View source for Biography:Peter Medawar

{{Short description|Brazilian-British biologist (1915–1987)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Sir Peter Medawar
| caption           = Peter Medawar, 1960
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|CH|CBE|FRS}}
| birth_name        = Peter Brian Medawar
| image             = Peter Brian Medawar.jpg
| birth_date        = {{birth date|df=yes|1915|2|28}}
| birth_place       = Petrópolis, Brazil
| death_date        = {{death date and age|df=yes|1987|10|2|1915|2|28}}
| death_place       = [[Place:London|London]], England
| citizenship       = British <br/> Brazilian
| education         = [[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College, Oxford]] (BA, [[Social:Doctor of Science|DSc]])
| thesis_url        = http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.673279
| thesis_title      = Growth promoting and growth inhibiting factors in normal and abnormal development
| thesis_year       = 1941
| work_institution  = {{Plainlist|
* [[Organization:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]]
* [[Organization:University College London|University College London]]
* National Institute for Medical Research}}
| doctoral_advisor  =
| doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|
* Leslie Brent<ref name=simpson15/>
* Avrion Mitchison<ref name=simpson15/>}}
| notable_students  = Rupert E. Billingham (postdoc)<ref name=simpson15/>
| known_for         = Immunological tolerance<br>[[Medicine:Organ transplantation|Organ transplantation]]
| prizes            = {{Plainlist|
* FRS (1949)<ref name=frs/>
* Royal Medal (1959)
* Nobel Prize (1960)
* [[Biography:EMBO Membership|EMBO Membership]] (1964)<ref name=membo>{{cite web|author=Anon|year=2016|url=http://people.embo.org/profile/peter-medawar|website=people.embo.org|publisher=European Molecular Biology Organization|title=Peter Medawar EMBO profile|location=Heidelberg}}</ref>
* [[Physics:Copley Medal|Copley Medal]] (1969)
* Kalinga Prize (1985)
* Faraday Prize (1987)}}
| spouse            = {{marriage|Jean Medawar (née Taylor)|1937}}
| footnotes         =  
}}
'''Sir Peter Brian Medawar''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|CH|CBE|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|d|ə|w|ər}}; 28 February 1915 – 2 October 1987)<ref name=frs>{{cite journal|last=Mitchison|first=N. A.|date=1990|title=Peter Brian Medawar. 28 February 1915 – 2 October 1987|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|pmid=11622280|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1990.0013|volume=35|pages=283–301|doi-access=free}}</ref> was a Brazilian-British biologist and writer, whose works on graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune tolerance have been fundamental to the medical practice of tissue and organ transplants. For his scientific works, he is regarded as the "father of transplantation".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Starzl|first=T. E.|date=1995|title=Peter Brian Medawar: father of transplantation.|journal=Journal of the American College of Surgeons|pmid=7874344|pmc=2681237|volume=180|issue=3|pages=332–36}}</ref> He is remembered for his wit both in person and in popular writings. [[Biography:Richard Dawkins|Richard Dawkins]] referred to him as "the wittiest of all scientific writers";<ref name=richard>{{cite book|editor-last=Dawkins|editor-first=Richard|date=2008|title=The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookmodern00dawk_954|url-access=limited|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-921680-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookmodern00dawk_954/page/n197 179]}}</ref> [[Biography:Stephen Jay Gould|Stephen Jay Gould]] as "the cleverest man I have ever known".<ref>{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Stephen Jay|author-link=Stephen Jay Gould|date=2011|title=The Lying Stones of Marrakech: Penultimate Reflections in Natural History|edition=1st Harvard University Press|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=9780674061675|page=305|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wApMpVmi-5gC}}</ref>

Medawar was the youngest child of a Lebanese father and a British mother, and was both a Brazilian and British citizen by birth. He studied at Marlborough College and [[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College, Oxford]], and was professor of zoology at the [[Organization:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]] and [[Organization:University College London|University College London]]. Until he was partially disabled by a [[Medicine:Cerebral infarction|cerebral infarction]], he was Director of the National Institute for Medical Research at Mill Hill. With his doctoral student Leslie Brent and postdoctoral fellow Rupert E. Billingham, he demonstrated the principle of acquired immunological tolerance (the phenomenon of unresponsiveness of the immune system to certain molecules), which was theoretically predicted by Sir [[Biography:Frank Macfarlane Burnet|Frank Macfarlane Burnet]]. This became the foundation of tissue and organ transplantation.<ref name=simpson15>{{cite journal|last=Simpson|first=E.|date=2015|title=Medawar's legacy to cellular immunology and clinical transplantation: a commentary on Billingham, Brent and Medawar (1956) 'Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. III. Actively acquired tolerance'|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|doi=10.1098/rstb.2014.0382|pmid=25750245|pmc=4360130|volume=370|issue=1666|page=20140382 (online)}}</ref> He and Burnet shared the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Medawar was born in Petrópolis, a town 40 miles north of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where his parents were living. He was the third child of Lebanese Nicholas Agnatius Medawar, born in the village of Jounieh, north of [[Place:Beirut|Beirut]], [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanon]], and British mother Edith Muriel (née Dowling).<ref name=new>{{cite journal |last1=Temple |first1=Robert |title=Sir Peter Medawar |journal=New Scientist |date=12 April 1984 |issue=1405 |pages=14–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd_RDty8ft0C&q=peter+medawar+maronite&pg=PA14 |access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Medawar, Peter Brian">{{cite book | title=Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia | publisher={{wipe|John Wiley & Sons}} | author=Manuel, Diana E. | year=2002 | doi=10.1002/9780471743989.vse10031 | chapter=Medawar, Peter Brian (1915–1987) | title-link=Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia | isbn=978-0471743989 }}</ref> He had a brother Philip and a sister Pamela. (Pamela was later married to Sir David Hunt,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Younes-Ibrahim|first=Maurício|date=2015|title=Brazilian Nephrology pays homage to Peter Brian Medawar|journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=7–8|doi=10.5935/0101-2800.20150001|pmid=25923743|doi-access=free}}</ref> who served as Private Secretary to prime ministers Clement Attlee and Winston Churchill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-sir-david-hunt-1170946.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-sir-david-hunt-1170946.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary: Sir David Hunt|date=1998-08-11|work=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>) His father, a Christian Maronite, became a naturalised British citizen and worked for a British dental supplies manufacturer that sent him to Brazil as an agent.<ref name="Medawar, Peter Brian"/> (He later described his father's profession as selling "false teeth in South America".<ref name=paida>{{cite journal|last1=Paidagogos|title=Just a Human Being|journal=[[Religion:The Expository Times|The Expository Times]]|date=1986|volume=97|issue=11|pages=352|doi=10.1177/001452468609701133|s2cid=170954307}}</ref>) His status as a British citizen was acquired at birth, as he said, "My birth was registered at the British Consulate in good time to acquire the status of 'natural-born British subject'."<ref name="new" />

