View source for Biography:Hedy Lamarr

{{Short description|Austrian-born American inventor and actress (1914–2000)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Hedy Lamarr
| image              = Hedy Lamarr Publicity Photo for The Heavenly Body 1944.jpg
| caption            = Publicity photo ({{circa|1944}})
| birth_name         = Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1914|11|9}}
| birth_place        = [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]], [[Place:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]]
| citizenship        = {{plainlist|
* Austria (1914–1938)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ima.org.uk/16506/historical-notes-the-fantastic-lives-of-hedy-lamarr/|title=Historical Notes: The Fantastic Lives of Hedy Lamarr|first=Snezana|last=Lawrence|date=April 12, 2021}}</ref>
* {{nowrap|United States (1953–2000)}}}}
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2000|1|19|1914|11|9}}
| death_place        = Casselberry, Florida, U.S.
| occupation         = {{hlist|Actress|inventor}}
| spouse             = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Fritz Mandl|1933|1937|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Gene Markey|1939|1941|end=div}}
* {{marriage|John Loder|1943|1947|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Teddy Stauffer|1951|1952|end=div}}
* {{marriage|W. Howard Lee|1953|1960|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Lewis J. Boies|1963|1965|end=div}}}}
| children           = 3
}}

'''Hedy Lamarr''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|d|i}}; born '''Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler'''; November 9, 1914{{efn|According to Lamarr biographer Stephen Michael Shearer (pp.&nbsp;8, 339), she was born in 1914, not 1913.}}{{snd}} January 19, 2000) was an [[Place:Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]]-born American actress and technology [[Social:Inventor|inventor]].<ref name=LaTimes>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2011/11/hedy-lamarr-inventor-hedy-lamarr-sex-symbol.html|title=Hedy Lamarr: Inventor of more than the 1st theatrical-film orgasm|work=Los Angeles Times|date=November 28, 2010|access-date=July 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117071932/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2011/11/hedy-lamarr-inventor-hedy-lamarr-sex-symbol.html|archive-date=January 17, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> She was a film star during Hollywood's Golden Age.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBC2nY1rp5MC&dq=hedy+lamarr+widely+known&pg=PA267 | title=Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century | isbn=9781851097326 | last1=Sterling | first1=Christopher H. | year=2008 | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>

After a brief early film career in [[Place:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], including the controversial ''Ecstasy'' (1933), she fled from her first husband, Fritz, a wealthy Austrian ammunition manufacturer, and secretly moved to Paris. Traveling to London, she met Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio head Louis B. Mayer, who offered her a movie contract in Hollywood. She became a film star with her performance in ''Algiers'' (1938).<ref name="New York Times obituary">{{cite news |last1=Severo |first1=Richard |title=Hedy Lamarr, Sultry Star Who Reigned in Hollywood of 30s and 40s, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/20/arts/hedy-lamarr-sultry-star-who-reigned-in-hollywood-of-30-s-and-40-s-dies-at-86.html |access-date=December 24, 2018 |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |date=January 20, 2000}}</ref> Her MGM films include ''Lady of the Tropics'' (1939), ''Boom Town'' (1940), ''H. M. Pulham, Esq.'' (1941), and ''White Cargo'' (1942). Her greatest success was as Delilah in Cecil B. DeMille's ''Samson and Delilah'' (1949).<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/Haskell-t.html|title=European Exotic|first=Molly|last=Haskell|work=The New York Times|date=December 10, 2010|access-date=July 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015828/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/Haskell-t.html|archive-date=September 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> She also acted on television before the release of her final film, ''The Female Animal'' (1958). She was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.

At the beginning of [[Social:World War II|World War II]], along with avant-garde composer George Antheil, she co-invented a radio guidance system for Allied [[Engineering:Torpedo|torpedo]]es that used [[Spread spectrum|spread spectrum]] and frequency hopping technology to defeat the threat of [[Radio jamming|radio jamming]] by the Axis powers.<ref name="EFF1997">{{cite press release|title=Movie Legend Hedy Lamarr to be Given Special Award at EFF's Sixth Annual Pioneer Awards|publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation|date=March 11, 1997|url=http://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1997.php|access-date=February 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016063043/http://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1997.php|archive-date=October 16, 2007}}</ref>

==Early life==
Lamarr was born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in 1914 in [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]], the only child of Gertrud "Trude" Kiesler (née Lichtwitz) and Emil Kiesler.

Her father was born to a Galician-Jewish family in Lemberg in the Austrian part of the Austrian Empire (now Lviv in {{wipe|Ukraine}}) and was, in the 1920s, deputy director of Wiener Bankverein,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0VINytH1L4C&q=%22emil+kiesler%22 | title=Supreme Court, Appellate Division- First Department |website=Books.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jmw.at/museumsblog/news_detail?j-cc-id=1610672643758 | title=News Detail &#124; Jüdisches Museum Wien|website=Jmw.at}}</ref> and in the end of his life a director at the united Creditanstalt-Bankverein.<ref name="shearer">{{cite book|last=Shearer|first=Stephen Michael|title=Beautiful: The Life of Hedy Lamarr|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-312-55098-1|ref=Shearer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Loacker|first=Armin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-9kAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Der+Vater,+Emil+Kiesler,+geb%C3%BCrtig+in+Lemberg,+war+Direktor+des+Wiener+Bankvereins,+die+Mutter+Gertrud+Lichtwitz+stammte+aus+Budapest,%22|title=Ekstase|date=2001|publisher=Filmarchiv Austria|isbn=978-3-901932-10-6|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shearer|first=Stephen Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/471817029|title=Beautiful : the life of Hedy Lamarr|date=2010|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-55098-1|edition=1st |location=New York|oclc=471817029}}</ref> Her mother, a pianist and a native of [[Place:Budapest|Budapest]], had come from an upper-class Hungarian-Jewish family. She had converted to Catholicism and was described as a "practicing Christian" who raised her daughter as a Christian, although Hedy was not formally baptized at the time.<ref name="shearer"/>{{rp|8}}

As a child, Lamarr showed an interest in acting and was fascinated by theater and film. At the age of 12, she won a beauty contest in Vienna.{{sfn|Barton|2010|pp=12–13}} She also began to learn about technological inventions with her father, who would take her out on walks, explaining how devices functioned.<ref>{{Citation|people= Dean, Alexandra (director)|title=Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr story|url=https://worldcat.org/en/title/1101944158|minutes=circa 7m05s–8.00|access-date=2021-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 4, 2017|title=USA Science and Engineering Festival – Lamarr Hedy|url=http://o.usasciencefestival.org/schoolprograms/role-models-in-science-engineering/item/2659-lamarr-hedy.html|access-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170424/http://o.usasciencefestival.org/schoolprograms/role-models-in-science-engineering/item/2659-lamarr-hedy.html|archive-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref>

===European film career===
====Early work====
Lamarr was taking acting classes in Vienna when one day, she forged a note from her mother and went to Sascha-Film and was able to get herself hired as a script girl. While there, she was able to get a role as an [[Social:Extra (acting)|extra]] in ''Money on the Street'' (1930), and then a small speaking part in ''Storm in a Water Glass'' (1931). Producer Max Reinhardt then cast her in a play entitled ''The Weaker Sex'', which was performed at the Theater in der Josefstadt. Reinhardt was so impressed with her that he brought her with him back to [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]].{{sfn|Barton|2010|pp=16–19}}

However, she never actually trained with Reinhardt or appeared in any of his Berlin productions. Instead, she met the Russian theatre producer Alexis Granowsky, who cast her in his film directorial debut, ''The Trunks of Mr. O.F.'' (1931), starring Walter Abel and Peter Lorre.{{sfn|Barton|2010|pp=21–22}} Granowsky soon moved to Paris, but Lamarr stayed in Berlin and was given the lead role in ''No Money Needed'' (1932), a comedy directed by Carl Boese.{{sfn|Barton|2010|p=25}} Lamarr then starred in the film which made her internationally famous.

====''Ecstasy''====
[[File:Hedy Lamarr Argentinean Magazine AD.jpg|thumb|left|Lamarr in a 1934 publicity photo with the name "Heddie Kietzler"]]

In early 1933, at age 18, Lamarr was given the lead in Gustav Machatý's film ''Ecstasy'' (''Ekstase'' in German, ''Extase'' in Czech). She played the neglected young wife of an indifferent older man.

