View source for Biology:Chilo suppressalis

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Asiatic rice borer
| image = V01-20140624-024 (14577929399).jpg
| image2 = Chilo suppressalis (40968316905).jpg
| taxon = Chilo suppressalis
| authority = (Walker, 1863)
| synonyms = 
*''Crambus suppressalis'' <small>Walker, 1863</small>
*''Jartheza simplex'' <small>Butler, 1880</small>
*''Chilo simplex''
*''Chilo oryzae'' <small>T. B. Fletcher, 1928</small>
}}

'''''Chilo suppressalis''''', the '''Asiatic rice borer''' or '''striped rice stemborer''', is a [[Biology:Moth|moth]] of the family [[Biology:Crambidae|Crambidae]].<ref name="Ge">{{Cite journal|author1=Ge, Z. Y. |author2=Wan, P. J. |author3=Li, G. Q. |author4=Xia, Y. G. |author5=Han, Z. J. |year=2014|title=Characterization of cysteine protease-like genes in the striped rice stem borer, ''Chilo suppressalis'' |journal=Genome|volume=57|issue=2|pages=79&ndash;88|doi=10.1139/gen-2013-0188 |pmid=24702065}}</ref> It is a widespread species, known from [[Religion:Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Jaleian-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Jalaeian |first1=M. |last2=Golizadeh |first2=A. |last3=Sarafrazi |first3=A. |title=The geographical distribution of moth stem borers (Lep.: Crambidae & Noctuidae) in paddy fields of Iran |journal=Plant Pest Research |date=August 2017 |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.22124/iprj.2017.2436 |url=https://iprj.guilan.ac.ir/article_2436.html?lang=en |at=Abstract |publisher=University of Guilan}}</ref> {{wipe|India}}, Sri Lanka, {{wipe|China}}, eastern Asia, {{wipe|Japan}}, Taiwan, Malaysia to the Pacific.

It is a serious pest of rice. They are largely responsible for the great reduction in the rice growing in [[Place:East Asia|East Asia]], {{wipe|India}} and Indonesia. It was probably introduced in {{wipe|Spain}} and Hawaii by humans, where it is widely spread towards Northern Territory of {{wipe|Australia}}.<ref name="Ge" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Gao, Junchuan |author2=Li, Weimin |author3=Jiang, Guorong |year=1987 |title=Discussion on the economic threshold of the striped rice stem borer (''Chilo suppressalis'' Walker) |journal=Acta Phytophylactica Sinica |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=107–114}}</ref>

==Description==
The [[Wingspan|wingspan]] is 18&nbsp;mm in male and 18–20&nbsp;mm in female. In the male, the head and thorax are brown and white. Abdomen pale. Forewings with somewhat acute apex which is ochreous, wholly suffused with brown except a patch in cell and a streak below medial nervure. Inner margin whitish. A sinuous rufous medial line runs with silvery spots on its inner side, also on discocellulars, and below vein 2. A rufous submarginal line, highly angled at vein 6 and with silvery line on its outer edge. A marginal series of black specks found. Cilia rufous. Hindwings whitish.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hampson |first=G. F. |date=1896 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/180032#page/5/mode/1up |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma |volume=Moths Volume IV |publisher=Taylor and Francis |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref>

In the female, it is much more orange-fulvous coloured. Forewings irrorated (sprinkled) with brown. Medial and submarginal lines almost obsolete. The silvery spots below the cell prominent and sometimes double. The postmedial area irrorated with silvery scales.

==Ecology and life cycle==
Eggs are scale like and translucent white to dark yellow. These naked clusters consist of nearly 60 overlapping rows.<ref name="Chilosuppressalis">{{cite web | url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/12855 | title=''Chilo suppressalis'' (striped rice stem borer) | publisher=CABI | accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref>

First-[[Biology:Instar|instar]] larvae are greyish white with a black head. Head capsule gradually turns brown towards final stages. Full-grown larvae are yellow, with five, dim, longitudinal lines, and can grow to a length of about 25&nbsp;mm.<ref name="Chilosuppressalis" />

