View source for Biography:Mashallah ibn Athari

{{short description|Persian mathematician and astronomer}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = Masha'allah ibn Athari
| image              = Houghton Typ 520.04.561 - De scientia motvs orbis.jpg
| alt                = 
| birth_date         = 740
| birth_place        = [[Place:Basra|Basra]],  [[Place:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate]], Iraq
| death_date         = 815  (aged 75)
| death_place        = [[Place:Baghdad|Baghdad]],  [[Place:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate]], Iraq
| occupation         = [[Astronomy:Astronomer|Astronomer]]
}}

'''Mā Shā’ Allāh ibn Athari''' ({{lang-ar|ما شاء الله إبن أثري}})<ref name=":0">Dodge, pp.650-651</ref> (c.740–815 CE) was an eighth-century Persian Jewish<ref name=":1">Syed, p.212</ref>  [[Unsolved:Astrology|astrologer]], [[Astronomy:Astronomy|astronomer]], and [[Biography:Mathematician|mathematician]]. Originally from [[Place:Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]<ref name=":4">Hill, p.10</ref> he lived in [[Place:Basra|Basra]] (present day Iraq) during the reigns of al-Manṣūr and al-Ma’mūn, and was among those who introduced astrology and astronomy to Baghdād in the late 8th and early 9th century.<ref name=":2">Pingree, pp.159–162.</ref> The bibliographer [[Biography:Ibn al-Nadim|al-Nadim]] in his  ''Fihrist'', described him "as virtuous and in his time a leader in the science of jurisprudence, i.e. the science of judgments of the stars".<ref name=":3">Sela, pp.101–134</ref> He served as a court astrologer for the Abbasid caliphate, and wrote numerous works on astrology in Arabic. Some Latin translations survive.

The [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]] phrase ''ma sha`a allah'' indicates a believer's acceptance of God's ordainment of good or ill fortune. The name (Ma) Sha'a Allah is probably an Arabic rendering of Hebrew ''Sh'luh'' ({{lang-he|שִׁילוה}}), which in is the name of the Messiah referenced in Genesis 49:10. Al-Nadim writes Mashallah's name 'Mīshā', means "yithro" ({{lang|ar|يثرو}}), which is probably the Hebrew name Jethro, from yithrā (“abundance”).<ref name=":0"/>             <ref name=":5">BEA, pp.740–1</ref> Latin translators called him many variants such as ''Messahala'', ''Messahalla'', ''Messala'', ''Macellama'', ''Macelarma'', ''Messahalah'', etc. 
The crater [[Astronomy:Messala (crater)|Messala]] on the [[Astronomy:Moon|Moon]] is named after him.

==Biography==
{{astrology | upright}}
As a young man he participated in the founding of [[Place:Baghdad|Baghdad]] for Caliph al-Manṣūr in 762 by working with a group of astrologers led by Naubakht the Persian to pick an [[Unsolved:Electional astrology|electional]] [[Unsolved:Horoscope|horoscope]] for the founding of the city<ref name=":6">Dykes</ref> and building of an observatory.<ref name=":19">Dodge, p.653</ref>  Attributed the author of over twenty titles, predominantly on astrology, his authority was established over the centuries in the Middle East, and later in the West, when horoscopic astrology was transmitted to Europe from the 12th century. His writings include both what would be recognized as traditional horary astrology and an earlier type of astrology which casts consultation charts to divine the client's intention.<ref name=":6"/> The strong influence of Hermes Trismegistus and Dorotheus is evident in his work.<ref name=":7">Lewis, pp.430–431</ref>

==Works Listed in Kitab al-Fihrist==
:The Big Book of Births ({{lang|ar|كتاب المواليد الكبير}})  (14vols); The Twenty-One On Conjunctions, Religions and Sects ({{lang|ar|الواحد والعشرين في قرانات والأديان والملل}}); The Projection of [Astrological] Rays ({{lang|ar|مطرح الشعاع}}); The Meaning ({{lang|ar|المعاني}}); Construction and Operation of Astrolabes ({{lang|ar|صنعة الإسطرلابات والعمل بها}}); The Armillary Sphere ({{lang|ar|ذات الحلق}}); Rains and Winds ({{lang|ar|الأمطار والرياح}}); The Two Arrows ({{lang|ar|السهمين}}); Book known as The Seventh & Decimal (Ch.1 - The Beginning of Actions ({{lang|ar|ابتداء الأعمال}}); Ch.2 - Averting What Is Predestined ({{lang|ar|على دفع التدبير}});  Ch.3 - On Questions ({{lang|ar|في المسائل}}); Ch.4 - Testimonies of the Stars ({{lang|ar|شهادات الكواكب}}); Ch.5 - Happenings ({{lang|ar| الحدوث}}); Ch.6 Movement and Indications of the Two Luminaries [sun & moon]) ({{lang|ar|تسيير النيرين وما يدلان عليه}}); The Letters ({{lang|ar|الحروف}}); The Sultan ({{lang|ar|السلطان}}); The Journey ({{lang|ar|السفر}}); Preceptions ({{lang|ar|الأسعار}}){{efn|Dodge notes that the Arabic word written ''al-as’ār'' ({{lang|ar|الأسعار}}) “prices”, should probably be ''al-ash’ār'' ({{lang|ar|الأشعار}}) “perceptions”: See Dodge, Bayard; The Fihrist of al|Nadim, (1970) Vol.2 p. 651, n.64.}}; Nativities ({{lang|ar|المواليد}}); Revolution (Transfer) of the Years of Nativities ({{lang|ar|تحويل سني المواليد}}); Governments (Dynasties) and Sects ({{lang|ar|الدول والملل}}); Prediction (Judgement) Based on Conjunctions and Oppositions ({{lang|ar|الحكم على الاجتماعات والاستقبالات}}); The Sick ({{lang|ar|المرضى}}); Predictions (Judgements) Based On Constellations (Ṣūr)({{lang|ar|الصور والحكم عليها}});<ref name=":0"/>
Mashallah's treatise ''De mercibus'' (''On Prices'') is the oldest known scientific work extant in Arabic <ref name=":8">Durant, p.403</ref> and the only work of his extant in its original Arabic.<ref name=":9">Pingree, pp.123–136</ref> Multiple translations into medieval Latin, <ref name=":10">Thorndike, pp.49–72</ref> Byzantine Greek<ref name=":11">Pingree, pp.231–243.</ref><ref name=":12">Pingree, pp.3–37</ref> and Hebrew were made. 