The film became both celebrated and notorious for showing Lamarr's face in the throes of orgasm as well as close-up and brief scenes of nudity. Lamarr claimed she was "duped" by the director and producer, who used high-power telephoto lenses, although the director contested her claims.<ref name=Liberty>"A Candid Portrait of Hedy Lamarr", ''Liberty'' magazine, December 1938, pp. 18–19</ref>{{efn|When Lamarr applied for the role, she had little experience nor understood the planned filming. Anxious for the job, she signed the contract without reading it. When, during an outdoor scene, the director told her to disrobe, she protested and threatened to quit, but he said that if she refused, she would have to pay for the cost of all the scenes already filmed. To calm her, he said they were using "long shots" in any case, and no intimate details would be visible. At the preview in Prague, sitting next to the director, when she saw the numerous close-ups produced with telephoto lenses, she screamed at him for tricking her. She left the theater in tears, worried about her parents' reaction and that it might have ruined her budding career. However, the cinematographer of the film claimed that she was aware during filming that there would be nude scenes and did not raise concerns during filming.<ref name=Liberty/>}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~reeiweb/events/2009/Ecstasy_poster.pdf|title=Czech Film Series 2009–2010 – Gustav Machatý:Ecstasy|publisher=Russian & East European Institute, Indiana University|date=September 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911064906/http://www.indiana.edu/~reeiweb/events/2009/Ecstasy_poster.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2009|access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref>

Although she was dismayed and now disillusioned about taking other roles, the film gained world recognition after winning an award at the Venice Film Festival.<ref name="Morandini Morandini Morandini 2009 p. 493">{{cite book |last1=Morandini |first1=Laura |last2=Morandini |first2=Luisa |last3=Morandini |first3=Morando |title=Il Morandini 2010: dizionario dei film |trans-title=The Morandini 2010 Dictionary of Films |publisher=Zanichelli |publication-place=Bologna |date=2009 |isbn=978-88-08-20183-6 |oclc=475597884 |language=it |page=493}}</ref> Throughout Europe, it was regarded as an artistic work. In America, it was considered overly sexual and received negative publicity, especially among women's groups.<ref name=Liberty/> It was banned there and in Germany.<ref name=doc>''Extraordinary Women: Hedy Lamarr,'' documentary, 2011</ref>
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====Withdrawal====
Lamarr played a number of stage roles, including a starring one in ''Sissy'', a play about Empress Elisabeth of Austria produced in Vienna. It won accolades from critics. Admirers sent roses to her dressing room and tried to get backstage to meet her. She sent most of them away, including a man who was more insistent, Friedrich Mandl.<ref name=Liberty/> He became obsessed with getting to know her.<ref name=Lemelson>[http://invention.si.edu/movie-star-some-player-pianos-and-torpedoes "A Movie Star, Some Player Pianos, and Torpedoes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419103621/http://invention.si.edu/movie-star-some-player-pianos-and-torpedoes |date=April 19, 2017 }}, Lemelson Center, November 12, 2015.</ref>

Mandl was an Austrian military arms merchant and munitions manufacturer who was reputedly the third-richest man in Austria. She fell for his charming and fascinating personality, partly due to his immense financial wealth.<ref name=doc/> Her parents, both of Jewish descent, did not approve, due to Mandl's ties to Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, and later, German Führer Adolf Hitler, but they could not stop the headstrong Lamarr.<ref name=Liberty/>

On August 10, 1933, Lamarr married Mandl at the Karlskirche. She was 18 years old and he was 33. In her autobiography ''Ecstasy and Me'', she described Mandl as an extremely controlling husband who strongly objected to her simulated orgasm scene in ''Ecstasy'' and prevented her from pursuing her acting career. She claimed she was kept a virtual prisoner in their castle home,<ref name=doc/> Schloss Schwarzenau.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Hedy Lamarr in The Heavenly Body 1944.jpg|thumb|Hedy Lamarr, 1944]]
Mandl had close social and business ties to the Italian government, selling munitions to the country,<ref name="shearer"/> and although like Hedy, his own father was Jewish, had ties to the Nazi regime of Germany, as well. Lamarr wrote that the dictators of both countries attended lavish parties at the Mandl home. Lamarr accompanied Mandl to business meetings, where he conferred with scientists and other professionals involved in military technology. These conferences were her introduction to the field of applied science and nurtured her latent talent in science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/happy-100th-birthday-hedy-lamarr-movie-star-and-wi-fi-inventor|title=Happy 100th birthday, Hedy Lamarr, movie star who paved way for Wi-Fi|publisher=CNET|access-date=May 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511072950/http://www.cnet.com/news/happy-100th-birthday-hedy-lamarr-movie-star-and-wi-fi-inventor/|archive-date=May 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lamarr's marriage to Mandl eventually became unbearable, and she decided to separate herself from both her husband and country in 1937. In her autobiography, she wrote that she disguised herself as her maid and fled to [[Place:Paris|Paris]], but by other accounts, she persuaded Mandl to let her wear all of her jewelry for a dinner party, then disappeared afterward.<ref name="friedrich1997">{{cite book|title=City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s|publisher=University of California Press|author=Friedrich, Otto|year=1997|edition=reprint|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|pages=12–13|isbn=0-520-20949-4}}</ref> She writes about her marriage:

{{blockquote|I knew very soon that I could never be an actress while I was his wife. ... He was the absolute monarch in his marriage. ... I was like a doll. I was like a thing, some object of art which had to be guarded—and imprisoned—having no mind, no life of its own.<ref name=Rhodes>Rhodes, Richard. ''Hedy's Folly'' (New York: Doubleday, 2011): 28–29</ref>}}

===Hollywood career===
====Louis B. Mayer and MGM====
[[File:Algiers 1938 (3).jpg|thumb|Sigrid Gurie (left) and Hedy Lamarr (right) were Charles Boyer's leading ladies in ''Algiers'' (1938).]]
After arriving in London<ref name="knowledgenuts_2015-09-07">{{cite web|url=https://knowledgenuts.com/2015/09/07/hedy-lamarrs-great-escape/|access-date=May 17, 2018|title=Hedy Lamarr's Great Escape|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404191848/http://knowledgenuts.com/2015/09/07/hedy-lamarrs-great-escape/|archive-date=April 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> in 1937, she met Louis B. Mayer, head of MGM, who was scouting for talent in Europe.<ref>Donnelley, Paul. ''Fade to Black: 1500 Movie Obituaries'', Omnibus Press (2010), p. 639.</ref> She initially turned down the offer he made her (of $125 a week), but then booked herself onto the same New York bound liner as him, and managed to impress him enough to secure a $500 a week contract. Mayer persuaded her to change her name to Hedy Lamarr (to distance herself from her real identity, and "the ''Ecstasy'' lady" reputation associated with it){{r|friedrich1997}}, choosing the surname in homage to the beautiful silent film star, Barbara La Marr, on the suggestion of his wife, who admired La Marr. He brought her to Hollywood in 1938 and began promoting her as the "world's most beautiful woman".<ref>Katz, Ephraim. ''The Film Encyclopedia'', 3rd ed. HarperPerennial (1998), p. 780.</ref>

Mayer loaned Lamarr to producer Walter Wanger, who was making ''Algiers'' (1938), an American version of the French film, ''Pépé le Moko'' (1937). Lamarr was cast in the lead opposite Charles Boyer. The film created a "national sensation", says Shearer.<ref name="shearer"/>{{rp|77}} She was billed as an unknown but well-publicized Austrian actress, which created anticipation in audiences. Mayer hoped she would become another Greta Garbo or Marlene Dietrich.<ref name="shearer"/>{{rp|77}} According to one viewer, when her face first appeared on the screen, "everyone gasped ... Lamarr's beauty literally took one's breath away."<ref name="shearer"/>{{rp|2}}
[[File:Clark Gable and Hedy Lamarr Publicity Photo for Comrade X 1940.jpg|thumb|left|Clark Gable and Lamarr in ''Comrade X'' (1940)]]

In future Hollywood films, she was invariably typecast as the archetypal glamorous seductress of exotic origin. Her second American film was to be ''I Take This Woman'', co-starring with Spencer Tracy under the direction of regular Dietrich collaborator Josef von Sternberg. Von Sternberg was fired during the shoot, replaced by Frank Borzage. The film was put on hold, and Lamarr was put into ''Lady of the Tropics'' (1939), where she played a mixed-race seductress in Saigon opposite Robert Taylor. She returned to ''I Take This Woman'', re-shot by W. S. Van Dyke. The resulting film was a flop.
[[File:Hedy Lamarr - Screenland (October 1942).png|thumb|Lamarr on the cover of ''Screenland'', October 1942]]

Far more popular was ''Boom Town'' (1940) with Clark Gable, Claudette Colbert and Spencer Tracy; it made $5 million.<ref name="Mannix">{{Citation | title = The Eddie Mannix Ledger | publisher = Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study | place = Los Angeles}}.</ref> MGM promptly reteamed Lamarr and Gable in ''Comrade X'' (1940), a comedy film in the vein of ''Ninotchka'' (1939), which was another hit.

