View source for Biography:Barry Marshall

{{short description|Australian physician (born 1951)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Barry Marshall
| post-nominals      = {{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100%|AC|FRACP|FRS|FAA}}
| birth_name        = Barry James Marshall
| image             = Barry J Marshall.jpg
| caption           = Marshall in 2021
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|9|30}}<ref name=barryswho>{{Who's Who | title=Marshall, Prof. Barry James | id = U26713 | volume = 2015 | edition = online [[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]}} {{doi|10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U26713}}</ref>
| birth_place       = Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| residence         = 
| ethnicity         = 
| fields            = {{Plainlist|
* [[Medicine:Medicine|Medicine]]
* [[Biology:Microbiology|Microbiology]]}}
| alma_mater        = University of Western Australia (MBBS)<ref name=barryswho/>
| workplaces        = {{Plainlist|
* University of Western Australia
* [[Organization:University of Virginia|University of Virginia]]<ref name="virginia.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/10_04_2005/marshall_barry.html |title=U.Va. Top News Daily |publisher=Virginia.edu |date=4 October 2005 |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404004717/http://www.virginia.edu/topnews/10_04_2005/marshall_barry.html |archive-date=4 April 2010 |url-status = dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| academic_advisors = 
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students  = 
| known_for         = ''Helicobacter pylori''
| influences        = 
| influenced        = 
| awards            = {{Plainlist|
* Lasker Award {{small|(1995)}}
* Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize {{small|(1997)}}
* Buchanan Medal  {{small|(1998)}}
* FRS {{small|(1999)}}<ref name=frs/>
* Prince Mahidol Award <small>(2001)</small>
* Keio Medical Science Prize {{small|(2002)}}
* Nobel Prize in Physiology {{small|(2005)}}
* Western Australian of the Year Awards {{small|(2006)}}
* Companion of the Order of Australia {{small|(2007)}}}}
| religion          = 
| signature         = <!--(filename only)-->
| footnotes         = 
| spouse            = {{marriage|Adrienne Joyce Feldman|1972}}<ref name=barryswho/>
| children          = 1 son, 3 daughters<ref name=barryswho/>
| website           = {{URL|https://www.uwa.edu.au/marshall-centre}}
}}

'''Barry James Marshall''' {{postnominals|country=AUS|AC|FRACP|FRS|FAA}}<ref name=barryswho/><ref name=frs/> (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian physician, Nobel Prize Laureate in Physiology or Medicine, Professor of Clinical [[Biology:Microbiology|Microbiology]] and Co-Director of the Marshall Centre<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Marshall Centre|url=https://www.uwa.edu.au/marshall-centre|url-status=live|access-date=3 May 2021|website=The Marshall Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331050948/https://www.uwa.edu.au/marshall-centre |archive-date=31 March 2021 }}</ref> at the University of Western Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The University of Western Australia|url=https://www.uwa.edu.au/home|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013034428/http://www.uwa.edu.au:80/home/? |archive-date=13 October 2008 }}</ref> Marshall and [[Biography:Robin Warren|Robin Warren]] showed that the bacterium ''Helicobacter pylori'' (''H. pylori'') plays a major role in causing many peptic ulcers, challenging decades of medical doctrine holding that ulcers were caused primarily by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. This discovery has allowed for a breakthrough in understanding a causative link between ''Helicobacter pylori'' infection and [[Medicine:Stomach cancer|stomach cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marshall BJ, Warren JR |title=Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis |journal=The Lancet |volume=321 |issue=8336 |pages=1273–5 |date=June 1983 |pmid=6134060 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92719-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Marshall BJ, Warren JR |title=Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration |journal=The Lancet |volume=323 |issue=8390 |pages=1311–5 |date=June 1984 |pmid=6145023 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6 |s2cid=10066001 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2884%2991816-6/abstract|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last =Sweet | first =Melissa | title =Smug as a bug | publisher =The Sydney Morning Herald | date =2 August 1997 | url =http://www.vianet.net.au/~bjmrshll/features2.html | access-date =28 January 2007 | archive-date =18 July 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140718150637/http://www.vianet.net.au/~bjmrshll/features2.html | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Marshall was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia and lived in Kalgoorlie and Carnarvon until moving to Perth at the age of eight. His father held various jobs, and his mother was a nurse. He is the eldest of four siblings. He attended Marist College, Churchlands for his secondary education and the University of Western Australia School of Medicine, where he received a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) in 1974.<ref name=barryswho/>  He married his wife Adrienne in 1972 and has four children.<ref name=autobiography>{{cite web | last =Barry | first =Marshall | title =Autobiography | publisher =Nobel Foundation | year =2005 | url =http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/marshall-autobio.html | access-date = 28 January 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070218061329/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/marshall-autobio.html| archive-date= 18 February 2007 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>