[[File:Houghton Typ 520.04.561 - De scientia motvs orbis.jpg|thumb|250px|An engraving by Albrecht Dürer, from the title page of the ''De scientia motus orbis'' (Latin version with engraving, 1504).  As in many medieval illustrations, the drafting compass here is an icon of religion as well as science, in reference to God as the architect of creation.]]One of his most popular works in the Middle Ages was a cosmological treatise This comprehensive account of the cosmos along [[Biography:Aristotle|Aristotelian]] lines, covers many topics important to early cosmology. Postulating a ten-orb universe it strays from traditional cosmology. Mashallah aimed at the lay reader and illustrated his main ideas with comprehensible diagrams. Two versions of the manuscript were printed: a short version (27 chapters) ''De scientia motus orbis'', and an expanded version (40 chapters) ''De elementis et orbibus''.<ref name=":3"/> The short version was translated by Gherardo Cremonese (Gerard of Cremona). Both were printed in Nuremberg, in 1504 and 1549, respectively. This work is commonly abbreviated to ''De orbe''.

==Chaucer's Source For Astrolabe Treatise ==

Mashallah's treatise on the [[Astronomy:Astrolabe|astrolabe]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20040815205633/http://ebs.allbookstores.com/book/074860457X (p 10)] is the first known of its kind.<ref name=":7"/> Later translated from Arabic into Latin  (''De Astrolabii Compositione et Ultilitate''). The  exact source of Geoffrey Chaucer's Treatise on the Astrolabe (1391) in [[Social:Middle English|Middle English]] is undetermined but most of his ‘conclusions’ go back, directly or indirectly, to a Latin translation of Mashallah's work, called  ''Compositio et Operatio Astrolabii''.  Chaucer's description of the instrument amplifies Mashallah’s, and his indebtedness was recognised by John Selden in 1613 <ref name=":13">[https://archive.org/stream/completeworksofm01dray#page/n49 Selden, p.xliii]</ref> and established by [[Biography:Walter William Skeat|Walter William Skeat]].  While Mark Harvey Liddell held that Chaucer drew on ''De Sphaera'' of John de Sacrobosco for the substantial part of his astronomical definitions and descriptions, the non-correspondence suggests his probable source was another compilation. Skeat's ''Treatise of the Astrolabe'' includes a collotype MS facsimile of the Latin version of the second part of Mashallah’s work, which parallels Chaucer's.<ref name=":14">[https://archive.org/stream/atreatiseonastr00skeagoog#page/n262 Skeat, pp.88 ff.]</ref> This is also found in R. T. Gunther's, ''Chaucer and Messahala on Astrology''.<ref name=":20">Gunther 1929</ref>
''De elementis et orbibus'' was included in Gregor Reisch's ''Margarita phylosophica'' (ed. pr., Freiburg, 1503; Suter says the text is included in the Basel edition of 1583). Its contents primarily deal with the construction and usage of an astrolabe.

In 1981, Paul Kunitzsch argued that the treatise on the astrolabe long attributed to Mashallah is in fact written by Ibn al-Saffar.<ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 31| issue = 106| pages = 42–62| last = Kunitzsch| first = Paul| title = On the authenticity of the treatise on the composition and use of the astrolabe ascribed to Messahalla| journal = Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences Oxford| date = 1981}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media| isbn = 978-1-4020-4559-2| last = Selin| first = Helaine| title = Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli| url-access = limited| date = 2008-03-12|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli/page/n1347 1335]|quote=Paul Kunitzsch has recently established that the Latin treatise on the astrolabe long ascribed to Ma'sh'allah and translated by John of Seville is in fact by Ibn al-Saffar, a disciple of Maslama al-Majriti.}}</ref>

==Texts & Translations==

*''On Conjunctions, Religions, and People'' was an astrological world history based on [[Astronomy:Conjunction|conjunctions]] of Jupiter and Saturn.<ref name=":0"/> A few fragments are extant as quotations by the Christian astrologer Ibn Hibinta.<ref name=":15">Lorch, pp.438–439</ref>

*''Liber Messahallaede revoltione liber annorum mundi'', a work on revolutions, and ''De rebus eclipsium et de conjunctionibus planetarum in revolutionibus annorm mundi'', a work on eclipses.