Lamarr was teamed with James Stewart in ''Come Live with Me'' (1941), playing a Viennese refugee. Stewart was also in ''Ziegfeld Girl'' (1941), where Lamarr, Judy Garland and Lana Turner played aspiring showgirls – a big success.<ref name="Mannix"/>

Lamarr was top-billed in ''H. M. Pulham, Esq.'' (1941), although the film's protagonist was the title role played by Robert Young. She made a third film with Tracy, ''Tortilla Flat'' (1942). It was successful at the box office, as was ''Crossroads'' (1942) with William Powell.

Lamarr played the exotic Arab seductress<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bigissue.com/culture/film/susan-sarandon-hedy-lamarr-strong-well-brilliant/ | title=Susan Sarandon: "Hedy Lamarr was so strong, as well as brilliant" | date=March 8, 2018 }}</ref> Tondelayo in ''White Cargo'' (1942), top billed over Walter Pidgeon. It was a huge hit. ''White Cargo'' contains arguably her most memorable film quote, delivered with provocative invitation: "I am Tondelayo. I make tiffin for you?" This line typifies many of Lamarr's roles, which emphasized her beauty and sensuality while giving her relatively few lines. The lack of acting challenges bored Lamarr. She reportedly took up inventing to relieve her boredom.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/11/27/142664182/most-beautiful-woman-by-day-inventor-by-night|title='Most Beautiful Woman' By Day, Inventor By Night|date=November 22, 2011|publisher=NPR|access-date=May 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429211415/http://www.npr.org/2011/11/27/142664182/most-beautiful-woman-by-day-inventor-by-night|archive-date=April 29, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Hedy Lamarr in Her Highness and the Bellboy trailer.JPG|thumb|left|Lamarr in ''Her Highness and the Bellboy'' (1945)]]

She was reunited with Powell in a comedy ''The Heavenly Body'' (1944), then was borrowed by Warner Bros for ''The Conspirators'' (1944). This was an attempt to repeat the success of ''Casablanca'' (1943), and RKO borrowed her for a melodrama ''Experiment Perilous'' (1944).

Back at MGM Lamarr was teamed with Robert Walker in the romantic comedy ''Her Highness and the Bellboy'' (1945), playing a princess who falls in love with a New Yorker. It was very popular, but would be the last film she made under her MGM contract.<ref>[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/107525%7C68054/Hedy-Lamarr/filmography.html Hedy Lamarr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704164508/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/107525%7C68054/Hedy-Lamarr/filmography.html |date=July 4, 2017 }}, TCM Full Filmography</ref>

Her off-screen life and personality during those years was quite different from her screen image. She spent much of her time feeling lonely and homesick. She might swim at her agent's pool, but shunned the beaches and staring crowds. When asked for an autograph, she wondered why anyone would want it. Writer Howard Sharpe interviewed her and gave his impression:

{{blockquote|Hedy has the most incredible personal sophistication. She knows the peculiarly European art of being womanly; she knows what men want in a beautiful woman, what attracts them, and she forces herself to be these things. She has magnetism with warmth, something that neither Dietrich nor Garbo has managed to achieve.<ref name=Liberty/>}}

Author Richard Rhodes describes her [[Social:Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] into American culture:

{{blockquote|Of all the European émigrés who escaped Nazi Germany and Nazi Austria, she was one of the very few who succeeded in moving to another culture and becoming a full-fledged star herself. There were so very few who could make the transition linguistically or culturally. She really was a resourceful human being–I think because of her father's strong influence on her as a child.<ref name=Sarandon/>}}

Lamarr also had a penchant for speaking about herself in the third person.{{sfn|Barton|2010|p=97}}

====Wartime fundraiser====
Lamarr wanted to join the [[Organization:National Inventors Council|National Inventors Council]], but was reportedly told by NIC member Charles F. Kettering and others that she could better help the war effort by using her celebrity status to sell war bonds.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Robert A.|last=Scholtz|title=The Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications|journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications|volume=30|issue=5|date=May 1982|page=822|doi=10.1109/tcom.1982.1095547|bibcode=1982ITCom..30..822S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author-link=Robert Price (engineer)|first=Robert|last=Price|title=Further Notes and Anecdotes on Spread-Spectrum Origins|journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications|volume=31|issue=1|date=January 1983|page=85|doi=10.1109/tcom.1983.1095725}}</ref>

She participated in a war bond-selling campaign with a sailor named Eddie Rhodes. Rhodes was in the crowd at each Lamarr appearance, and she would call him up on stage. She would briefly flirt with him before asking the audience if she should give him a kiss. The crowd would say yes, to which Hedy would reply that she would if enough people bought war bonds. After enough bonds were purchased, she would kiss Rhodes and he would head back into the audience. Then they would head off to the next war bond rally.<ref>Wayne, Robert L. "''Moses''" ''Speaks to His Grandchildren'', Dog Ear Publishing (2014); {{ISBN|978-1-4575-3321-1}}, pg. 19.</ref>

====Producer====
[[File:Color photograph of Victor Mature and Hedy Lamarr as Samson and Delilah.jpg|thumb|Victor Mature and Lamarr in ''Samson and Delilah'' (1949)]]
After leaving MGM in 1945, Lamarr formed a production company with Jack Chertok and made the thriller ''The Strange Woman'' (1946). It went over budget and only made minor profits.<ref name="tino">{{cite book
 | last = Balio
 | first = Tino
 | title = United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars
 | date = 2009
 | publisher = University of Wisconsin Press
 | isbn = 978-0-299-23004-3
 }} p203</ref>

She and Chertok then made ''Dishonored Lady'' (1947), another thriller starring Lamarr, which also went over budget – but was not a commercial success. She tried a comedy with Robert Cummings, ''Let's Live a Little'' (1948).

====Later films====
Lamarr enjoyed her biggest success playing Delilah against Victor Mature as the Biblical strongman in Cecil B. DeMille's ''Samson and Delilah'', the highest-grossing film of 1950. The film won two Oscars.<ref name=doc/>

Lamarr returned to MGM for a [[Engineering:Film noir|film noir]] with John Hodiak, ''A Lady Without Passport'' (1950), which flopped. More popular were two pictures she made at Paramount, a Western with Ray Milland, ''Copper Canyon'' (1950), and a Bob Hope spy spoof, ''My Favorite Spy'' (1951).

[[File:John Hodiak and Hedy Lamarr in A Lady Without Passport trailer.JPG|thumb|left|With John Hodiak in ''A Lady Without Passport'' (1950)]]
Her career went into decline. She went to Italy to play multiple roles in ''Loves of Three Queens'' (1954), which she also produced. However she lacked the experience necessary to make a success of such an epic production, and lost millions of dollars when she was unable to secure distribution of the picture.

She played Joan of Arc in Irwin Allen's critically panned epic, ''The Story of Mankind'' (1957) and did episodes of ''Zane Grey Theatre'' ("Proud Woman") and ''Shower of Stars'' ("Cloak and Dagger"). Her last film was a thriller ''The Female Animal'' (1958).

