View source for Biography:Bertram Raphael

{{short description|American computer scientist (born 1936)}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Bertram Raphael
|image             = Bert_Raphael_2008.JPG
|caption           = 
|birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1936|11|16|mf=y}}
|birth_place       = New York
|death_date        = 
|death_place       = 
|fields            = [[Artificial intelligence]]
|workplaces        = [[Organization:SRI International|SRI International]]
|alma_mater        = {{ubl|[[Organization:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute|Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]|[[Organization:Brown University|Brown University]]|[[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}
|doctoral_advisor  = [[Biography:Marvin Minsky|Marvin Minsky]]
|academic_advisors = 
|doctoral_students = 
|notable_students  = 
|known_for         = 
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|awards            = 
|religion          = 
|signature         = <!--(filename only)-->
|footnotes         = 
}}
'''Bertram Raphael''' (born 1936) is an American [[Computer scientist|computer scientist]] known for his contributions to [[Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]].<ref name="ieee">{{cite web|url=http://ghn.ieee.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History:Bertram_Raphael|title=Oral History: Bertram Raphael|work=IEEE Global History Network|publisher=[[Organization:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]|accessdate=2012-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516195054/http://ghn.ieee.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History%3ABertram_Raphael|archive-date=2013-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Raphael was born in 1936 in New York. He received his bachelor's degree in physics from the [[Organization:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute|Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] in 1957, and an MS degree in Applied Math from Brown University in 1959. He was a student of [[Biography:Marvin Minsky|Marvin Minsky]] at the [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and received his PhD in mathematics in 1964.<ref name="ieee"/><ref name="quest">{{cite book|url=https://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/QAI/qai.pdf|title=The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements|first=Nils J.|last=Nilsson|publisher=[[Organization:Stanford University|Stanford University]]|year=2010}}</ref>

==Career==
Raphael started at [[Organization:SRI International|SRI International]] in 1964 as a consultant. After completing his Ph.D. at MIT, he was at the [[Organization:University of California, Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]] for an academic year, and subsequently joined SRI full-time in April 1965.<ref name="quest"/> He was a long-time member of SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center, and was its director from 1970 to 1973.<ref name="ieee"/> While at SRI, he helped invent the [[A* search algorithm]] and develop [[Shakey the robot]], which was one of the first projects sponsored by DARPA; Raphael directed work on Shakey from 1970 to 1971.<ref name="ieee"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ai.sri.com/people/Raphael/|title=Dr Bertram Raphael|publisher=Artificial Intelligence Center|accessdate=2012-02-24}}</ref> He also co-founded the Journal of Artificial Intelligence.<ref name="ieee"/>

In 1976 he sold the [[Engineering:NLS (computer system)|NLS]] technology developed by the [[Organization:Augmentation Research Center|Augmentation Research Center]] (ARC), led by [[Biography:Douglas Engelbart|Douglas Engelbart]], to Tymshare.

From 1980 to 1990 Raphael worked as a research manager at Hewlett Packard. From 1990 to 1997 he helped his wife, Anne, operate Compass Point Travel Inc., a business that she had founded in 1980 in Mountain View, California.

He was a Senior Fulbright Lecturer in Vienna during 1973 and 1974.

==Selected publications==
;Books
*''The Thinking Computer: Mind Inside Matter'' (W.H. Freeman & Company, 1976)

;Dissertation
*SIR (Semantic Information Retrieval program) on the logical representation of knowledge for question-answering systems (MIT, 1964)<ref>ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AITR-220.pdf</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of artificial intelligence]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Raphael, Bertram}}
[[Category:Artificial intelligence researchers]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bertram Raphael}}