In 1972 he was also a state [[Yo-yo|yo-yo]] champion.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vianet.net.au/~bjmrshll/features2.html |title=Sydney Morning Herald Features Barry Marshall Helicobacter pylori |publisher=Vianet.net.au |date=2 August 1997 |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718150637/http://www.vianet.net.au/~bjmrshll/features2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career and research==
In 1979, Marshall was appointed Registrar in Medicine at the Royal Perth Hospital. He met Dr. [[Biography:Robin Warren|Robin Warren]], a pathologist interested in [[Medicine:Gastritis|gastritis]], during internal medicine fellowship training at Royal Perth Hospital in 1981. Together, they both studied the presence of spiral bacteria in association with gastritis. In 1982, they performed the initial culture of ''H. pylori'' and developed their hypothesis on the bacterial cause of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer.<ref name=autobiography/> It has been claimed that the ''H. pylori'' theory was ridiculed by established scientists and doctors, who did not believe that any bacteria could live in the acidic environment of the stomach. Marshall was quoted as saying in 1998 that "everyone was against me, but I knew I was right."<ref>{{cite web | title =Barry Marshall Interview, H. Pylori and the Making of a Myth | publisher =Academy of Achievement | date =23 May 1998 | url =http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/mar1int-1 | access-date =28 January 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130624054540/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/mar1int-1 | archive-date =24 June 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> On the other hand, it has also been argued that medical researchers showed a proper degree of scientific scepticism until the ''H. pylori'' hypothesis could be supported by evidence.<ref>{{cite journal| last =Atwood | first =Kimball C. | title =Bacteria, Ulcers, and Ostracism? | journal =[[Unsolved:Skeptical Inquirer|Skeptical Inquirer]] | date =November 2004 | url =http://www.csicop.org/si/show/bacteria_ulcers_and_ostracism_h._pylori_and_the_making_of_a_myth | access-date =17 July 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131017114043/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/bacteria_ulcers_and_ostracism_h._pylori_and_the_making_of_a_myth | archive-date =17 October 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 1982 Marshall and Warren obtained funding for one year of research. The first 30 out of 100 samples showed no support for their hypothesis. However, it was discovered that the lab technicians had been throwing out the cultures after two days. This was standard practice for throat swabs where other organisms in the mouth rendered cultures unusable after two days. Due to other hospital work, the lab technicians did not have time to immediately throw out the 31st test on the second day, and so it stayed from Thursday through to the following Monday. In that sample, they discovered the presence of ''H. pylori''.  They later found out that ''H. pylori'' grow more slowly than two days, and the stomach cultures were not contaminated by other organisms.<ref name="auto">Seeing What Others Don't, chapter 4, by Gary Klein</ref>

In 1983 they submitted their findings thus far to the Gastroenterological Society of Australia, but the reviewers turned their paper down, rating it in the bottom 10% of those they received that year.<ref name="auto"/>

After failed attempts to infect piglets in 1984, Sam Wang reported that Marshall, after having a baseline endoscopy done, drank a broth containing cultured ''H. pylori'', expecting to develop, perhaps years later, an ulcer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2010/mar/07-dr-drank-broth-gave-ulcer-solved-medical-mystery|title=The Doctor Who Drank Infectious Broth, Gave Himself an Ulcer, and Solved a Medical Mystery|website=Discover Magazine|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070726/http://discovermagazine.com/2010/mar/07-dr-drank-broth-gave-ulcer-solved-medical-mystery|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was surprised when, only three days later, he developed vague nausea and halitosis, due to the achlorhydria.  There was no acid to kill bacteria in the stomach and their waste products manifested as [[Medicine:Bad breath|bad breath]], noticed by his wife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Helicobacter Connections: Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2005 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/marshall-lecture.pdf |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Nobel Prize}}</ref> On days 5–8, he developed achlorhydric (no acid) vomiting. On day eight, he had a repeat endoscopy, which showed massive inflammation (gastritis), and a [[Medicine:Biopsy|biopsy]] from which ''H. pylori'' was cultured, showing it had colonised his stomach. On the fourteenth day after ingestion, a third endoscopy was done, and Marshall began to take antibiotics.<ref>This story is related by Marshall in his Nobel acceptance lecture 8 December 2005, available for viewing on the Nobel website. {{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/marshall-bio.html|title=Barry J. Marshall – Biographical|work=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> Marshall did not develop antibodies to ''H. pylori'', suggesting that innate immunity can sometimes eradicate acute ''H. pylori'' infection. Marshall's illness and recovery, based on a culture of organisms extracted from a patient, fulfilled [[Medicine:Koch's postulates|Koch's postulates]] for ''H. pylori'' and gastritis, but not for peptic ulcers. This experiment was published in 1985 in the ''Medical Journal of Australia''<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marshall BJ, Armstrong JA, McGechie DB, Glancy RJ |title=Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |volume=142 |issue=8 |pages=436–9 |year=1985 |pmid=3982345 |doi= 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113443.x|s2cid=42243517 }}</ref> and is among the most cited articles from the journal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Weyden |first1=Martin B |first2=Ruth M |last2=Armstrong |first3=Ann T |last3=Gregory | title =The 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |journal =Medical Journal of Australia | volume =183 | issue =11/12 | pages =612–4 |year =2005 |pmid=16336147 | url =http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639 }}</ref>