Lamarr was signed to act in the 1966 film ''Picture Mommy Dead'',<ref>Duo Slated for 5 Pictures Martin, Betty. Los Angeles Times (1923–Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] Jan 21, 1966: c6.</ref> but was let go when she collapsed during filming from nervous exhaustion.<ref name="los">Hedy Lamarr Fired From Comeback Film: HEDY LAMARR Berman, Art. Los Angeles Times (1923–Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] Feb 4, 1966: 3.</ref> She was replaced in the role of Jessica Flagmore Shelley by Zsa Zsa Gabor.
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===Inventing career===
{{Further|Frequency-hopping spread spectrum}}
Although Lamarr had no formal training and was primarily self-taught, she invested her spare time, including on set between takes, in designing and drafting inventions,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://segulamag.com/en/articles/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94-%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95/|title=A Beautiful Mind|website=Segulamag.com|access-date=July 18, 2022}}</ref> which included an improved traffic stoplight and a [[Medicine:Tablet (pharmacy)|tablet]] that would dissolve in water to create a flavored carbonated drink.<ref name="npr.org"/>

[[File:Lamarr patent.png|thumb|Copy of U.S. patent for "Secret Communication System"]]
During the late 1930s, Lamarr attended arms deals with her then-husband arms dealer Fritz Mandl, "possibly to improve his chances of making a sale".<ref name="NavalHistoricalSocietyOfAustralia">{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Alun |date=June 1999 |title=Hedy Lamarr, Movie Star (and Inventor of torpedo-control |url= https://navyhistory.au/hedy-lamarr-movie-star-and-inventor-of-torpedo-control/|journal=Naval Historical Review |volume=June 1999|access-date=December 9, 2023}}</ref>. From the meetings, she learned that navies needed "a way to guide a torpedo as it raced through the water." Radio control had been proposed. However, an enemy might be able to [[Radio jamming|jam]] such a torpedo's guidance system and set it off course.<ref name="ScienceShow">{{cite episode |title=Hedy Lamarr – actor, inventor, amateur engineer|series=The Science Show |series-link=Radio_National#Science |network=Radio National |url=http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2014/07/ssw_20140705_1218.mp3#t=420 |format=MP3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705081920/http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2014/07/ssw_20140705_1218.mp3#t=420 |url-status=live |archive-date=July 5, 2014 |minutes=7 |airdate=July 5, 2014}}</ref> When later discussing this with a new friend, composer and pianist George Antheil, her idea to prevent jamming by frequency hopping met Antheil's previous work in music. In that earlier work, Antheil attempted synchronizing note-hopping in an avant-garde piece involving multiple synchronized [[Engineering:Player piano|player piano]]s. Antheil's idea in the piece was to synchronize the start time of identical player pianos with identical player piano rolls, so the pianos would be playing in time with one another. Together, they realized that radio frequencies could be changed similarly, using the same kind of mechanism, but miniaturized.<ref name="NavalHistoricalSocietyOfAustralia"></ref>

Based on the strength of the initial submission of their ideas to the [[Organization:National Inventors Council|National Inventors Council]] (NIC) in late December 1940, in early 1941 the NIC introduced Antheil to Samuel Stuart Mackeown, Professor of Electrical Engineering at [[Organization:California Institute of Technology|Caltech]], to consult on the electrical systems.<ref name="InventorRhodes">{{cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Richard |date=2011 |title=Hedy's folly: the life and breakthrough inventions of Hedy Lamarr, the most beautiful woman in the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8o0NnwEACAAJ |location= |publisher=Doubleday, New York |page=169 |isbn=9780385534383 |oclc=707235824}}</ref>{{rp|169}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://segulamag.com/en/articles/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94-%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%95/|title=A Beautiful Mind|website=Segulamag.com|access-date=July 18, 2022}}</ref> Lamarr hired the Los Angeles legal firm of Lyon & Lyon to search for [[Social:Prior art|prior art]], and to draft the application<ref name="InventorRhodes" />{{rp|168}}
for the patent<ref name=Rhodes2>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGakEbXxp4Y |title=Hedy Lamarr: Actress and inventor |author=ABC news}} 4 minutes</ref><ref name="cnsNews-wifi">{{cite web|title=Hedy Lamarr: Movie star, inventor of WiFi|date=April 20, 2012 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/hedy-lamarr-movie-star-inventor-of-wifi/|publisher=CBS News|access-date=April 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409132313/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/hedy-lamarr-movie-star-inventor-of-wifi/|archive-date=April 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> which was granted as {{US Patent|2,292,387}} on August 11, 1942, under her legal name Hedy Kiesler Markey.<ref>{{cite web|last1=USPTO|title=Patent 2,292,387 Full Text|url=http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=02292387&IDKey=F01524164BEB&HomeUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fpatimg.htm|website=United States Patent and Trademark Office|publisher=USPTO|access-date=May 11, 2016}}</ref> 

In 1997, Lamarr and Antheil received the Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award and the Bulbie Gnass Spirit of Achievement Bronze Award,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolor |first=Danny |title=The other side of Hedy Lamarr |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/03/11/1795482/other-side-hedy-lamarr |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> given to individuals whose creative lifetime achievements in the arts, sciences, business, or invention fields have significantly contributed to society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.at/20141107/hollywood-pinup-and-inventor-given-vienna-grave|title=Honorary grave for Hollywood pin-up|date=November 7, 2014|access-date=November 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110175931/http://www.thelocal.at/20141107/hollywood-pinup-and-inventor-given-vienna-grave|archive-date=November 10, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Later years==
Lamarr became a naturalized citizen of the United States at age 38 on April 10, 1953. Her autobiography, ''Ecstasy and Me'', was published in 1966. She said on TV that it was not written by her, and much of it was fictional.<ref name=Griffin>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muYlAsUDibE |title=Hedy Lamarr, 1969 TV Interview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003025034/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muYlAsUDibE |archive-date=October 3, 2017}} on ''The Merv Griffin Show'' with Woody Allen, 1969</ref> Lamarr later sued the publisher, saying that many details were fabricated by its ghost writer, Leo Guild.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hedy Lamarr Loses Fight to Stop Autobiography|newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News|page=12|date=September 27, 1966|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19660927&id=73ohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SooFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4084,4060061|via=Google Newspapers}}</ref><ref>"Hedy Lamarr Loses Suit to Halt Book", ''The New York Times'', September 27, 1966, p. 74.</ref> Lamarr, in turn, was sued by Gene Ringgold, who asserted that the book plagiarized material from an article he had written in 1965 for ''Screen Facts'' magazine.<ref>"Lamarr Autobiography Prompts Plagiarism Suit", ''The New York Times'', February 7, 1967, p. 18.</ref>

In the late 1950s, along with former husband W. Howard Lee, Lamarr designed and developed the Villa LaMarr ski resort in Aspen, Colorado.<ref>''[https://issuu.com/theaspentimes/docs/atw322/14 Hedy Lamarr in 1950s Aspen]'', The Aspen Times Weekly (March 22, 2012)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ypCyObpZaGoC&dq=Villa+Lamarr+aspen&pg=PA194 Hedy Lamarr: The Most Beautiful Woman in Film] (2010), pg. 194</ref>

In 1966, Lamarr was arrested in Los Angeles for shoplifting. The charges were eventually dropped. In 1991, she was arrested on the same charge in Florida, this time for stealing $21.48 worth of laxatives and eye drops.<ref>[http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/lifestyles/google-doodle-the-day-who-hedy-lamarr/zAmPTxcmrlWo2HwlR1iK5K/ "Google Doodle of the day: Who is Hedy Lamarr?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104505/http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/lifestyles/google-doodle-the-day-who-hedy-lamarr/zAmPTxcmrlWo2HwlR1iK5K/ |date=April 19, 2017}}, ''Palm Beach Post'', November 9, 2015.</ref> She pleaded no contest to avoid a court appearance, and the charges were dropped in return for her promise to refrain from breaking any laws for a year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Salamone |first=Debbie |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-10-24/news/9110240390_1_hedy-lamarr-tabscott-stealing |title=Hedy Lamarr Won't Face Theft Charges If She Stays In Line |date=October 24, 1991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324100819/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-10-24/news/9110240390_1_hedy-lamarr-tabscott-stealing |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |publisher=Orlando Sentinel |access-date=June 10, 2010}}</ref>

