View source for Biology:Bonefishes

{{Short description|Family of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Bonefish Albula vulpes.jpg
| image_caption = ''Albula vulpes''
| image2 = Pterothrissus gissu1.jpg
| image2_caption = ''Pterothrissus gissu''
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Kimmeridgian|0}} <br>Late Jurassic to Recent<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Werner Schwarzhans |year=2018 |title=A review of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous otoliths and the development of early morphological diversity in otoliths |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=287 |issue=1 |pages=75–121 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2018/0707 }}</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| parent_authority = Greenwood, 1977
| taxon = Albulidae
| authority = [[Biography:Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1859
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = 
* ''[[Biology:Albula (fish)|Albula]]'' <small>Scopoli, 1777</small>
* ''[[Biology:Nemoossis|Nemoossis]]'' <small>Hidaka, Tsukamoto & Iwatsuki, 2016</small> <ref name=Hidaka2016/>
* ''[[Biology:Pterothrissus|Pterothrissus]]'' <small>Hilgendorf, 1877</small>
| synonyms =
* Albulae <small>Bleeker 1849</small>
* Butirini <small>Bleeker 1851</small>
* Lemniscati <small>Poey 1867</small>
* Bathythrissidae <small>Günther 1877</small>
* Pterothrissidae <small>Gill 1893</small>
* Conorhynchidae <small>Gill 1861</small>
| synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Laan |first1=Richard |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=William N. |last3=Fricke |first3=Ronald |title=Family-group names of Recent fishes |journal=Zootaxa |date=11 November 2014 |volume=3882 |issue=1 |pages=1–230 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 |pmid=25543675 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=FB>{{Cite web|last1=Froese|first1=R.|last2=Pauly|first2=D.|year=2017|title=Albulidae |url=http://www.fishbase.se/Summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=48|website=[[Biology:FishBase|FishBase]] version (02/2017)|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>
| type_species = Albula vulpes
| type_species_authority = ([[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Biology:10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
}}

'''Albulidae''' is a family of [[Biology:Fish|fish]], commonly known as the '''bonefishes''', that are popular as game fish in Florida, select locations in the South [[Earth:Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and the Bahamas (where two bonefish are featured on the 10-cent coin) and elsewhere. The family is small, with 11 [[Biology:Species|species]] in 3 genera.<ref name=Hidaka2016>Hidaka, K., Tsukamoto, Y. & Iwatsuki, Y. (2016): ''Nemoossis'', a new genus for the eastern Atlantic long-fin bonefish ''Pterothrissus belloci'' Cadenat 1937 and a redescription of ''P. gissu'' Hilgendorf 1877 from the northwestern Pacific. ''Ichthyological Research, 64 (1): 45–53.''</ref> Presently, the bonefishes are in their own [[Biology:Order|order]]: '''Albuliformes''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|b|j|ə|l|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}}. The families [[Biology:Halosauridae|Halosauridae]] and [[Biology:Notacanthidae|Notacanthidae]] were previously classified in this order,<ref name="mikko">{{cite web|website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''Albuloidei'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/albuliformes/albuloidei.html |access-date= 30 December 2016}}</ref> but are now, according to [[Biology:FishBase|FishBase]], given their own order [[Biology:Notacanthiformes|Notacanthiformes]].<ref name=FBNotacanthiformes>{{FishBase_order | order = Notacanthiformes | month = October | year = 2016 }}</ref> The largest bonefish caught in the Western Hemisphere is a 16-pound, 3 ounce example caught off Islamorada, Florida, on March 19, 2007.<ref name=FloridaKeys>{{cite web | author = DiMaura, P. | year = 2007 | title = Huge Bonefish Caught in Florida Keys Weighs in at 16 Pounds, 3 Ounces; World Record Pending | publisher = The Florida Keys and Key West | url = http://www.fla-keys.com/news/news.cfm?sid=1851 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114211/http://www.fla-keys.com/news/news.cfm?sid=1851 | archive-date = 2016-10-05 }}</ref>

==Description==

===''Albula''===
The bonefishes' closest relatives are the [[Biology:Tarpon|tarpon]]s and ladyfishes in the order [[Biology:Elopiformes|Elopiformes]]. Bonefishes are unlike tarpons in that their mouths are under the snout rather than the end of it. Like tarpons and ladyfishes, bonefishes can breathe air via a modified [[Biology:Swim bladder|swim bladder]] and are found in [[Earth:Brackish water|brackish water]]s. Bonefish [[Biology:Larva|larva]]e are [[Biology:Leptocephalus|leptocephalic]].

