleteren|first7=Jacques R.|last8=Mackey|first8=Laura Y.|last9=Dorris|first9=Mark|last10=Frisse|first10=Linda M.|last11=Vida|first11=J. T.|last12=Thomas|first12=W. Kelley|title=A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda|journal=Nature|date=5 March 1998|volume=392|issue=6671|pages=71–75|doi=10.1038/32160|ref={{harvid|Blaxter|1998}}|pmid=9510248|s2cid=4301939}}
{{refend}}



{{Taxonbar|from=Q1933805}}

[[Category:Enoplea| ]]
[[Category:Protostome classes]]

{{Sourceattribution|Enoplea}}