===Seclusion===
The 1970s was a decade of increasing seclusion for Lamarr. She was offered several scripts, television commercials, and stage projects, but none piqued her interest. In 1974, she filed a $10 million lawsuit against Warner Bros., claiming that the running parody of her name ("Hedley Lamarr") in the Mel Brooks comedy ''Blazing Saddles'' infringed her right to privacy. Brooks said he was flattered; the studio settled out of court for an undisclosed nominal sum and an apology to Lamarr for "almost using her name". Brooks said that Lamarr "never got the joke".<ref name="DVD">Interview: Mel Brooks. ''Blazing Saddles'' (DVD). Burbank, California: Warner Brothers Pictures/Warner Home Video, 2004; {{ISBN|0-7907-5735-4}}.</ref>{{sfn|Barton|2010|p=220}} With her eyesight failing, Lamarr retreated from public life and settled in Miami Beach, Florida, in 1981.<ref name="shearer"/>

A large [[Company:Corel|Corel]]-drawn image of Lamarr won [[Software:CorelDRAW|CorelDRAW]]'s yearly software suite cover design contest in 1996. For several years, beginning in 1997, it was featured on boxes of the software suite. Lamarr sued the company for using her image without her permission. Corel countered that she did not own rights to the image. The parties reached an undisclosed settlement in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hedylamarr.at/news1e.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706092646/http://hedylamarr.at/news1e.html|date=April 7, 1998|title=Hedy Lamarr Sues Corel|archive-date=July 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=Wired News|date=November 30, 1998|title=Corel Caves to Actress Hedy Lamarr|url=https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1998/11/16544|last=Sprenger|first=Polly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615055123/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1998/11/16544|archive-date=June 15, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Lamarr has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6247 Hollywood Blvd<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Hollywood Chamber of Commerce|title=Hedy Lamarr|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/hedy-lamarr|access-date=November 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111142742/http://www.walkoffame.com/hedy-lamarr|archive-date=November 11, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Project|title=Hedy Lamarr|url=http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/hedy-lamarr|access-date=November 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115011241/http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/hedy-lamarr/|archive-date=November 15, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> adjacent to Vine Street where the walk is centered.

Lamarr became estranged from her older son, James Lamarr Loder, when he was 12 years old. Their relationship ended abruptly, and he moved in with another family. They did not speak again for almost 50 years. Lamarr left James Loder out of her will, and he sued for control of the US$3.3 million estate left by Lamarr in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-10-30/news/0010300415_1_lamarr-loder-hedy|title=Court To Weigh Plea of Lamarr's Estranged Son|work=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=May 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217211817/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-10-30/news/0010300415_1_lamarr-loder-hedy|archive-date=February 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He eventually settled for US$50,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-01-26/news/0101260305_1_loder-lamarr-hedy|title=Hedy Lamarr's Adopted Son Trades Claim To Estate For $50,000|access-date=April 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113043350/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-01-26/news/0101260305_1_loder-lamarr-hedy|archive-date=November 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the last decades of her life, the telephone became Lamarr's only means of communication with the outside world, even with her children and close friends. She often talked up to six or seven hours a day on the phone, but she spent hardly any time with anyone in person in her final years.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Death===
[[File:Wiener Zentralfriedhof - Gruppe 33 G - Grab von Hedy Lamarr.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial to Hedy Lamarr at Vienna's Central Cemetery (Group 33G, Tomb n°80)]]
Lamarr died in Casselberry, Florida,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-01-20/news/0001200121_1_hedy-lamarr-casselberry-white-cargo |title=Hedy Lamar: 1913–2000 |last=Moore |first=Roger |date=January 20, 2000 |work=Orlando Sentinel |access-date=April 27, 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015514/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-01-20/news/0001200121_1_hedy-lamarr-casselberry-white-cargo |archive-date=November 15, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> on January 19, 2000, of heart disease, aged 85.<ref name="shearer"/> Her son Anthony Loder spread part of her ashes in Austria's Vienna Woods in accordance with her last wishes.<ref name="calling"/>

In 2014, a memorial to Lamarr was unveiled in Vienna's Central Cemetery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.at/20141107/hollywood-pinup-and-inventor-given-vienna-grave|title=Memorial to Hollywood pin-up|work=thelocal.at|date=November 7, 2014|access-date=May 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721024351/http://www.thelocal.at/20141107/hollywood-pinup-and-inventor-given-vienna-grave|archive-date=July 21, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> where the remainder of her ashes were buried.<ref name=Ehrengrab>{{Cite web|last=Presse-Service|date=November 7, 2014|title=Archivmeldung: Hedy Lamarr erhält Ehrengrab der Stadt Wien|url=https://www.wien.gv.at/presse/2014/11/07/hedy-lamarr-erhaelt-ehrengrab-der-stadt-wien|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Presseservice der Stadt Wien|language=de}}</ref><ref name=VDFW>{{Cite web|title=Verstorbenensuche Detail – Friedhöfe Wien – Friedhöfe Wien|url=http://www.friedhoefewien.at/verstorbenensuche-detail?fname=Hedwig+Eva+Maria+Kiesler&id=0A3A7LC328&initialId=0A3A7LC328&fdate=2014-11-07&c=046&hist=false|access-date=2021-11-15|website=friedhoefewien.at|language=de-DE}}</ref>

== Awards and tributes ==
Hedy Lamarr was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 25, 2019|title=Hedy Lamarr|url=https://walkoffame.com/hedy-lamarr/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Hollywood Walk of Fame|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1939, Lamarr was selected the "most promising new actress" of 1938 in a poll of area voters conducted by ''Philadelphia Record'' film critic.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Philly's Best|journal=Boxoffice|date=January 7, 1939|page=30-C|url=https://archive.org/stream/boxofficejanmar134unse#page/n33/mode/2up/search/hedy+lamarr+most+promising+new+actress}}</ref> British moviegoers voted Hedy Lamarr the year's 10th best actress, for her performance in ''Samson and Delilah'' in 1951.<ref name="Anna Neagle's Film Award">{{cite news|title=Anna Neagle's Film Award|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27035762?searchTerm=Hedy%20Lamarr%20award&searchLimits=|access-date=February 24, 2018|work=The Mercury|issue=May 10, 1951}}</ref>

The British drag queen Foo Foo Lamarr (born Francis Pearson, 1937–2003) originally took his surname from the actress when embarking on a performing career.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2004 |title=Farewell, Foo Foo |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/farewell-foo-foo-1156337 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref>

In 1997, Lamarr and George Antheil were jointly honored with the [[Organization:Electronic Frontier Foundation|Electronic Frontier Foundation]]'s Pioneer Award<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/1997/03/privacy-implications-of-hedy-lamarrs-idea/|title=Privacy Implications of Hedy Lamarr's, Idea|magazine=WIRED|access-date=May 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524081141/https://www.wired.com/1997/03/privacy-implications-of-hedy-lamarrs-idea/|archive-date=May 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and Lamarr also was the first woman to receive the Invention Convention's BULBIE Gnass Spirit of Achievement Award, known as the "Oscars of inventing".<ref name="INVENTION CONVENTION ® - Gateway to the World of Inventing 1942">{{cite web |title=1940's Film Goddess Hedy Lamarr Responsible For Pioneering Spread Spectrum |website=INVENTION CONVENTION ® – Gateway to the World of Inventing |url=http://inventionconvention.com/americasinventor/dec97issue/section2.html |access-date=May 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625011848/http://www.inventionconvention.com/americasinventor/dec97issue/section2.html |archive-date=June 25, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.women-inventors.com/Hedy-Lammar.asp|title=Hedy Lamarr: Invention of Spread Spectrum Technology|website=women-inventors.com|access-date=May 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112075258/http://www.women-inventors.com/Hedy-Lammar.asp|archive-date=November 12, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, Lamarr's native Austria awarded her the Viktor Kaplan Medal of the Austrian Association of Patent Holders and Inventors.<ref>{{Citation | last = Peterson | first = Barbara Bennett | contribution = Lamarr, Hedy | title = American National Biography | date = April 2001}}</ref>

In 2006, the ''Hedy-Lamarr-Weg'' was founded in Vienna Meidling (12th District), named after the actress.