The slender body of the bonefish is silver, with a blue to green tinted back. On the upper half of the body there are dark streaks with cross bands connecting to the [[Biology:Lateral line|lateral line]]. The body is rounded with a long, slightly downturned snout. The dorsal and caudal fins are black. Bonefish vary in adult length from 40–100&nbsp;cm depending on species. The average size of a bonefish is from 3 to 5 pounds (1–2&nbsp;kg) with the Florida record being 16 pounds 3 oz (7.34&nbsp;kg).<ref name=FloridaKeys/>

The bonefishes are brackish or [[Earth:Seawater|saltwater]] fish typically living in [[Earth:Estuary|estuaries]] and travelling out to sea to spawn on a lunar cycle. They feed in the shallow sand and mud flats, on [[Earth:Benthos|benthic organisms]], such as worms, mollusks, shrimp and [[Biology:Crab|crab]]s. They use their conical-shaped snouts to root out their prey and can often be seen with their tails out of the water. Bonefishes possess crushing teeth in their palates.

===''Nemoossis'' and ''Pterothrissus''===
These genera are similar to ''Albula'', except they can be found in [[Earth:Abyssal zone|deeper waters]].

==Taxonomy==
* '''Order Albuliformes''' <small>Greenwood et al. 1966 sensu Forey et al. 1996</small> [Albuloidea <small>Hay</small>; Albuloidei; Albulina <small>Günther 1868</small>]<ref name="mikko" /><ref name="Nelson">{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Joseph S.|last2=Grande|first2=Terry C.|last3=Wilson|first3=Mark V. H.|year=2016|title=''Fishes of the World''|edition=5th|publisher={{wipe|John Wiley & Sons}}|isbn=9781118342336}}</ref><ref name="van der Laan">{{cite journal|last=van der Laan|first=Richard|year=2016|title=''Family-group names of fossil fishes''|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303911230}}</ref>
** Genus †''Albulelops'' <small>Averjanov, Nesov & Udovichenko 1993</small>
** Genus †''Albulidarum'' [Otolith]
** Genus †''Albuloideorum'' [Otolith]
** Genus †''[[Biology:Brannerion|Brannerion]]'' <small>Jordan 1920</small>
** Genus †''Cyclotomodon'' <small>Cope 1876</small>
** Genus †''Phosphonatator'' <small>Cavin  et al. 2000</small>
** '''Family''' †'''Phyllodontidae''' <small>Sauvage 1875 corrig. Jordan 1923</small> [Phyllodidae <small>Sauvage 1875</small>; Euphyllodontinae <small>Dartevelle & Casier 1943/1949</small>; Pseudophyllodontidae <small>Dartevelle & Casier 1943/1949</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Biology:Ardiodus|Ardiodus]]'' <small>White 1931</small>
*** '''Subfamily''' †'''Paralbulinae''' <small>Estes 1969</small>
**** Genus †''Baugeichthys'' <small>Filleul 2000</small>
**** Genus †''[[Biology:Casierius|Casierius]]'' <small>Estes 1969</small>
**** Genus †''[[Biology:Paralbula|Paralbula]]'' <small>Blake 1940</small>
**** Genus †''Pseudoegertonia'' <small>Dartevelle & Casier 1949</small> [''[[Biology:Eodiaphyodus|Eodiaphyodus]]'' <small>Arambourg 1952</small>]
*** '''Subfamily''' †'''Phyllodontinae''' <small>Dartevelle & Casier 1949</small>
**** Genus †''[[Biology:Egertonia|Egertonia]]'' <small>Cocchi 1866</small>
**** Genus †''[[Biology:Phyllodus|Phyllodus]]'' <small>Agassiz 1839</small>
** '''Family [[Biology:Albulidae|Albulidae]]''' <small>Bleeker 1849</small> 
***'''Subfamily Pterothrissinae''' <small>Gill 1893</small> 
**** Genus †''Chicolepis'' <small>Cockerell 1919</small> 
**** Genus †''Hajulia'' <small>Woodward 1942</small> 
**** Genus †''[[Biology:Istieus|Istieus]]'' <small>Agassiz 1844</small>  [''Histieus'' <small>Agassiz 1846</small> ]
**** Genus †''Pterothrissidarum'' <small>Nolf & Dockery 1990</small> [Otolith]
**** Genus †''Thrissipteroides''
**** Genus ''[[Biology:Nemoossis|Nemoossis]]'' <small>Hidaka, Tsukamoto & Iwatsuki 2016</small> 
**** Genus ''[[Biology:Pterothrissus|Pterothrissus]]'' <small>Hilgendorf 1877</small>  [''Bathythrissa'' <small>Günther 1877</small> ]
*** '''Subfamily Albulinae''' <small>Bleeker 1849</small> [Dixoninidi <small>Fowler 1958</small>; Butirinidi <small>Rafinesque 1810</small>]
**** Genus †''Archaealbula'' <small>Winkler 1878</small>
**** Genus †''Eoalbula'' <small>Frizzell 1965</small>
**** Genus †''[[Biology:Coriops|Coriops]]'' <small>Estes 1969</small>
**** Genus †''Cycloides'' <small>Winkler 1878</small>
**** Genus †''Eucoelogaster'' <small>White & Moy-Thomas 1940</small> [''[[Biology:Coelogaster|Coelogaster]]'' <small>Agassiz 1835 nomen nudum</small> ; ''Coelogaster'' <small>Eastman 1905 non Schrank 1780 non Schoenherr 1837 non Schultze 1896</small> ; ''Ptericephalina'' <small>Lioy 1866</small> ]
**** Genus †''Kleinpellia'' <small>David 1946</small> 
**** Genus †''Palealbula'' <small>Frizzell</small> <small>1965</small>
**** Genus †''Prealbula'' <small>Frizzell</small> <small>1965</small>
**** Genus †''Protalbula'' <small>Frizzell</small> <small>1965</small>
**** Genus †''Pteralbula'' <small>Stinton 1973</small> 
**** Genus †''Lebonichthys'' <small>Forey 1973</small> 
**** Genus †''Deltaichthys'' <small>Fielitz & Bardack 1992</small>
**** Genus ''[[Biology:Albula (fish)|Albula]]'' <small>Gronow 1763 ex Scopoli 1777 non Osbeck 1765 non Bloch & Schneider 1801 non Catesby 1771</small> [''Atopichthys'' <small>Garman 1899</small>; ''Butyrinus'' <small>Commerson ex Lacépède 1803</small>; ''Dixonina'' <small>Fowler 1911</small>; ''Albula'' (''Dixonina'') <small>(Fowler 1911)</small>; ''Esunculus'' <small>Kaup 1856</small>; ''Glossodonta'' <small>Cuvier 1815</small>; ''Glossodus'' <small>Agassiz 1828 ex Spix & Agassiz 1829 non Costa 1853 non McCoy 1848</small>; ''Metalbula'' <small>Frizzell</small> <small>1965</small>; ''Pisodus'' <small>Owen 1841</small>; ''Vulpis'' <small>Catesby 1771</small>; ''Conorynchus'' <small>Nozemann 1758 ex Gill 1861 non Bleeker 1863 non Motschousky 1860</small>]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3279738}}

[[Category:Albuliformes| ]]

ar:الأسماك العظمية
nl:Gratenvisachtigen

{{Sourceattribution|Bonefishes}}