Medawar left Brazil with his family for England "towards the end of the war", and he lived there for the rest of his life. He was also a Brazilian citizen by birth, as dictated by the Brazilian nationality law ([[Philosophy:Jus soli|jus soli]]). At 18 years, when he was of age to be drafted in the Brazilian Army,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leonardomalves.wordpress.com/category/international-relations/|title=Diploma revalidation in Brazil: abandon all hope ye who need it|date=31 January 2013|website=Leonardo M Alves's Blog|access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> he applied for exemption of military conscription to Joaquim Pedro Salgado Filho, his godfather and the then Minister of Aviation. His application was denied by General Eurico Gaspar Dutra, and he had to renounce his Brazilian citizenship.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Brazilian Nobel|url=http://www.brazzil.com/rpdnov96.htm|website=www.brazzil.com|access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

In 1928, Medawar went to Marlborough College in Marlborough, Wiltshire.<ref name="Medawar, Peter Brian"/> He hated the college because "they were critical and querulous at the same time, wondering what kind of person a Lebanese was—something foreign you can be sure".<ref name="NewSci profile">{{cite journal | url=http://www.robert-temple.com/articles/NewScientist_PMedawar.pdf <!--or https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd_RDty8ft0C&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false --> | title=Sir Peter Medawar | author=Robert K. G. Temple | journal=New Scientist | date=12 April 1984 | volume=102 | issue=1405 | pages=cover, 14–20| author-link=Robert K. G. Temple }}</ref> And also because of its preference on sports, in which he was weak.<ref name="Medawar, Peter Brian"/> An experience of bullying and racism made him feel the rest of his life "resentful and disgusted at the manners and mores of [Marlborough's] essentially tribal institution," and likened it to the training schools for the Nazi SS as all "founded upon the twin pillars of sex and sadism." His proudest moments at the college were with his teacher Ashley Gordon Lowndes, to whom he credited the beginning of his career in biology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Medawar|first=Peter|title=Memoir of a Thinking Radish: An Autobiography|date=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-217737-0|location=Oxford|pages=27–43|oclc=12804275}}</ref> He recognised Lowndes as barely literate but "a very, very good biology teacher".<ref name="NewSci profile" /> Lowndes had taught eminent biologists including John Z. Young and Richard Julius Pumphrey.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Anon.|date=18 February 1960|title=Professor P. Medawar: A profile - A leader in the biological science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjjkFAYAq0C&pg=PA404|journal=New Scientist|volume=7|issue=170|pages=404–405}}</ref> Yet Medawar was inherently weak in dissection and was constantly irked by their dictum: "Bloody foolish is the boy whose drawing of his dissection differs in any way whatsoever from the diagram in the textbook."<ref name=":1" />

In 1932, he went on to [[Organization:Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College, Oxford]], graduating with a first-class honours degree in zoology in 1935.<ref name="Medawar, Peter Brian" /> Medawar was appointed Christopher Welch scholar and senior demy of Magdalen in 1935. He also worked at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology supervised by [[Biography:Howard Florey|Howard Florey]] (later Nobel laureate, and who inspired him to take up immunology) and completed his doctoral thesis in 1941.<ref name="mphd">{{cite thesis|degree=DPhil|first=Peter Brian|last=Medawar|title=Growth promoting and growth inhibiting factors in normal and abnormal development|publisher=University of Oxford|date=1941|url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020273805|website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.673279}}|access-date=13 November 2017|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428070037/http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=SOLO&docid=oxfaleph020273805&context=L&search_scope=LSCOP_OX|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1938, he became Fellow of Magdalen through an examination, the position he held until 1944. It was there that he started working with J. Z. Young on the regeneration of nerves. His invention of a nerve glue proved useful in surgical operations of severed nerves during the World War II.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] approved his [[Social:Doctor of Philosophy|Doctor of Philosophy]] thesis titled "''Growth promoting and growth inhibiting factors in normal and abnormal development''" in 1941,<ref name="mphd" /> but because of the prohibitive cost of supplication (the process by which the degree is officially conferred), he spent the money on his urgent appendicectomy instead.<ref name="paida" /> The University of Oxford later awarded him a [[Social:Doctor of Science|Doctor of Science]] degree in 1947.<ref name="mitchison2009">{{cite ODNB|last=Mitchison|first=Avrion|title=Medawar, Sir Peter Brian (1915–1987)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/40016|access-date=27 February 2014|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/40016|date=2009|orig-year=2004}}</ref>