In 2013, the IQOQI installed a [[Astronomy:Quantum telescope|quantum telescope]] on the roof of the [[Organization:University of Vienna|University of Vienna]], which they named after her in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auf den Spuren einer Hollywood-Diva |trans-title=In the footsteps of a Hollywood diva |language=de |url=https://www.pressreader.com/austria/kleine-zeitung-steiermark/20210622/281672552905172 |access-date=2021-11-15 |via=PressReader}}</ref>

In 2014, Lamarr was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=501|title=Inductee Detail {{!}} National Inventors Hall of Fame |work=National Inventors Hall of Fame |access-date=May 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129022910/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=501 |archive-date=November 29, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, Anthony Loder's request that the remaining ashes of his mother should be buried in an honorary grave of the city of [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]] was realized. On November 7, her urn was buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery in Group 33 G, Tomb No. 80, not far from the centrally located presidential tomb.<ref name=Ehrengrab/><ref name=VDFW/>

On November 9, 2015, [[Company:Google|Google]] honored her on the 101st anniversary of her birth, and on her 109th on November 9, 2023 with a doodle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 9, 2015|title=Hedy Lamarr: Ein Kino-Orgasmus, eine bahnbrechende Erfindung, 101. Geburtstag|url=https://www.giga.de/webapps/google-suche/news/hedy-lamarr-die-schoenste-frau-der-welt-hat-geburtstag/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=GIGA|language=de}}</ref>

On August 27, 2019, an asteroid was named after her: [[Astronomy:32730 Lamarr|32730 Lamarr]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IAU Minor Planet Center|url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=32730|access-date=2021-11-15|website=minorplanetcenter.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Small-Body Database Lookup|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=32730|access-date=2021-11-15|website=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov}}</ref>

==Marriages and children==
Lamarr was married and divorced six times and had three children:
# Friedrich Mandl (married 1933–1937), chairman of the ''Hirtenberger Patronen-Fabrik''<ref name="boeing">{{cite web|last=Ivanis|first=Daniel J|title=The stars come out: Recruiting ad featuring Hedy Lamarr creates 'buzz't|work=Boeing Frontiers|url=http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2003/november/i_nan.html|access-date=February 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029193937/http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2003/november/i_nan.html|archive-date=October 29, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
# Gene Markey (married 1939–1941), screenwriter and producer. She adopted a child (however this was later contested by the child, see below) during her marriage with Markey. Lamarr and Markey lived at 2727 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills, California during their marriage.<ref>1940 US Census via Ancestry.com</ref>
# John Loder (married 1943–1947), actor. The two had a daughter, Denise, who married Larry Colton, a writer and former baseball player and a son, Anthony, who worked for illustrator James McMullan.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKsAnJOGgCo|title=To Tell The Truth – Hedy Lamarr + Anthony Loder + Denise Loder Deluca|via=YouTube|access-date=May 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606014726/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKsAnJOGgCo|archive-date=June 6, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Anthony Loder was featured in the 2004 documentary film ''Calling Hedy Lamarr''.<ref name="calling">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mischief-films.com/sub2.php?ID=1&S=E|title=Calling Hedy Lamarr|publisher=Mischief Films|access-date=December 20, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205232850/http://www.mischief-films.com/sub2.php?ID=1&S=E|archive-date=December 5, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
# Ernest "Ted" Stauffer (married 1951–1952), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader
# W. Howard Lee (married 1953–1960), a Texas oilman (who later married film actress Gene Tierney)
# Lewis J. Boies (married 1963–1965), Lamarr's divorce lawyer

Following her sixth and final divorce in 1965, Lamarr remained unmarried for the last 35 years of her life.

Throughout her life, Lamarr claimed that her first son was not biologically related and adopted during her marriage to Gene Markey.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/11/05/99258931.pdf "Hedy Lamarr Adopts Baby Boy"], nytimes.com; accessed June 3, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/hedy-lamarr-9542252#secret-communications-system|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230105123/http://www.biography.com/people/hedy-lamarr-9542252|archive-date=December 30, 2011|title=Hedy Lamarr Biography}}</ref> However, years later, her son found documentation that he was the out-of-wedlock son of Lamarr and actor John Loder, whom she later married as her third husband.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2001/02/05/hedy-news-lamarrs-son-not-adopted/|title=HEDY NEWS: LAMARR'S SON NOT ADOPTED|date=February 5, 2001|work=New York Post|access-date=June 9, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140042/https://nypost.com/2001/02/05/hedy-news-lamarrs-son-not-adopted/|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==

<small>Source: {{tcmdb name}}</small>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:50px;"|Year
! style="width:200px;"|Title
! style="width:150px;"|Role
! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 1930
| ''Money on the Street''
| Young Girl
| Original title: ''Geld auf der Straße''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1931
| ''Storm in a Water Glass''
| Secretary
| Original title: ''Sturm im Wasserglas''
|-
| ''The Trunks of Mr. O.F.''
| Helene
| Original title: ''Die Koffer des Herrn O.F.''
|-
| 1932
| ''No Money Needed''
| Käthe Brandt
| Original title: ''Man braucht kein Geld''
|-
| 1933
| ''Ecstasy''
| Eva Hermann
| Original title: ''Ekstase''
|-
| 1938
| ''Algiers''
| Gaby
|
|-
| 1939
| ''Lady of the Tropics''
| Manon deVargnes Carey
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1940
| ''I Take This Woman''
| Georgi Gragore Decker
|
|-
| ''Boom Town''
| Karen Vanmeer
|
|-
| ''Comrade X''
| Golubka/ Theodore Yahupitz/ Lizvanetchka "Lizzie"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1941
| ''Come Live With Me''
| Johnny Jones
|
|-
| ''Ziegfeld Girl''
| Sandra Kolter
|
|-
| ''H. M. Pulham, Esq.''
| Marvin Myles Ransome
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1942
| ''Tortilla Flat''
| Dolores Ramirez
|
|-
| ''Crossroads''
| Lucienne Talbot
|
|-
| ''White Cargo''
| Tondelayo
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1944
| ''The Heavenly Body''
| Vicky Whitley
|
|-
| ''The Conspirators''
| Irene Von Mohr
|
|-
| ''Experiment Perilous''
| Allida Bederaux
|
|-
| 1945
| ''Her Highness and the Bellboy''
| Princess Veronica
|
|-
| 1946
| ''The Strange Woman''
| Jenny Hager
| and Producer
|-
| 1947
| ''Dishonored Lady''
| Madeleine Damien
| and Producer
|-
| 1948
| ''Let's Live a Little''
| Dr. J.O. Loring
| and Producer
|-
| 1949
| ''Samson and Delilah''
| Delilah
| Her first film in [[Company:Technicolor|Technicolor]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1950
| ''A Lady Without Passport''
| Marianne Lorress
|
|-
| ''Copper Canyon''
| Lisa Roselle
|
|-
| 1951
| ''My Favorite Spy''
| Lily Dalbray
|
|-
| 1954
| ''Loves of Three Queens''
| Helen of Troy,<br />Joséphine de Beauharnais,<br />Genevieve of Brabant
| Original title: ''L'amante di Paride''
|-
| 1957
| ''The Story of Mankind''
| Joan of Arc
|
|-
| 1958
| ''The Female Animal''
| Vanessa Windsor
|
|-
|}