*''Nativities'' under its Arabic title ''Kitab al - Mawalid'', has been partially translated into English from a Latin translation of the Arabic<ref name=":7"/>

*''On Reception'' is available in English from the Latin edition by Joachim Heller of Nuremberg in 1549.<ref name=":16">Hand</ref>
Other astronomical and astrological writings are quoted by Suter and Steinschneider.

An Irish astronomical tract<ref name":18">Power</ref> appears based in part on a medieval Latin version of Mashallah. Two-thirds of tract are part-paraphrase part-translation. 

The 12th-century scholar and astrologer Abraham ibn Ezra translated two of Mashallah's astrological treatises into Hebrew: ''She'elot'' and ''Ḳadrut'' (Steinschneider, "Hebr. Uebers." pp.&nbsp;600–603). 

Eleven modern translations of Mashallah's astrological treatises have been translated out of Latin into English.<ref name=":6"/>
==Philosophy==
Mashallah postulated a ten-orb universe rather than the eight-orb model offered by Aristotle and the nine-orb model that was popular in his time. In all Mashallah's planetary model ascribes 26 orbs to the universe , which account for the relative positioning and motion of the seven planets. Of the ten orbs, the first seven contain the planets and the eighth contain the fixed stars. The ninth and tenth orbs were named by Mashallah the "Orb of Signs" and the "Great Orb", respectively. Both of these orbs are starless and move with the diurnal motion, but the tenth orb moves in the plane of the celestial equator while the ninth orb moves around poles that are inclined 24° with respect to the poles of the tenth orb. The ninth is also divided into twelve parts which are named after the zodiacal constellations that can be seen beneath them in the eighth orb. The eight and ninth orbs move around the same poles, but with different motion. The ninth orb moves with daily motion, so that the 12 signs are static with
respect to the equinoxes, the eighth Orb of the Fixed Stars moves 1° in 100 years, so that the 12 zodiacal constellations are mobile with respect to the equinoxes.<ref name=":3"/> The eight and ninth orbs moving around the same poles also guarantees that the 12 stationary signs and the 12 mobile zodiacal constellations overlap. By describing the universe in such a manner, Mashallah was attempting to demonstrate the natural reality
of the 12 signs by stressing that the stars are located with respect to the signs and that fundamental natural phenomena, such as the beginning of the seasons, changes of weather, and the passage of the months, take place in the sublunar domain when the sun enters the signs of the ninth orb .<ref name=":3"/>

Mashallah was an advocate of the idea that the conjunctions of Saturn and Jupiter dictate the timing of important events on Earth. These conjunctions, which occur about every twenty years, take place in the same [[Unsolved:Triplicity|triplicity]] for about two hundred years, and special significance is attached to a shift to another triplicity.<ref name=":15"/>

==Bibliography==

* ''De cogitatione''
* ''Epistola de rebus eclipsium et conjunctionibus planetarum'' (distinct from ''De magnis conjunctionibus'' by Abu Ma'shar al Balkhi ; Latin translation : John of Sevilla Hispalenis et Limiensis
* ''De revolutionibus annorum mundi''
* ''De significationibus planetarum in nativitate''
* ''Liber receptioni''
* ''Works of Sahl and Masha'allah'', trans. Benjamin Dykes, Cazimi Press, Golden Valley, MN, 2008.
* Masha'Allah, ''On Reception'', trans. Robert Hand, ARHAT Publications, Reston, VA, 1998.

==See also==

*[[Philosophy:Liber de orbe|Liber de orbe]]
*Astrology in medieval Islam
*Jewish views of astrology
*List of Persian scientists and scholars

==References==
'''Footnotes'''
{{notelist|notes=}}
'''Citations'''
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'''Bibliography'''
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{{Refend}}


==External links==
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey | display-editors = etal | last = Belenkiy | first = Ari | title=Māshāʾallāh ibn Atharī (Sāriya) | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | date = 2007 | location = New York | pages = 740–1 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Masha%27allah_ibn_Athari_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Masha%27allah_ibn_Athari_BEA.pdf PDF version])
*[http://ouhos.org/2013/01/08/pseudo-mashaallah-on-the-astrolabe/ Blog, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] Pseudo-Masha’Allah, On the Astrolabe, ed. Ron B. Thomson, version 1.0 (Toronto, 2012); A Critical Edition of the Latin Text with English Translation by Ron B. Thomson.


{{DEFAULTSORT:Athari, Mashallah Ibn}}




[[Category:8th-century mathematicians]]








{{Sourceattribution|Mashallah ibn Athari|1}}