After his work at Fremantle Hospital, Marshall did research at Royal Perth Hospital (1985–86) and at the [[Organization:University of Virginia|University of Virginia]], USA (1986–present), before returning to Australia while remaining on the faculty of the University of Virginia.<ref name="virginia.edu" /> He held a Burnet Fellowship at the University of Western Australia (UWA) from 1998 to 2003.<ref>{{cite web | title =Professor Barry Marshall | publisher =University of Western Australia | date =28 July 2006 | url =http://www.postgraduate.uwa.edu.au/home/prospective/heroes/marshall | access-date =28 January 2007  | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070217034612/http://www.postgraduate.uwa.edu.au/home/prospective/heroes/marshall| archive-date= 17 February 2007 |url-status = live}}</ref> Marshall continues research related to ''H. pylori'' and runs the ''H. pylori'' Research Laboratory at UWA.<ref>{{cite web | first=Barry | last=Marshall | title =Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory | publisher =University of Western Australia | date =26 August 2002 | url =http://www.hpylori.com.au | access-date =28 January 2007  | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070128012719/http://www.hpylori.com.au/| archive-date= 28 January 2007 |url-status = live}} Marshall's home page and various links can also be found there.</ref>

In 2007, Marshall was appointed Co-Director of The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, founded in his honour. In addition to ''Helicobacter pylori'' research, the Centre conducted varied research into infectious disease identification and surveillance, diagnostics and drug design, and transformative discovery. His research group expanded to embrace new technologies, including Next-Generation Sequencing and genomic analysis.  Marshall also accepted a part-time appointment at the [[Organization:Pennsylvania State University|Pennsylvania State University]] that same year.<ref>{{cite web | title =Nobel laureate Marshall joins Penn State faculty | url =http://live.psu.edu/story/25683 | publisher =Penn State Live | date =6 September 2007 | access-date =6 September 2007 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110825202825/http://live.psu.edu/story/25683 | archive-date =25 August 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> He established the Noisy Guts Project in 2017 – a research team dedicated to investigating new diagnostics and treatments for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. This resulted in a spin-out company Noisy Guts Pty Ltd<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.noisyguts.com/ | title=Noisy Guts : Gut Health Research + Recipes + Products | access-date=March 28, 2023}}</ref> which develops functional food products.  In August 2020, Marshall, along with Simon J. Thorpe, accepted a position at the scientific advisory board of Brainchip INC, a  computer chip  company.<ref>[https://brainchipinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/June-Quarter-Update-2-August-2020-2.pdf BrainChip Holdings Ltd: June Quarter Update – August 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185028/https://brainchipinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/June-Quarter-Update-2-August-2020-2.pdf|date=9 July 2021}} </ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 2005, the Karolinska Institute in [[Place:Stockholm|Stockholm]] awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Marshall and Robin Warren, his long-time collaborator, "for their discovery of the bacterium ''Helicobacter pylori'' and its role in [[Medicine:Gastritis|gastritis]] and peptic ulcer disease".<ref name=award>{{cite web | title =The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 | publisher =Nobel Foundation | year =2005 | url =http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/illpres/ | access-date = 28 January 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070218060732/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/illpres/| archive-date= 18 February 2007 |url-status = live}}</ref>