==Radio appearances==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Broadcast date
! style="width:200px;"|Series
! style="width:250px;"|Episode
|-
| July 7, 1941 || ''Lux Radio Theatre'' || ''Algiers''<ref name="Lux">
List of Lux Radio Theatre episodes</ref>
|-
| December 29, 1941 || ''Lux Radio Theatre'' || ''The Bride Came C.O.D.''<ref name="Lux" />
|-
| May 14, 1942 || ''Command Performance (radio series)'' || ''Edward G Robinson Hedy Lamarr Glenn Miller''<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://www.vintageradioshows.com/display_shows.php?sid=53 | title = Vintage Radio Shows|website=Vintageradioshows.com}}</ref>
|-
| October 5, 1942 || ''Lux Radio Theatre'' || ''Love Crazy''<ref name="Lux" />
|-
| August 2, 1943 || ''The Screen Guild Theatre'' || ''Come Live with Me''<ref>
Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/AU3U86Yt598 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20211110191940/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AU3U86Yt598&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AU3U86Yt598 | title=Hedy Lamarr 'Come Live with Me" Live Radio Performance| via=[[Company:YouTube|YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| September 26, 1942 || ''The Chase and Sanborn Hour'' || ''Hedy Lamarr''<ref>
{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/edgar-bergen-1937-12-12-32-guest-mae-west/Edgar+Bergen+1943-09-26+(295)+Guest+-+Hedy+Lamarr.mp3 | title=The Internet Archive|website=Archive.org}}</ref>
|-
| October 26, 1943 || ''Burns and Allen'' || ''Hedy Lamarr''<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logb1008.htm | title=Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs|website=Otrsite.com}}</ref>
|-
| January 24, 1944 || ''Lux Radio Theatre'' || ''Casablanca''<ref name="Lux" />
|-
| February 4, 1945 || ''The Radio Hall of Fame'' || ''Experiment Perilous''<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://www.vintageradioshows.com/display_shows.php?s=30&np=4&sid=559 | title=Vintage Radio Shows|website=Vintageradioshows.com}}</ref>
|-
| November 19, 1951 || ''Lux Radio Theatre'' || ''Samson and Delilah''<ref name="Lux" />
|}

==In popular culture==
The Mel Brooks 1974 western parody ''Blazing Saddles'' features a villain, played by Harvey Korman, named "Hedley Lamarr". As a running gag, various characters mistakenly refer to him as "Hedy Lamarr" prompting him to testily reply "That's Hedley."

In the 1982 off-Broadway musical ''Little Shop of Horrors'' and subsequent film adaptation (1986), Audrey II says to Seymour in the song "Feed Me", that he can get Seymour anything he wants including "A date with Hedy Lamarr."<ref>{{Citation|title=Alan&nbsp;Menken (Ft.&nbsp;Lee&nbsp;Wilkof & Ron&nbsp;Taylor) – Sudden Changes/ Feed Me (Git it)|url=https://genius.com/Alan-menken-sudden-changes-feed-me-git-it-lyrics|language=en|access-date=2018-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031091202/https://genius.com/Alan-menken-sudden-changes-feed-me-git-it-lyrics|archive-date=October 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 2004 video game ''[[Software:Half-Life 2|Half-Life 2]]'', Dr. Kleiner's pet headcrab, Lamarr, is named after Hedy Lamarr.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last=Hodgson |first=David
 |date=November 23, 2004 
 |title=Half-Life&nbsp;2: Raising the bar
 |page=124
 |publisher=Prima Games
 |isbn=978-0761543640
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKQHAAAACAAJ
 |access-date=November 11, 2020 |via=Google Books
}}</ref>

Her son, Anthony Loder, was featured in the 2004 documentary film ''Calling Hedy Lamarr'', in which he played excerpts from tapes of her many telephone calls.

In 2008, an off-Broadway play, ''Frequency Hopping'', features the lives of Lamarr and Antheil. The play was written and staged by Elyse Singer, and the script won a prize for best new play about science and technology from STAGE.<ref name="shearer"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hourglassgroup.org/frequency.html|publisher=Hourglass Group|title=Frequency Hopping|access-date=June 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521021452/http://www.hourglassgroup.org/frequency.html|archive-date=May 21, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 2009 mockumentary ''The Chronoscope'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legge |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Chronoscope |url=https://vimeo.com/28839357 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |publisher=Fastnet Films}}</ref> written and directed by Andrew Legge, the fictional Irish scientist Charlotte Keppel is likely modeled after Hedy Lamarr. The film satirizes the extreme politics of the 1930s and tells the story of a fictionalized fascist group that steals a device invented by Keppel. This chronoscope can see the past and is used by the group to create propaganda films of their heroes from the past.

In 2010, Lamarr was selected out of 150 IT people to be featured in a short film launched by the [[Organization:British Computer Society|British Computer Society]] on May 20.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCS launches celebrity film campaign to raise profile of the IT industry|url=http://www.bcs.org/content/conWebDoc/35614|publisher=BCS|access-date=October 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019180233/http://www.bcs.org/content/conWebDoc/35614|archive-date=October 19, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also during 2010, the New York Public Library exhibit ''Thirty Years of Photography at the New York Public Library'' included a photo of a topless Lamarr ({{circa|1930}}) by Austrian-born American photographer Trude Fleischmann.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trude Fleischmann (American, 1895–1990): "Hedy Lamarr"|url=http://exhibitions.nypl.org/recollection/tl32.html|website=Recollection: Thirty Years of Photography at the New York Public Library|publisher=New York Public Library|access-date=November 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119110857/http://exhibitions.nypl.org/recollection/tl32.html|archive-date=November 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, the story of Lamarr's [[Frequency-hopping spread spectrum|frequency-hopping spread spectrum]] invention was explored in an episode of the Science Channel show ''Dark Matters: Twisted But True'', a series that explores the darker side of scientific discovery and experimentation, which premiered on September 7.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Positively Poisonous, Medusa's Heroin, Beauty and Brains|series=Dark Matters: Twisted But True |network=Science Channel |season=2 |number=5 |airdate=September 7, 2011|url=http://science.discovery.com/tv-shows/dark-matters-twisted-but-true/videos/poisonous-heroin-beauty-and-brains.htm |access-date=November 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114213628/http://science.discovery.com/tv-shows/dark-matters-twisted-but-true/videos/poisonous-heroin-beauty-and-brains.htm|archive-date=November 14, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her work in improving wireless security was part of the premiere episode of the Discovery Channel show ''How We Invented the World''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/arts/television/how-we-invented-the-world-on-the-discovery-channel.html|title=On the Origins of Gadgets|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 18, 2013|first=Neil|last=Genzlinger|access-date=December 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129152536/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/arts/television/how-we-invented-the-world-on-the-discovery-channel.html|archive-date=November 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also during 2011, Anne Hathaway revealed that she had learned that the original Catwoman was based on Lamarr, so she studied all of Lamarr's films and incorporated some of her breathing techniques into her portrayal of Catwoman in the 2012 film ''The Dark Knight Rises''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2011/12/29/dark-knight-rises-star-anne-hathaway-gotham-city-is-full-of-grace|title='Dark Knight Rises' star Anne Hathaway: 'Gotham City is full of grace'|date=December 29, 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706161155/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2011/12/29/dark-knight-rises-star-anne-hathaway-gotham-city-is-full-of-grace/|archive-date=July 6, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, on November 9, the 101st anniversary of Lamarr's birth, Google paid tribute to Hedy Lamarr's work in film and her contributions to scientific advancement with an animated Google Doodle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hedy Lamarr's 101st birthday|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/hedy-lamarrs-101st-birthday|access-date=June 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610232402/https://www.google.com/doodles/hedy-lamarrs-101st-birthday|archive-date=June 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Lamarr was depicted in an off-Broadway play, ''HEDY! The Life and Inventions of Hedy Lamarr'', a one-woman show written and performed by Heather Massie.<ref>[http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-off-broadway/article/HEDY-The-Life-Inventions-of-Hedy-Lamarr-Extended-by-Popular-Demand-20161028 'HEDY! The Life & Inventions of Hedy Lamarr' Extended by Popular Demand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192142/http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-off-broadway/article/HEDY-The-Life-Inventions-of-Hedy-Lamarr-Extended-by-Popular-Demand-20161028 |date=January 31, 2017 }}, broadwayworld.com, October 28, 2016.</ref><ref>C. E. Gerber, [http://www.lasplash.com/publish/Entertainment/cat_index_new_york_performances/hedy-the-life-and-inventions-of-hedy-lamarr-review.php "HEDY! : The Life and Inventions of Hedy Lamarr Review – Simple and Effective"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000745/http://www.lasplash.com/publish/Entertainment/cat_index_new_york_performances/hedy-the-life-and-inventions-of-hedy-lamarr-review.php |date=February 2, 2017 }}, lasplash.com, November 14, 2016.</ref>