==Career and research==
After completing his PhD, Medawar was appointed a Rolleston Prizeman in 1942, senior [[Research fellow|research fellow]] of St John's College, Oxford, in 1944, and a university demonstrator in zoology and comparative anatomy, also in 1944.<ref name=encyclo>{{cite web|title=Medawar, Peter Brian|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Peter_Brian_Medawar.aspx|website=encyclopedia.com|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> He was re-elected [[Social:Fellow|Fellow]] of Magdalen from 1946 to 1947. In 1947, he became Mason Professor of Zoology at the [[Organization:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]] and worked there until 1951. He transferred to the [[Organization:University College London|University College London]] in 1951 as Jodrell Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy.<ref name="frs" />

In 1962, he was appointed director of the National Institute for Medical Research. His predecessor Sir Charles Harrington was an able administrator such that taking over his post was, as he described, "[N]o more strenuous than ... sliding over into the driving-seat of a Rolls-Royce".<ref name=brentnimr>{{cite web|last1=Brent|first1=Leslie|title=Sir Peter Medawar's years as director of NIMR: a vignette|url=http://www.historyofnimr.org.uk/mill-hill-essays/essays-yearly-volumes/2009-2/sir-peter-medawars-years-as-director-of-nimr-a-vignette/|website=NIMR History|publisher=National Institute for Medical Research|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405003809/http://www.historyofnimr.org.uk/mill-hill-essays/essays-yearly-volumes/2009-2/sir-peter-medawars-years-as-director-of-nimr-a-vignette/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was head of the transplantation section of the Medical Research Council's clinical research centre at Harrow from 1971 to 1986. He became professor of experimental medicine at the Royal Institution (1977–1983), and president of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School (1981–1987).<ref name=mitchison2009/>

=== Immunology ===

Medawar's first scientific research was on the effect of [[Biology:Malt|malt]] on the development of connective tissue cells (mesenchyme) in chicken. Reading the draft of the manuscript, Howard Florey commented that it was more philosophical than scientific.<ref name=encyclo/> It was published in the ''Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology'' in 1937.<ref>{{cite web|title=Peter Medawar papers: Reprints, 1937–1950|url=http://wellcomelibrary.org/player/b17220117|website=Wellcome Library|publisher=Wellcome Trust|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

Medawar's involvement with what became transplant research began during World War II, when he investigated possible improvements in skin grafts.<ref name=mphd/> His first publication on the subject was "Sheets of Pure Epidermal Epithelium from Human Skin", which was published in ''Nature'' in 1941.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Medawar|first1=P. B.|title=Sheets of Pure Epidermal Epithelium from Human Skin|journal=Nature|date=1941|volume=148|issue=3765|pages=783|doi=10.1038/148783a0|bibcode=1941Natur.148..783M|s2cid=4101700|doi-access=free}}</ref> His studies particularly concerned solution for skin wounds among soldiers in the war.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Medawar|first1=P. B.|title=The behaviour and fate of skin autografts and skin homografts in rabbits: A report to the War Wounds Committee of the Medical Research Council.|journal=Journal of Anatomy|date=1944|volume=78|issue=Pt 5|pages=176–199|pmc=1272490|pmid=17104960}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Medawar|first1=P. B.|title=A second study of the behaviour and fate of skin homografts in rabbits: A Report to the War Wounds Committee of the Medical Research Council.|journal=Journal of Anatomy|date=1945|volume=79|issue=Pt 4|pages=157–176|pmid=17104981|pmc=1272582}}</ref> In 1947, he moved to the University of Birmingham, taking along with him his PhD student Leslie Brent and postdoctoral fellow Rupert Billingham. His research became more focused in 1949, when Australian biologist [[Biography:Frank Macfarlane Burnet|Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne, advanced the hypothesis that during [[Biology:Embryo|embryo]]nic life and immediately after birth, [[Biology:Cell|cells]] gradually acquire the ability to distinguish between their own tissue substances on the one hand and unwanted cells and foreign material on the other.<ref name=simpson15/>