Marshall also received the Warren Alpert Prize in 1994; the Australian Medical Association Award and the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 1995; the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1996; the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1997; the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement,<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=American Academy of Achievement|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref> the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine, the Florey Medal, and the Buchanan Medal of the Royal Society in 1998.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1999.  His certificate of election to the Royal Society reads:<ref name=frs>{{cite web |url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F1999%2F24%27) |title=Certificate of Election EC/1999/24: Barry James Marshall |publisher=Royal Society |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230082354/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F1999%2F24%27) |location=London |url-status = dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<blockquote>Barry Marshall, together with Robin Warren, discovered spiral bacteria in the stomachs of almost all patients with active chronic gastritis, or duodenal or gastric ulcers, and proposed that the bacteria were an important factor in the aetiology of these diseases. In 1985, Marshall showed by self-administration that this bacterium, now called Helicobacter pylori, causes acute gastritis and suggested that chronic colonisation directly leads to peptic ulceration. These results were a major challenge to the prevailing view that gastric disorders had a physiological basis, rather than being infectious diseases. Marshall showed that antibiotic and bismuth salt regimens that killed H. pylori resulted in the cure of duodenal ulcers. The view that gastric disorders are infectious diseases is now firmly established and there is increasing evidence for a role of H. pylori infection in gastric cancers. The work of Marshall has produced one of the most radical and important changes in medical perception in the last 50 years. Barry Marshall was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Science in 1995 and the Buchanan Medal in 1998.</blockquote>

Marshall was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Life Sciences in 1999; the Keio Medical Science Prize in 2002; and the Australian Centenary Medal and Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | title =Curriculum Vitae | publisher =Nobel Foundation | year =2005 | url =http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/marshall-cv.html | access-date = 28 January 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070214102426/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/marshall-cv.html| archive-date= 14 February 2007 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org.au/opportunities-scientists/recognition/honorific-awards/career-awards/macfarlane-burnet-medal-and|title=Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture|publisher= Australian Academy of Science|access-date= 22 February 2017}}</ref>

Marshall was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | title =It's an Honour | publisher =Government of Australia | date =26 January 2007 | url =https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1133678 | access-date =28 January 2007 | archive-date =2 October 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180826/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1133678 | url-status =live }}</ref> He was awarded an honorary [[Social:Doctor of Science|Doctor of Science]] degree by the [[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | title = Encaenia 2009 | publisher = [[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] | date = 24 June 2009 | url = http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2009/090624.html | access-date = 9 September 2009 |url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090704114413/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2009/090624.html | archive-date = 4 July 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Marshall was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences (FAHMS) in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aahms.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/AAHMS_Fellowship_October-2015.pdf|title=Fellowship of the Australian Academy of Health & Medical Sciences – October 2015|website=Australian Academy of Health & Medical Sciences|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128134830/http://www.aahms.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/AAHMS_Fellowship_October-2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Marshall was awarded the honour of Western Australian of the Year in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hall of Fame 2006|url=https://www.celebratewa.com.au/hall-of-fame/awards/2006/|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2021|website=Western Australian of the Year|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318084942/http://www.celebratewa.com.au/hall-of-fame/awards/2006/ |archive-date=18 March 2018 }}</ref>

Marshall was awarded The Companion in the General Division of the Order of Australia (AC) in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australian Honours Lists|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1133678|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2021|website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180826/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1133678 |archive-date=2 October 2018 }}</ref>

Marshall was awarded [[Organization:University of Oxford|The University of Oxford]] honorary Doctor of Science degree in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Oxford Annual Review 2008/2009|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/Annual%20Review%202008-09.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224170618/http://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/Annual%20Review%202008-09.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2018 }}</ref>

Marshall is the Ambassador for Life Sciences for Western Australia.

==See also==
* Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and ''Helicobacter pylori''

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nobelprizeii.org/nobel-laureate/barry-marshall/ Nobel Prize Inspiration Initiative]
* {{Nobelprize}} with the Nobel Lecture ''Helicobacter Connections'' 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205202759/http://www.helico.com/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl?board=%3Baction%3Dlogin The Helicobacter Foundation Discussion Pages]
* [http://www.hpylori.com.au The Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory]
* [http://www.helico.com The Helicobacter Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110128144013/http://www.barryjmarshall.com/ Marshall's personal web page]
* [https://www.radiolive.co.nz/home.html Interview with Barry Marshall] – Radio Live, May 2010.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00bqtff Interview with Barry Marshall] – BBC World Service 6, 7 and 8 November 2010, Interviewer: Owen Bennett-Jones, Programme series: ''The Interview''.
* [https://www.uwa.edu.au/marshall-centre The Marshall Centre]

{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 2001-2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, Barry}}
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]

{{Sourceattribution|Barry Marshall}}