Apart from the major food plant, [[Biology:Rice|rice]], larvae also feed on wide array of plants such as ''Gigantochloa verticellata'', ''Echinochloa crusgalli cruspavonis'', ''[[Biology:Echinochloa stagnina|Echinochloa stagnina]]'', ''[[Biology:Eleusine indica|Eleusine indica]]'', ''[[Biology:Panicum|Panicum]]'' sp., ''[[Biology:Paspalum conjugatum|Paspalum conjugatum]]'', ''[[Biology:Amaranthus|Amaranthus]]'' sp., ''[[Biology:Phragmites australis|Phragmites australis]]'', ''[[Biology:Raphanus raphanistrum|Raphanus raphanistrum]]'', ''Sclerostachya fusca'', ''[[Biology:Sorghum|Sorghum]]'' sp., ''[[Biology:Typha latifolia|Typha latifolia]]'', ''Xanthium strumarium'', and ''[[Biology:Zizania aquatica|Zizania aquatica]]''.<ref name="Chilosuppressalis" />

Pupation takes place in a stem of the food plant. Pupae are reddish brown with two ribbed crest on the pronotal margins. Several spines are located in the cremaster on the last abdominal segment.<ref name="Chilosuppressalis" />

There are two different populations of rice stem borer, one associated with rice and the other with Water Oats ([[Biology:Zizania latifolia|Zizania latifolia]]). Biological differences between these populations, including the time at which mating occurs, which suggested that there may be cryptic species. Genetic analyses have indicated, however, that there is gene flow between these host-associated populations <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Yongmo|last2=Chen|first2=Huang|last3=Hu|first3=Bing|last4=Liu|first4=Yue|last5=Walter|first5=Gimme H.|last6=Hereward|first6=James|title=Gene flow across host-associated populations of the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) – implications for Bt resistance management in rice.|journal=Pest Management Science|volume=76|issue=2|pages=695–703|doi=10.1002/ps.5567|pmid=31359582|year=2020|s2cid=198983647 }}</ref>

==Attack==
They bore the stems of their host plants, and therefore are classified as ''rice stem borers''.<ref name="RKB">{{Cite web|title=IRRI Rice insect pest factsheet: Stem borer |publisher=Rice Knowledge Bank|url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/insects/item/stem-borer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122174830/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/insects/item/stem-borer |archivedate=22 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Almost all plant parts, from twigs, leaves, stems are attacked. Caterpillars can be largely internal feeders, whereas adults are external sap feeders. Heavily attacked plants can show varying symptoms from dead heart, white heads, dwarfing, stunting, rot, abnormal forms, and rosetting. Finally the whole plant will die. Dead hearts are the most obvious field symptoms.

==Prevention==
The pest should diagnosed early in the symptoms, unless it is not worthy to protect the cultivation. Many traditional and agricultural practices like flooding and harrowing or ploughing to turn in stubble and straw are effective to prevent pests in the next growing season. The use of early-maturing varieties and at harvest, planting synchronization and stem removal close to ground is managed.<ref name="plantwise">{{cite web | url=http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=12855 | title=Striped rice stem borer (''Chilo suppressalis'') | publisher=Plantwise Technical Factsheet | accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref>

Biologically, they can easily removed by usage of tachinid ''Paratheresia claripalpis'', which is extensively practiced in Malaysia. The ichneumonid ''Eriborus sinicus'' is also used in Asia and Hawaii.<ref name="plantwise" />

Planting highly resistant varieties of rice and transgenic plants is also known to reduce the attack of these pests.<ref name="plantwise" />

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Elwood C. |date=1958 |title=Insects of Hawaii |volume='''8''' Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|hdl=10125/7337 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804065429/http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/cram/suppres.html Australian Insects]
*[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261219410001869 Rice striped stem borer, ''Chilo suppressalis'' (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), overwintering in super rice and its control using cultivation techniques]
*[http://www.eje.cz/pdfs/eje/1994/04/17.pdf ''Chilo suppressalis'' (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Taiwan]
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09670878509371002 Chemical control of the striped stem borer, ''Chilo suppressalis'' (Walker) in rice]
*[http://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=4710 Asiatic rice borer]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161018221048/http://www.probodelt.com/en/bibliography-pests/biological-cycle-chilo.html Biological cycle of Rice Stem Borer, ''Chilo suppressalis'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q421516}}

[[Category:Chiloini]]

{{Sourceattribution|Chilo suppressalis}}