View source for Biography:Jerome Isaac Friedman

{{short description|American physicist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name= Jerome Isaac Friedman
| image=Jerry Friedman in Valencia, Rey Jaime event, June 2016.jpg
| image_upright = 0.9
| caption=Friedman in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1930|3|28}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place=
| field = [[Physics:Physics|Physics]]
| alma_mater = [[Organization:University of Chicago|University of Chicago]]
| work_institution = MIT
| doctoral_advisor=[[Biography:Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]]  
| doctoral_students=
| known_for = Experimental proof of [[Physics:Quark|quark]]s
| prizes= [[Physics:President's Medal of the IOP|President's Medal of the IOP]] (2000) <br /> Nobel Prize in Physics (1990)  
| spouse=Tania Letetsky-Baranovsky (m.&nbsp;1956; 4 children)<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2mXwLKBkkeIC&q=Letetsky-Baranovsky|title = Nobel Prize winners: Supplement, 1987-1991 : an H.W. Wilson biographical dictionary, Volume 2|date = 1992|access-date = June 3, 2014|publisher = H.W. Wilson Co.|isbn = 9780824208349}}
</ref>}}

'''Jerome Isaac Friedman''' (born March 28, 1930) is an American [[Physicist|physicist]]. He is institute professor and professor of physics, emeritus, at the [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. He won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Henry Kendall and [[Biography:Richard E. Taylor|Richard Taylor]], "for their pioneering investigations concerning [[Physics:Deep inelastic scattering|deep inelastic scattering]] of [[Physics:Electron|electron]]s on [[Physics:Proton|proton]]s and bound [[Physics:Neutron|neutron]]s, which have been of essential importance for the development of the [[Physics:Quark model|quark model]] in particle physics.",<ref name="nobel-citation">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/ |title=Nobel prize citation |publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date=2011-01-08}}</ref> work which showed an internal structure for protons later known to be quarks. Friedman sits on the board of sponsors of the ''[[Physics:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''.

==Life and career==
[[File:OIST BOG Members After Meeting Prime Minister Shinzo Abe 4 October 2013 20131004.jpg|thumb|left|200px|with [[Biography:Cherry A. Murray|Cherry A. Murray]], Tim Hunt, Torsten Wiesel, Kōji Omi, Akito Arima, Jonathan M. Dorfan and Robert Baughman]]
Born in Chicago, Illinois to Lillian (''née'' Warsaw) and Selig Friedman, a sewing machine salesman, Friedman's Jewish<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.science.co.il/nobel-prizes/Physics.php|title = Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics|date = 2013|access-date = June 3, 2014|website = Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics|publisher = Israel Science and Technology Homepage}}</ref> parents emigrated to the U.S. from Russia. Jerome Friedman excelled in art but became interested in physics after reading a book on [[Physics:Theory of relativity|relativity]] written by [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]]. He turned down a scholarship to the Art Institute of Chicago in order to study physics at the [[Organization:University of Chicago|University of Chicago]]. Whilst there he worked under [[Biography:Enrico Fermi|Enrico Fermi]], and eventually received his [[Social:Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in physics in 1956. In 1960, he joined the physics faculty of the [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].

In 1968–69, commuting between MIT and California, he conducted experiments with Henry W. Kendall and [[Biography:Richard E. Taylor|Richard E. Taylor]] at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center which gave the first experimental evidence that [[Physics:Proton|proton]]s had an internal structure, later known to be [[Physics:Quark|quark]]s. For this, Friedman, Kendall and Taylor shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics. He is an institute professor at the [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].  Friedman is also a member of the board of sponsors of the ''[[Physics:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://thebulletin.org/board-sponsors-0|title = Board of Sponsors|date = 2014|access-date = June 4, 2014|website = Board of Sponsors|publisher = Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|archive-date = May 9, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180509145008/https://thebulletin.org/board-sponsors-0|url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 2003, he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |title=Notable Signers |publisher=American Humanist Association |work=Humanism and its Aspirations |access-date=October 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005105825/http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |archive-date=October 5, 2012 }}</ref> He is an atheist.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/nobel-laureate-friedman-time-travel-is-not-possible/153326.shtml |title=Nobel laureate Friedman: Time travel is not possible |access-date=July 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207112423/http://www.merinews.com/article/nobel-laureate-friedman-time-travel-is-not-possible/153326.shtml |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Friedman is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the Department of Energy’s Office of Science, the [[Organization:National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation]], and the [[Organization:National Institute of Standards and Technology|National Institute of Standards and Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Letter from America's Physics Nobel Laureates|url=https://fire.pppl.gov/nobel_bush_fy08_050808.pdf}}</ref>

== Popular Culture ==
Prof Friedman appeared on an episode of Da Ali G Show, where Sacha Baron Cohen interviews Jerome as a fictional character called Ali G.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ali G + Borat - Dog Contest ( Super Funny ) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZGGWy8G-GA |access-date=2023-06-24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Publications==
* Friedman, J. I., Kendall, H. W., et al. [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4537550-experimental-search-heavy-electron "Experimental Search for a Heavy Electron"], [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) September 1967.
* Friedman, J. I. [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4715877-deep-inelastic-electron-scattering-experimental "Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering: Experimental"], [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) October 1971.

== Honors ==
*[[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|55px|ribbon bar]] Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2016)
*Member of the American Philosophical Society (2002)<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Jerome+I.+Friedman&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-10-05|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
*Member of the National Academy of Sciences (1992)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jerome I. Friedman|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/58650.html|access-date=2021-10-05|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
*Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1991)<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=achievement.org|publisher=American Academy of Achievement|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>
*Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1980)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jerome Isaac Friedman|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/jerome-isaac-friedman|access-date=2021-10-05|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* List of Jewish Nobel laureates

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/46662 Oral history interview transcript with Jerome Friedman on 12 August 2020, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives]
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1990 ''Deep Inelastic Scattering: Comparisons with the Quark Model''
* [http://web.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/friedman_jerome.html Friedman page at MIT]
* [http://web.mit.edu/echemi/www/friedman.html Jerome Friedman Playlist] Appearance on WMBR's ''[http://web.mit.edu/echemi/www/index.html Dinnertime Sampler] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504000207/http://web.mit.edu/echemi/www/index.html |date=May 4, 2011 }}'' radio show January 5, 2005
* [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/friedman-0404.html Friedman Explains Role of Quarks in Killian Talk], [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], (April 1, 2001)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616105008/http://www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-8/iss-6/p22.html Will Innovation Flourish in the Future?] Opinion by Jerome Friedman, American Institute of Physics

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1976-2000}}
{{1990 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Presidents of the American Physical Society}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedman, Jerome Isaac}}
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]

{{Sourceattribution|Jerome Isaac Friedman}}