With Billingham, he published a seminal paper in 1951 on grafting technique.<ref name=Billingham1951>{{Cite journal | last1 = Billingham | first1 = R. E. | last2 = Medawar | first2 = P. B. | year = 1951 | title = The Technique of Free Skin Grafting in Mammals | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 385–402 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.28.3.385 | url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/28/3/385.pdf }}</ref> Santa J. Ono, the American immunologist, has described the enduring impact of this paper to modern science.<ref name=Ono2004>{{Cite journal | last = Ono | first =  Santa Jeremy | year = 2004 | title = The Birth of Transplantation Immunology: the Billingham--Medawar Experiments at Birmingham University and University College London | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 207 | issue = 23 | pages = 4013–4014 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.01293 | url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/207/23/4013.pdf | pmid = 15498946 | s2cid = 33998370 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Based on this technique of grafting, Medawar's team devised a method to test Burnet's hypothesis. They extracted cells from young mouse embryos and injected them into another mouse of different strains. When the mouse developed into adult and skin grafting from that of the original strain was performed, there was no tissue rejection. The mouse had tolerated the foreign tissue, which would normally be rejected. Their experimental proof of Burnet's hypothesis was first published in a brief article in ''Nature'' in 1953,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Billingham|first1=R. E.|last2=Brent|first2=L.|last3=Medawar|first3=P. B.|title='Actively acquired tolerance' of foreign cells|journal=Nature|date=1953|volume=172|issue=4379|pages=603–606|doi=10.1038/172603a0|pmid=13099277|bibcode=1953Natur.172..603B|s2cid=4176204}}</ref> followed by a series of papers, and a comprehensive description in ''[[Organization:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B|Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]]'' in 1956, giving the name "actively acquired tolerance".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Billingham|first1=R. E.|last2=Brent|first2=L.|last3=Medawar|first3=P. B.|title=Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. III. Actively acquired tolerance|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|year=1956|volume=239|issue=666|pages=357–414|doi=10.1098/rstb.1956.0006|bibcode=1956RSPTB.239..357B|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Research outcomes ====
Medawar was awarded his Nobel Prize in 1960 with [[Biography:Frank Macfarlane Burnet|Burnet]] for their work in tissue grafting which is the basis of organ transplants, and their discovery of acquired immunological tolerance. This work was used in dealing with skin grafts required after burns. Medawar's work resulted in a shift of emphasis in the science of [[Biology:Immunology|immunology]] from one that attempts to deal with the fully developed immunity mechanism to one that attempts to alter the immunity mechanism itself, as in the attempt to suppress the body's rejection of organ transplants.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Park|first=Hyung Wook|year=2010|title='The shape of the human being as a function of time': time, transplantation, and tolerance in Peter Brian Medawar's research, 1937–1956|journal=Endeavour|volume=34|issue=3|pages=112–121|doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.07.002|pmid=20692038|hdl=10220/9942 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Simpson|first=Elizabeth|year=2004|title=Reminiscences of Sir Peter Medawar: I hope of antigen-specific transplantation tolerance|journal=American Journal of Transplantation|volume=4|issue=12|pages=1937–1940|doi=10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00687.x|pmid=15575894|s2cid=9042584}}</ref> It directly laid the foundation for the first successful organ transplantation in humans, specifically [[Medicine:Kidney transplantation|kidney transplantation]], carried out by an American physician [[Biography:Joseph Murray|Joseph Murray]], who eventually received the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barker|first1=C. F.|last2=Markmann|first2=J. F.|date=2013-04-01|title=Historical Overview of Transplantation|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=a014977|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a014977|pmc=3684003|pmid=23545575}}</ref>

=== Theory of senescence ===
Medawar's 1951 lecture "An Unsolved Problem of Biology" (published 1952<ref>Medawar, P. B. (1952). ''An Unsolved Problem of Biology''.  HK Lewis and Co.</ref>) addressed ageing and [[Biology:Senescence|senescence]], and he begins by defining both terms as follows:

{{blockquote|We obviously need a word for mere ageing, and I propose to use 'ageing' itself for just that purpose. 'Ageing' hereafter stands for mere ageing, and has no other innuendo. I shall use the word 'senescence' to mean ageing accompanied by that decline of bodily faculties and sensibilities and energies which ageing colloquially entails.}}

He then tackles the question of why evolution has permitted organisms to senesce, even though (1) senescence lowers individual fitness, and (2) there is no obvious necessity for senescence. In answering this question, Medawar provides two fundamental and interrelated insights. First, there is an inexorable decline in probability of an organism's existence, and, therefore, in what he terms "[[Biology:Reproductive value (population genetics)|reproductive value]]." He suggests that it therefore follows that the force of [[Biology:Natural selection|natural selection]] weakens progressively with age late in life (because the [[Philosophy:Fecundity|fecundity]] of younger age-groups is overwhelmingly more significant in producing the next generation). What happens to an organism after reproduction is only weakly reflected in natural selection by the effect on its younger relatives. He pointed out that likelihood of death at various times of life, as judged by life tables, was an indirect measure of [[Biology:Fitness|fitness]], that is, the capacity of an organism to propagate its genes. Life tables for humans show, for example that the lowest likelihood of death in human females comes at about age 14, which in primitive societies would likely be an age of peak reproduction. This has served as the basis for all three modern theories for the [[Biology:Evolution of ageing|evolution of senescence]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ljubuncic|first1=Predrag|last2=Reznick|first2= Abraham Z.|title=The Evolutionary Theories of Aging Revisited &ndash; A Mini-Review|journal=Gerontology|year=2009|volume=55|issue=2|pages=205–216|doi=10.1159/000200772|pmid=19202326|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Charlesworth|first=Brian|title=Fisher, Medawar, Hamilton and the evolution of aging.|journal=Genetics|year=2000|volume=156|issue=3|pages=927–31|doi=10.1093/genetics/156.3.927|pmid=11063673| pmc=1461325 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Promislow|first1=Daniel E. L.|last2=Pletcher|first2= Scott D.|title=Advice to an aging scientist|journal=Mechanisms of Ageing and Development|year=2002|volume=123|issue=8|pages=841–850|doi=10.1016/S0047-6374(02)00021-0|pmid=12044932|s2cid=30949013}}</ref>

