View source for Biography:Paschal Beverly Randolph

{{Infobox person
| name=Paschal Beverly Randolph
| image=Randolph-1.jpg
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| birth_place= {{wipe|New York City}}, New York, USA 
| death_date={{death date|1875|07|29}} (aged 49)
| death_place=Toledo, Ohio, USA
| signature=
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'''Paschal Beverly Randolph''' (October 8, 1825 – July 29, 1875) was an African-American medical doctor, occultist, spiritualist, trance medium, and writer. He is notable as perhaps the first person to introduce the principles of erotic alchemy to North America, and, according to [[Biography:A. E. Waite|A. E. Waite]], establishing the earliest known Rosicrucian order in the United States.<ref>[[Biography:Allen H. Greenfield|Greenfield, T. Allen]] (2000). [http://www.hermetic.com/sabazius/randolph.htm ''Paschal Beverly Randolph: Sexual Magick in the 19th Century''.]</ref>

==Early life==
Born in {{wipe|New York City}},{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=248}} Randolph grew up in New York City. He was a free black man, a descendant of William Randolph. His father was a nephew of John Randolph of Roanoke and his mother was Flora Beverly, whom he later described as being of mixed English, French, German, Native American and Malagasy ancestry.<ref>Deveney (1996), p. 378.</ref> His mother died when he was young, leaving him homeless and penniless; he ran away to sea in order to support himself. From his adolescence through to the age of twenty, he worked as a sailor.{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=248}}

As a teen and young man, Randolph traveled widely, due to his work aboard sailing vessels. He journeyed to England, through Europe, and as far east as Persia, where his interest in [[Philosophy:Mysticism|mysticism]] and the occult led him to study with local practitioners of folk magic and various religions. On these travels he also met and befriended occultists in England and Paris, France.

==Career==
Returning to New York City in September 1855, after "a long tour in Europe and Africa," he gave a public lecture to African Americans on the subject of emigrating to India. Randolph believed that "the Negro is destined to extinction" in the United States.<ref>''Daily Illinois State Register'' (Springfield, IL), September 20, 1855, p. 2.</ref>

After leaving the sea, Randolph embarked upon a public career as a lecturer and writer. By his mid-twenties, he regularly appeared on stage as a trance medium and advertised his services as a spiritual practitioner in magazines associated with [[Unsolved:Spiritualism|Spiritualism]]. Like many Spiritualists of his era, he lectured in favor of the abolition of [[Social:Slavery|slavery]]; after emancipation, he taught literacy to freed slaves in New Orleans.

In addition to his work as a trance medium, Randolph trained as a doctor of medicine and wrote and published both fictional and instructive books based on his theories of health, sexuality, Spiritualism and occultism. He wrote more than fifty works on magic and medicine, established an independent publishing company, and was an avid promoter of birth control during a time when it was largely against the law to mention this topic.

Having long used the pseudonym "The Rosicrucian" for his Spiritualist and occult writings, Randolph eventually founded the Fraternitas Rosae Crucis in 1858, and their first lodge in {{wipe|San Francisco}} in 1861, the oldest Rosicrucian organization in the United States, which dates back to the era of the American Civil War. This group, still in existence, today avoids mention of Randolph's interest in [[Unsolved:Sex magic|sex magic]], but his magico-sexual theories and techniques formed the basis of much of the teachings of another occult fraternity, the [[Philosophy:Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor|Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor]], although it is not clear that Randolph himself was ever personally associated with the Brotherhood.<ref>Godwin et al., 1995.</ref>

Randolph was the principal of the Lloyd Garrison School in New Orleans when on October 14, 1865, he wrote to Garrison in Boston requesting assistance for his school.<ref>''The Liberator'', November 10, 1865.</ref>

==Belief and teaching==
Randolph described himself as a Rosicrucian.{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=247}} He had worked "largely alone", producing "his own synthesis" of "esoteric teachings".{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=247}}
The manner in which Randolph incorporated sex into his occult system was considered uncharacteristically bold for the period in which he lived.{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=247}}

==Pre-Adamism==
Randolph was a believer in pre-Adamism (the belief that humans existed on earth before the biblical [[Biography:Adam|Adam]]) and wrote the book ''Pre-Adamite Man: demonstrating the existence of the human race upon the earth 100,000 thousand years ago!'' under the name of Griffin Lee in 1863. His book was a unique contribution towards pre-Adamism because it wasn't strictly based on biblical grounds. Randolph used a wide range of sources to write his book from many different world traditions, esoterica and ancient religions. Randolph traveled to many countries of the world where he wrote different parts of his book. In the book he claims that Adam was not the first man and that pre-Adamite men existed on all continents around the globe 35,000 years to 100,000 years ago. His book was different from many of the other writings from other pre-Adamite authors because in Randolph's book he claims the pre-Adamites were civilised men while other pre-Adamite authors argued that the pre-Adamites were beasts or hominids.<ref>Paschal Beverly Randolph, ''Pre-Adamite Man: demonstrating the existence of the human race upon the earth 100,000 thousand years ago!'', 1863.</ref>

==Personal life==
A peripatetic man, he lived in many places, including New York state, New Orleans, San Francisco, and Toledo, Ohio. He married twice: his first wife was African-American, his second wife was Irish-American.