Also in 2016, the off-Broadway, one-actor show ''Stand Still and Look Stupid: The Life Story of Hedy Lamarr'', starring Emily Ebertz and written by Mike Broemmel, went into production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hedylamarr.info/|title=Stand Still & look Stupid – A play in three acts|website=The Life Story of Hedy Lamarr|access-date=April 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314012950/https://hedylamarr.info/|archive-date=March 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Ark Magazine 2018">{{cite web |first=Janet |last=Varnum |title=STAND STILL AND LOOK STUPID |website=The Ark Magazine |date=March 5, 2018 |url=https://arkmagazine.net/stand-still-look-stupid/ |access-date=April 27, 2018 |archive-date=January 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127155348/https://arkmagazine.net/stand-still-look-stupid/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Also during 2016, Whitney Frost, a character in the TV show ''Agent Carter'' was inspired by Hedy Lamarr and Lauren Bacall.<ref name="slash">{{cite web|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/agent-carter-season-2/ |title=Exclusive: 'Marvel's Agent Carter' Producers on Season Two Villain, Hollywood Setting, and Action |last=Topel |first=Fred |publisher=/Film |date=August 6, 2015 |access-date=August 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808222943/http://www.slashfilm.com/agent-carter-season-2 |archive-date=August 8, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, actress Celia Massingham portrayed Lamarr on [[Company:The CW|The CW]] television series ''Legends of Tomorrow'' in the sixth episode of the third season, titled "Helen Hunt". The episode is set in 1937 Hollywoodland. The episode aired on November 14, 2017.<ref name="Rose">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6464558/ |title="DC's Legends of Tomorrow" Helen Hunt (TV Episode 2017) – IMDb |publisher=[[Social:IMDb|IMDb]] |date=November 14, 2017 |access-date=July 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616182304/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6464558/ |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Also during 2017, a documentary about Lamarr's career as an actress and later as an inventor, ''Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story,'' premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival. The documentary was written and directed by Alexandra Dean and produced by Susan Sarandon;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thorpe |first1=Vanessa |date=November 12, 2017 |title=Film tells how Hollywood star Hedy Lamarr helped to invent wifi |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/nov/12/hedy-lamarr-film-documentary-wifi-bluetooth-susan-sarandon |url-status=live |access-date=November 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112003509/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/nov/12/hedy-lamarr-film-documentary-wifi-bluetooth-susan-sarandon |archive-date=November 12, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Sarandon>[http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2889/bombshell-interview-with-richard-rhodes-on-hedy-lamarr "Bombshell: Interview with Richard Rhodes on Hedy Lamarr"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419004007/http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2889/bombshell-interview-with-richard-rhodes-on-hedy-lamarr |date=April 19, 2017 }}, Sloan Science and Film, April 18, 2017.</ref> it was released in theaters on November 24, 2017, and aired on PBS ''American Masters'' in May 2018.
 
In 2018, actress Alyssa Sutherland portrayed Lamarr on the NBC television series ''Timeless'' in the third episode of the second season, titled "Hollywoodland". The episode aired March 25, 2018.<ref name="Axel">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6885524/ |title="Timeless" Hollywoodland (TV Episode 2018) – IMDb |publisher=[[Social:IMDb|IMDb]] |date=March 25, 2018 |access-date=July 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402163913/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6885524/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, actor and musician Johnny Depp composed a song called "This Is a Song for Miss Hedy Lamarr" with Tommy Henriksen. It was included on Depp and Jeff Beck's 2022 album ''18''.<ref name="Colothan 2022">{{cite web |last=Colothan |first=Scott |date=May 30, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp performs four songs with Jeff Beck at Sheffield concert – watch |url=https://planetradio.co.uk/planet-rock/news/rock-news/johnny-depp-jeff-beck-sheffield/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Planet Rock}}</ref>

In 2021, Lamarr was mentioned in the first episode of the Marvel's ''What If...?''.<ref>{{Citation|title="What If...?" What If... Captain Carter Were the First Avenger? (TV Episode 2021) – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt10670784/trivia|access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> The episode aired on August 11, 2021.

In May 2023, a dance production called ''Hedy Lamarr: An American Muse'' was made in her honor by Linze Rickles McRae. She was accompanied by her daughter, Azalea McRae, with whom she performed it, alongside her students at her dancing school, Downtown Dance Conservatory in Gadsden, AL.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 10, 2023|title=Downtown Dance Pays Tribute to Hedy Lamarr|url= https://www.gadsdentimes.com/story/news/2023/05/10/downtown-dance-conservatory-pays-tribute-to-hedy-lamarr/70198825007/}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Biography:Inventors' Day|Inventors' Day]]
* List of Austrians

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Barton |first=Ruth |title=Hedy Lamarr: The Most Beautiful Woman in Film |publisher=University of Kentucky Press |location=Lexington |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8131-3654-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Benedict |first=Marie |title=The Only Woman in the Room |publisher=Source Books Landmark |year=2019 |isbn= 978-1492666899 }}
* {{cite book|last=Lamarr |first=Hedy |title=Ecstasy and Me: My Life as a Woman |publisher=Bartholomew House |location=New York |year=1966 |asin=B0007DMMN8 }}
* {{cite book|last=Rhodes |first=Richard |title=Hedy's Folly: The Life and Breakthrough Inventions of Hedy Lamarr |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-307-74295-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Shearer |first=Stephen Michael |title=Beautiful: The Life of Hedy Lamarr |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-312-55098-1 }}
* {{cite book|last=Young |first=Christopher |title=The Films of Hedy Lamarr |publisher=Citadel Press |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-8065-0579-4 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* <!--ignore inaccurate year of birth at this site-->
* [http://www.hedylamarr.org/ Hedy Lamarr Foundation website]
* {{IMDb name|1443|Hedy Lamarr}}
* [https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/107525|68054/Hedy-Lamarr#overview Hedy Lamarr] at Turner Classic Movies
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140523211914/http://invent.org/inductees/markey-hedy/ Hedy Lamarr profile] at the National Inventors Hall of Fame
* [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2292387A/en US Patent 2292387, owned by Hedy Kiesler Markey AKA Hedy Lamarr] on Google Patents
*[https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/fr/detail.jsf?docId=US35201740&tab=NATIONALBIBLIO&_cid=P22-KVMTO1-63871-1 US Patent 2292387] on [[Organization:World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO Pantentscope]]
* [http://www.women-inventors.com/Hedy-Lammar.asp Profile], women-inventors.com
* [http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/Lamarr/lamarr.htm ''Hedy Lamarr'' at Reel Classics]
* [http://www.cnet.com/news/happy-100th-birthday-hedy-lamarr-movie-star-and-wi-fi-inventor/ Happy 100th Birthday Hedy Lamarr, Movie Star who Paved the Way for Wifi] at CNet
* [https://www.npr.org/2011/11/27/142664182/most-beautiful-woman-by-day-inventor-by-night "Most Beautiful Woman" by Day, Inventor by Night] at NPR
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100609171612/http://www.inventions.org/culture/female/lamarr.html ''Hedy Lamarr'' at Inventions]
* [http://www.altfg.com/blog/actors/hedy-lamarr-patrick-agan/ Hedy Lamarr: Q&A with Author Patrick Agan], Andre Soares, Alt Film Guide, {{circa| 2013}}
* [http://amestrib.com/entertainment/hedy-hundred Hedy at a Hundred] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205110316/http://amestrib.com/entertainment/hedy-hundred |date=December 5, 2014 }}{{snd}}the centenary of Lamarr's birth, in the Ames Tribune, November 2014
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/the-unlikely-life-of-inventor-and-hollywood-star-hedy-lamarr/5587366 "The unlikely life of inventor and Hollywood star Hedy Lamarr"] (article and audio excerpts), Alex McClintock and Sharon Carleton, Radio National, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, July 14, 2014
* [http://babesofscience.com/episodes/2015/11/12/episode-4-hedy-lamarr?rq=episode%204 Episode 6: Hedy Lamarr] from [http://babesofscience.com/ Babes of Science] podcasts
* [https://www.aenigma-images.com/2018/11/hedy-lamarr-before-hollywood/ Hedy Lamarr before she came to Hollywood] and [https://www.aenigma-images.com/2019/01/hedy-lamarr-beauty-brains-and-bad-judgment/ Hedy Lamarr – brains, beauty and bad judgment] at [https://www.aenigma-images.com/ aenigma]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamarr, Hedy}}
[[Category:Radio pioneers]]

{{Sourceattribution|Hedy Lamarr}}