=== Theory on endocrine evolution ===
Medawar presented a talk on viviparity in animals (the phenomenon by which some animals give live birth) at a meeting on evolution at Oxford in July 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.endocrinology.org/endocrinologist/121-autumn16/features/medawars-dictum-on-endocrine-evolution-a-case-of-mistaken-identity/|title=Medawar's dictum on endocrine evolution: a case of mistaken identity?|last=Peaker|first=Malcolm|date=2016|website=www.endocrinology.org|access-date=2020-02-16|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216064917/https://www.endocrinology.org/endocrinologist/121-autumn16/features/medawars-dictum-on-endocrine-evolution-a-case-of-mistaken-identity/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later published in 1953, he introduced an aphorism:

<blockquote>Endocrine evolution is not an evolution of hormones but an evolution of the uses to which they are put; an evolution not, to put it crudely, of chemical formulae but of reactivities, reaction patterns and tissue competences.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Medawar|first=P.B.|date=1953|title=Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in vertebrates|journal=Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology|volume=7|pages=320–338}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Venter|first1=J|last2=Diporzio|first2=U|last3=Robinson|first3=D|last4=Shreeve|first4=S|last5=Lai|first5=J|last6=Kerlavage|first6=A|last7=Fracekjr|first7=S|last8=Lentes|first8=K|last9=Fraser|first9=C|date=1988|title=Evolution of neurotransmitter receptor systems|journal=Progress in Neurobiology|language=en|volume=30|issue=2–3|pages=105–169|doi=10.1016/0301-0082(88)90004-4|pmid=2830635|s2cid=42118786}}</ref></blockquote>

The notion that evolution and diversity of endocrine function in animals are due to different uses of each hormone rather than different hormones themselves became an established fact.<ref>{{Citation|last=Renfree|first=Marilyn B.|chapter=Endocrinology of Pregnancy, Parturition and Lactation in Marsupials|date=1994|pages=677–766|editor-last=Lamming|editor-first=G. E.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-1286-4_7|isbn=978-94-010-4561-2|title=Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction}}</ref> The paper is also regarded as a pioneer in the field of reproductive immunology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Croy|first=B Anne|date=2014|title=Reproductive Immunology Issue One: Cellular and Molecular Biology|journal=Cellular & Molecular Immunology|language=en|volume=11|issue=5|pages=405–406|doi=10.1038/cmi.2014.64|pmc=4197211|pmid=25066420}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Medawar never knew the exact meaning of his surname, an [[Social:Arabic language|Arabic]] word, he was told, for "to make round"; but which a friend explained to him as "little round fat man".<ref name="new" />

Medawar married Jean Shinglewood Taylor on 27 February 1937. They met while in graduate class at Oxford, he at Magdalen and Taylor at Somerville College. Taylor approached him for the meaning of "[[Heuristic|heuristic]]", which she had to ask twice, and he had to finally offer lessons in philosophy. Medawar described her as "the most beautiful woman in Oxford"; but Taylor's impression was he looked "mildly diabolical." Taylor's family objected to their marriage as Medawar had "no background, and no money." Her mother was explicitly afraid of having "black" grandchildren; her aunt disinherited her. The couple had two sons, Charles and Alexander, and two daughters, Caroline and Louise.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richmond|first=Caroline|date=2005-06-11|title=Lady Jean Medawar|journal=BMJ|volume=330|issue=7504|pages=1392|doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7504.1392|pmc=558304}}</ref>

Medawar was interested in a wide range of subjects including opera, [[Philosophy:Philosophy|philosophy]] and cricket. He was exceptionally tall, 6&nbsp;ft and 5 inches (196&nbsp;cm), physically robust, with a big voice noted particularly during his lectures. He was renowned for wit and humour, which he claimed he inherited from his "raucous" mother. As he completed his PhD research in 1941, he did not receive the degree as he could not afford the requisite £25, to which he commented:

<blockquote>I'm an impostor. I am a doctor, but not a PhD... Morally I'm a PhD, in the sense I could have had one if I'd been able to afford it. Anyway it was unfashionable in my day. John Young [probably referring to John Zachary Young] was not a PhD either. A PhD was regarded then as a newfangled German importation, as bizarre and undesirable as having German bands playing on streetcorners.<ref name="new" /></blockquote>

He was regarded as the philosopher [[Biography:Karl Popper|Karl Popper]]'s best-known disciple in science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Calver|first=Neil|date=2013-12-20|title=Sir Peter Medawar: science, creativity and the popularization of Karl Popper|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society|language=en|volume=67|issue=4|pages=301–314|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2013.0022|pmc=3826194}}</ref>

Medawar was the maternal grandfather of the screenwriter and director Alex Garland.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharji|first=Alex|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/alex-garland-stands-by-his-vision-for-annihilation-1518706659|title=The Visionary Director of 'Ex Machina' Addresses the Controversy Surrounding His New Film|date=2018-02-15|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2020-02-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Views on religion ===
Medawar declared:

{{blockquote|... I believe that a reasonable case can be made for saying, not that we believe in God because He exists but rather that He exists because we believe in Him... Considered as an element of the world, God has the same degree and kind of objective reality as do other products of mind... I regret my disbelief in God and religious answers generally, for I believe it would give satisfaction and comfort to many in need of it if it were possible to discover and propound good scientific and philosophic reasons to believe in God... To abdicate from the rule of reason and substitute for it an authentication of belief by the intentness and degree of conviction with which we hold it can be perilous and destructive... I am a rationalist—something of a period piece nowadays, I admit...<ref>{{cite book|author=Medawar, Medawar| year=1988|chapter='The question of the existence of God|title='The Limits of Science|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505212-1|pages=94–98|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8iSP7DmHT8C}}</ref>}}