==Death==
Randolph died in Toledo, Ohio, at the age of 49, under disputed circumstances. According to biographer Carl Edwin Lindgren, many questioned the newspaper article "By His Own Hand" that appeared in ''The Toledo Daily Blade''. According to this article, Randolph had died from a self-inflicted wound to the head. However, many of his writings express his aversion to suicide. R. Swinburne Clymer, a later Supreme Master of the ''Fraternitas'', stated that years after Randolph's demise, in a death-bed confession, a former friend of Randolph had conceded that in a state of jealousy and temporary insanity, he had killed Randolph. Lucus County Probate Court records list the death as accidental. Randolph was succeeded as Supreme Grand Master of the Fraternitas, and in other titles, by his chosen successor Freeman B. Dowd.

==Influence and legacy==
Randolph influenced both the [[Philosophy:Theosophical Society|Theosophical Society]] and—to a greater degree—the [[Philosophy:Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor|Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor]].{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=247}}

In 1994, the historian Joscelyn Godwin noted that Randolph had been largely neglected by historians of esotericism.{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=247}} In 1996, a biography was published, ''Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-Century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian, and Sex Magician'' by John Patrick Deveney and Franklin Rosemont.

== Published works ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* 1854 ''Waa-gu-Mah''
* 1859 ''Lara''
* 1860 ''The Grand Secret''
* 1860 ''The Unveiling''
* 1861 {{Internet Archive|id=06286563.4687.emory.edu|name=Dealings with the dead}}
* 1861 ''Human Love'' and ''Dealing with the Dead''
* 1863 ''Pre-Adamite Man''{{smallsup|1}}
* 1863 ''The Wonderful Story of Ravalette''
* 1863 ''The Rosicrucian Story''
* 1866 ''A Sad Case; A Great Wrong!''{{smallsup|2}}
* 1867 ''"Clairvoyance, How to Produce It," Guide to Clairvoyance''
* 1868 ''Seership! The Magnetic Mirror''
* 1869 ''Love and Its Hidden History''{{smallsup|3}}
* 1870 ''Love and the Master Passion''
* 1872 ''The Evils of the Tobacco Habit''
* 1873 ''The New Mola! The Secret of Mediumship''
* 1874 ''Love, Woman, and Marriage''
* 1874 {{Internet Archive|id=06115989.4836.emory.edu|name=''Eulis!: The History of Love''}}
* 1875 ''The Book of the Triplicate Order''
* ''Magia Sexualis: Sexual Practices for Magical Power'' (published posthumously)
}}

Randolph also edited the ''Leader'' (Boston) and the ''Messenger of Light'' (New York) between 1852 and 1861 and wrote for the ''Journal of Progress and Spiritual Telegraph''&nbsp;.<ref>Lindgren 1996</ref>

It is also attributed to Randolph "Affectional Alchemy and How It Works" (c. 1870).

<div style="font-size:90%;">
<sup>1</sup> under the pseudonym "Griffin Lee".<br/>
<sup>2</sup> as anonymous.<br/>
<sup>3</sup> under the pseudonym "Count de St. Leon".
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography==
* Deveney, John Patrick and Franklin Rosemont (1996). ''Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-Century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian, and Sex Magician''. State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-3120-7}}.
* Godwin, Jocelyn, Christian Chanel, and John Patrick Deveney (1995). ''The Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor: Initiatic and Historical Documents of an Order of Practical Occultism''. Samuel Weiser. {{ISBN|0-87728-825-9}}.
* Carl Edwin Lindgren (1996). "The Rose Cross in America." ''Spiritual Alchemists''. New Orleans: Ars Latomorum Publications, pp.&nbsp;27–32. [http://users.panola.com/AAGHS/ARTICLES/Randolph-1.html Available online].
* Carl Edwin Lindgren, (1999). "Randolph, Paschal Beverly." ''American National Biography'' (biographical entry).
* Randolph, Paschal Beverly (1932). ''SOUL, The Soul World.'' Beverly Hall, Quakertown, PA: The Confederation of Initiates.
* "By His Own Hand." ''The Toledo Daily Blade'', July 29, 1875, p.&nbsp;3, col 3. This article states that he committed suicide.
* Paschal Beverly Randolph. Lucas County Probate Court Death Records 1:254, Randolph entry, Lucus County Probate Court, Toledo.

== External links ==
* [http://www.soul.org/component/content/article/45-histories/320-randolph-paschal-beverly Biography at soul.org]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Randolph,+Paschal+Beverly | name=Paschal Beverly Randolph}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Paschal Beverly Randolph}}
* Carl Edwin Lindgren (1997). ''The History of the Rose Cross Order'', Chapter III ("[https://web.archive.org/web/20080621105136/http://users.panola.com/lindgren/rosecross-2.html The Rose Cross In America, 1800–1909]").

{{Spiritism and Spiritualism}}


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[[Category:Pseudohistorians]]

{{Sourceattribution|Paschal Beverly Randolph|1}}