Although he normally sympathised with Christianity especially on moral teachings, he found the Biblical stories unethical and was "shocked by the way in which [Biblical] characters deceived and defrauded each other." He even asked his wife "to make sure that such a book did not fall into the hands of [their] children."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Medawar|first=Peter|title=Memoir of a Thinking Radish: An Autobiography. Op cit.|year=1986|pages=18}}</ref>

Nonetheless, he also said the following, which suggests that although religion has good value for humans in aggregate, it does not help them all equally:

{{blockquote|Religion has not sustained me on any of the occasions when the comfort it professes would have been  most welcome.<ref name=paida/>}}

== Later life and death ==
In 1959 Medawar was invited by the BBC to present the broadcaster's annual Reith Lectures—following in the footsteps of his colleague, J. Z. Young, who was Reith Lecturer in 1950. For his own series of six radio broadcasts, titled ''The Future of Man'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Peter Medawar: The Future of Man: 1959|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00h9lc9|access-date=27 February 2014|work=BBC Radio4|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Medawar examined how the human race might continue to evolve.

While attending the annual British Association meeting in 1969, Medawar suffered a [[Medicine:Stroke|stroke]] when reading the lesson at Exeter Cathedral, a duty which falls on every new President of the British Association. It was, as he said, "monstrous bad luck because Jim Whyte Black had not yet devised beta-blockers, which slow the heart-beat and could have preserved my health and my career".<ref>Medawar P. B. 1986. ''Memoirs of a thinking radish: an autobiography''. Oxford. p. 153</ref> Medawar's failing health may have had repercussions for medical science and the relations between the scientific community and government. Before the stroke, Medawar was one of Britain's most influential scientists, especially in the biomedical field.

After the impairment of his speech and movement, Medawar, with his wife's help, reorganised his life and continued to write and do research though on a greatly restricted scale. However, more haemorrhages followed and in 1987 he died in the Royal Free Hospital, London. He is interred with his wife Jean (1913–2005) in the graveyard of St Andrew's Church in Alfriston in East Sussex.<ref>Leslie Baruch Brent. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080109165917/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050512/ai_n14623720 Jean Medawar's obituary]" Independent, The (London). 12 May 2005.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Agran|first=Clive|title=A closer look at the history of Alfriston|url=https://www.sussexlife.co.uk/out-about/places/history-of-alfriston-1-6201594|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Sussex Life|date=6 August 2019|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
[[File:Sir PETER MEDAWAR 1915 - 1987 Pioneer of Transplantation Immunology lived here.jpg|thumb|right|Blue plaque erected on 14 July 2014 by English Heritage at 25 Downshire Hill, Hampstead]]

Medawar was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1949.<ref name="frs" /> With [[Biography:Frank Macfarlane Burnet|Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] he shared the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> The British government conferred him a CBE in 1958, knighted him in 1965, and appointed him to the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1972, and Order of Merit in 1981. He was elected an EMBO Member in 1964<ref name="membo" /> and received the Royal Medal in 1959, and the [[Physics:Copley Medal|Copley Medal]] in 1969 both from the Royal Society. He was President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science during 1968–1969.<ref name="mitchison2009" /> He was awarded the [[Organization:UNESCO|UNESCO]] Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalingafoundationtrust.com/website/kalinga-prize-for-the-popularization-of-science.htm|title=List of Kalinga Prize Laureates|publisher=Kalinga Foundation Trust|access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/global-focus/science-popularization/prizes/kalinga-prize/kalinga-winners/kalinga-1985/|title=Kalinga Prize laureate|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> He was awarded a Honorary [[Social:Doctor of Science|Doctor of Science]] Degree in 1961 by the University of Birmingham.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bhamalumni.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=1111&frcrld=1 |title=University of Birmingham |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065509/http://bhamalumni.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=1111&frcrld=1 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was elected a member of the American Society of Immunologists in 1971, and elected foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959, the American Philosophical Society in 1961, and the US National Academy of Sciences in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.org/about/History/Notable_Members/Nobel/Medawar_Peter.html|title=Sir Peter Brian Medawar, D.Sc. (1915–1987)|publisher=The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221115650/http://www.aai.org/About/History/Notable_Members/Nobel/Medawar_Peter.html|archive-date=21 December 2015|access-date=20 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Medawar was elected President of the Royal Society for the term 1970–1975, but a severe stroke in 1969 prohibited him from taking up the office.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Calver|first1=Neil|last2=Parker|first2=Miles|date=2016-03-20|title=The logic of scientific unity? Medawar, the Royal Society and the Rothschild controversy 1971–72|journal=Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science|language=en|volume=70|issue=1|pages=83–100|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2015.0021|pmc=4759716|pmid=27017681}}</ref>

Medawar was awarded the 1987 Michael Faraday Prize "''for the contribution his books had made in presenting to the public, and to scientists themselves, the intellectual nature and the essential humanity of pursuing science at the highest level and the part it played in our modern culture''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/~/media/royal_society_content/awards/awards.txt|title=Royal Society Awards|website=royalsociety.org|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>

Medawar has three awards named after him:

# The Royal Society created the [[Philosophy:Medawar Lecture|Medawar Lecture]] in 1986 in a subject relating to the history of science, philosophy of science or the social function of science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rose|first=S.|date=1988|title=Reflections on reductionism|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3255195|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|volume=13|issue=5|pages=160–162|doi=10.1016/0968-0004(88)90138-7|pmid=3255195}}</ref> Since 2007, the lecture has been merged with two older ones honouring John Wilkins and [[Biography:John Desmond Bernal|John Desmond Bernal]], and became Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture and the accompanying award, Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Medal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/wilkins-bernal-medawar|title=Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Medal and Lecture &#124; Royal Society}}</ref>
# Medawar Medal, awarded by the British Transplant Society in recognition of significant research in [[Medicine:Organ transplantation|organ transplantation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bts.org.uk/education-training/medawar-medal/|title=Medawar Medal – British Transplantation Society}}</ref>
# Peter Brian Medawar Medal, awarded by the State Medical Academy of Rio de Janeiro.<ref name=":0" />

The University of Oxford has established a research consortium named the Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Medawar |url=https://www.medawar.ox.ac.uk/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=www.medawar.ox.ac.uk}}</ref>

The Department of Science and Technology Studies of the University College London has STS Peter Medawar Prize for undergraduate students.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UCL|date=2018-05-31|title=Prizes for undergraduate students|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/sts-current-students/prizes-undergraduate-students|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Science and Technology Studies|language=en}}</ref>

The University of Birmingham Public Engagement with Research (PER) Team established an annual Light of Understanding Award to individuals and groups who accomplished public engagement with research work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Uobengage|date=2019-04-15|title=Light of Understanding Award 2019 – and the winners are….|url=https://thinkpe.net/2019/04/15/light-of-understanding-award-2019-and-the-winners-are/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Think: Public Engagement with Research|language=en}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Medawar was recognised as a brilliant author. [[Biography:Richard Dawkins|Richard Dawkins]] called him "the wittiest of all scientific writers",<ref name="richard" /> and ''New Scientist'' magazine's obituary called him "perhaps the best science writer of his generation".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Editorial|date=October 1987|title=Peter Medawar (obituary)|journal=New Scientist|volume=116|issue=1581|pages=16}}</ref>

One of his best-known essays is his 1961 criticism of [[Biography:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin|Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]]'s ''[[Philosophy:The Phenomenon of Man|The Phenomenon of Man]]'', of which he said: "Its author can be excused of dishonesty only on the grounds that before deceiving others he has taken great pains to deceive himself".<ref name="Medawar1996">{{cite book|last=Medawar|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8-PkAfzShoC&q=the+strange+case+of+the+spotted+mice|title=The Strange Case of the Spotted Mice: And other classic essays on science|publisher=Oxford, UK & New York: Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-286193-1|page=1|chapter=The Phenomenon of Man|postscript=Originally published 1961 in ''Mind'', '''70''', 99–106|access-date=25 September 2010|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8-PkAfzShoC&q=phenomenon+of+man+medawar&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Medawar|first1=P. B.|year=1961|title=Critical Notice|journal=Mind|volume=LXX|issue=277|pages=99–106|doi=10.1093/mind/LXX.277.99}}</ref>

His books include

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* ''The Uniqueness of the Individual'', which includes essays on immunology, graft rejection and acquired immune tolerance. Basic Books, New York, 1957
* ''The Future of Man: the BBC Reith Lectures 1959'', Methuen, London, 1960
* ''The Art of the Soluble'',  Methuen & Co., London/ Barnes and Noble, New York, 1967
* ''Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought'', American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia/Methuen & Co., London, 1969
* ''The Life Science'', Harper & Row, 1978
* ''Advice to a Young Scientist'', Harper & Row, 1979
* ''Pluto's Republic'', incorporating an earlier book ''The Art of the Soluble'',  Oxford University Press, 1982
* ''Aristotle to Zoos'' (with his wife Jean Shinglewood Taylor), Harvard University Press, 1983
* ''The Limits of Science'', Oxford University Press, 1988
* ''The Hope of Progress: A Scientist looks at Problems in Philosophy, Literature and Science'', Anchor Press / Doubleday, Garden City, 1973
* ''Memoirs of a Thinking Radish: An Autobiography'', Oxford University Press, 1986
* ''The Threat and the Glory: Reflections on Science and Scientists'' (ed.: David Pyke), a posthumously collected volume of essays, HarperCollins, 1990
{{div col end}}

Apart from his books on science and philosophy, he wrote a short feature article on "Some Meistersinger Records" in the issue of ''The Gramophone'' for November 1930. The author was a P. B. Medawar. The evidence that this was indeed the future Sir Peter Medawar—then a schoolboy of 15—was discussed in "Gramophone" in 1995 ("‘Gramophone’, ''Die Meistersinger'' and immunology", by John E. Havard, December 1995).

== Citations ==
{{reflist|35em}}

== General sources ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=35em}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Billington |first=W. David |date=October 2003 |title=The immunological problem of pregnancy: 50 years with the hope of progress. A tribute to Peter Medawar |journal=J. Reprod. Immunol. |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |pmid=14568673 |doi=10.1016/S0165-0378(03)00083-4}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kyle |first1=Robert A. |last2=Shampo |first2= Marc A. |date=April 2003 |title=Peter Medawar—discoverer of immunologic tolerance |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=401, 403 |pmid=12683691 |doi=10.4065/78.4.401  |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Charlesworth |first=B. |date=November 2000 |title=Fisher, Medawar, Hamilton and the evolution of aging |journal=Genetics |volume=156 |issue=3 |pages=927–31 |doi=10.1093/genetics/156.3.927 |pmid=11063673 |pmc=1461325}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Raju |first=T. N. |date=June 1999 |title=The Nobel chronicles. 1960: Sir Frank Macfarlance Burnet (1899–1985), and Sir Peter Brian Medawar (1915–87) |journal=Lancet |volume=353 |issue=9171 |pages=2253 |pmid=10393027 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76313-3  |s2cid=54363983}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rapaport |first=F. T. |date=1999 |title=Medawar Prize Lecture, 15 July 1998. The contribution of human subjects to experimental transplantation: the HLA story |journal=Transplant. Proc. |volume=31 |issue=1–2 |pages=60–66 |pmid=10083012 |doi=10.1016/S0041-1345(98)02092-2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Medawar |first=J. |date=1999 |title=Reminiscences of Peter Medawar |journal=Transplant. Proc. |volume=31 |issue=1–2 |pages=49 |pmid=10083008 |doi=10.1016/S0041-1345(98)02066-1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Terasaki |first=P. |year=1997 |title=1996 Medawar Prize Lecture |journal=Transplant. Proc. |volume=29 |issue=1–2 |pages=33–38 |pmid=9123024 |doi=10.1016/S0041-1345(96)00005-X|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Starzl |first=T. E. |date=March 1995 |journal=J. Am. Coll. Surg. |volume=180 |issue=3 |pages=332–36 |pmid=7874344 |pmc=2681237  |title=Peter Brian Medawar: Father of transplantation}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brent |first=L. |date=September 1992 |title=Sir Peter Brian Medawar (28 February 1915 – 2 October 1987) |journal=Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=439–41 |pmid=11623082}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=D. |date=April 1989 |title=Peter Medawar and clinical transplantation |journal=Immunol. Lett. |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=9–13 |pmid=2656517 |doi=10.1016/0165-2478(89)90004-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gowans |first=J. L. |date=April 1989 |title=Peter Medawar: his life and work |journal=Immunol. Lett. |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |pmid=2656514 |doi=10.1016/0165-2478(89)90003-5}}
* {{Cite journal |date=April 1989 |title=Articles based on presentations at the Sir Peter Medawar Memorial Symposium. London, 5 December and 6th, 1988 |journal=Immunol. Lett. |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=3 |pmid=2656507 |doi=10.1016/0165-2478(89)90002-3 |last1=Taylor |first1=R. M. R.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Monaco |first=A P |date=February 1989 |title=The legacy of Sir Peter Medawar |journal=Transplant. Proc. |volume=21 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=1–4 |pmid=2650059}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tanner |first=J. |year=1988 |title=Sir Peter Medawar 1915–1987 |journal=Ann. Hum. Biol. |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=89 |pmid=3279900 |doi=10.1080/03014468800009501  |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Billingham |first=R. E. |date=January 1988 |title=In memoriam. Sir Peter Medawar--February 18, 1915 – October 2, 1987 |journal=Transplantation |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=preceding 1 |pmid=3276037 |doi=10.1097/00007890-198801000-00001|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=E. |date=January 1988 |title=Sir Peter Medawar 1915–1987 |journal=Immunol. Today |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=4–6 |pmid=3076758 |doi=10.1016/0167-5699(88)91344-8}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Melnick |first=M. |year=1988 |title=Peter Medawar--scientific meliorist |journal=J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |pmid=3062035}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Möller |first=G. |date=December 1987 |title=Sir Peter Medawar, 1915–1987 |journal=Immunol. Rev. |volume=100 |issue=6144 |pages=9–10 |pmid=3326829 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.1987.tb00525.x  |bibcode=1987Natur.330..112M |s2cid=29947524}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mitchison |first=N. A. |year=1987 |title=Sir Peter Medawar (1915–1987) |journal=Nature |volume=330 |issue=6144 |pages=112 |pmid=3313060 |doi=10.1038/330112a0 |bibcode= 1987Natur.330..112M |s2cid=4235230 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |date=August 1981 |title=Peter Brian Medawar |journal=Cell. Immunol. |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=235–42 |pmid=7026052 |doi=10.1016/0008-8749(81)90319-1|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |date=August 1981 |title=Advances in immunology: a meeting in honor of Sir Peter Medawar |journal=Cell. Immunol. |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=233–310 |pmid=7026051 |doi=10.1016/0008-8749(81)90318-X |last=Lawrence |first= H.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Guntrip |first=H. |date=September 1978 |title=Psychoanalysis and some scientific and philosophical critics: (Dr Eliot Slater, Sir Peter Medawar and Sir Karl Popper) |journal=The British Journal of Medical Psychology |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=207–24 |pmid=356870 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8341.1978.tb02466.x}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kenéz |first=J. |date=April 1975 |title=Medawar and organ transplantation |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=116 |issue=16 |pages=931–34 |pmid=1090878}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sulek |first=K. |date=March 1969 |title=Nobel prize for F. M. Burnett and P. B. Medawar in 1960 for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance |journal=Wiad. Lek. |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=505–06 |pmid=4892417}}
* {{Cite journal |year=1969 |title=Sir Peter Brian Medawar |journal=Triangle; the Sandoz Journal of Medical Science |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=79–80 |pmid=4939701}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* The [https://wellcomecollection.org/works/w6x2fer2 Personal Papers of Peter Medawar] are available for study at the Wellcome Collection.
* {{Nobelprize}}

{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1951-1975}}
{{Copley Medallists 1951–2000}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medawar, Peter}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]

{{Sourceattribution|Peter Medawar}}