View source for Astronomy:Supercluster

{{short description|Large group of smaller galaxy clusters or galaxy groups}}
[[File:Superclusters atlasoftheuniverse.gif|alt=|thumb|upright=2.2|A map of the superclusters and voids nearest to Earth]]

A '''supercluster''' is a large group of smaller [[Astronomy:Galaxy cluster|galaxy cluster]]s or [[Astronomy:Galaxy group|galaxy group]]s;<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.universetoday.com/30286/local-group/ |title=Local Group |last=Cain |first=Fraser |date=4 May 2009 |work=Universe Today |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> they are among the largest known structures in the [[Astronomy:Universe|universe]]. The [[Astronomy:Milky Way|Milky Way]] is part of the [[Astronomy:Local Group|Local Group]] galaxy group (which contains more than 54 galaxies), which in turn is part of the [[Astronomy:Virgo Supercluster|Virgo Supercluster]], which is part of the [[Astronomy:Laniakea Supercluster|Laniakea Supercluster]], which is part of the [[Astronomy:Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex|Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex.]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Gibney |first=Elizabeth |date=2014-09-03 |title=Earth's new address: 'Solar System, Milky Way, Laniakea' |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2014.15819 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15819 |s2cid=124323774 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> The large size and low density of superclusters means that they, unlike clusters, expand with the Hubble expansion. The number of superclusters in the [[Astronomy:Observable universe|observable universe]] is estimated to be 10 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/universe.html |title=The Universe within 14 billion Light Years |work=Atlas of the Universe |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref>

==Existence==
The existence of superclusters indicates that the galaxies in the Universe are not uniformly distributed; most of them are drawn together in groups and clusters, with groups containing up to some dozens of galaxies and clusters up to several thousand galaxies. Those groups and clusters and additional isolated galaxies in turn form even larger structures called superclusters.[[File:An Intergalactic Heavyweight.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|The Abell 901/902 supercluster is located a little over two billion light-years from Earth.<ref>{{cite news|title=An Intergalactic Heavyweight|url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1304a/|access-date=12 February 2013|newspaper=ESO Picture of the Week}}</ref>]]

Their existence was first postulated by [[Biography:George O. Abell|George Abell]] in his 1958 [[Astronomy:Abell catalogue|Abell catalogue]] of galaxy clusters. He called them "second-order clusters", or clusters of clusters.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Abell |first=George O. |date=1958 |title=The distribution of rich clusters of galaxies. A catalogue of 2,712 rich clusters found on the National Geographic Society Palomar Observatory Sky Survey |url=https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/1581/1/Abell_go_1957.pdf |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=3 |pages=211–288 |bibcode=1958ApJS....3..211A |doi=10.1086/190036}}</ref>

Superclusters form massive structures of galaxies, called [[Astronomy:Galaxy filament|"filaments"]], "supercluster complexes", "walls" or "sheets", that may span between several hundred million light-years to 10 billion light-years, covering more than 5% of the [[Astronomy:Observable universe|observable universe]]. These are the largest structures known to date. Observations of superclusters can give information about the initial condition of the universe, when these superclusters were created. The directions of the rotational axes of galaxies within superclusters are studied by those who believe that they may give insight and information into the early formation process of galaxies in the history of the Universe.<ref name="Huetal2006">
{{cite journal
 | author=Hu, F. X.
 | display-authors=0
 | date=2006
 | title=Orientation of Galaxies in the Local Supercluster: A Review
 | journal=[[Physics:Astrophysics and Space Science|Astrophysics and Space Science]]
 | volume=302 | issue=1–4 | pages=43–59
 | arxiv=astro-ph/0508669
 | bibcode=2006Ap&SS.302...43H
 | doi=10.1007/s10509-005-9006-7
| s2cid=18837475
 }}</ref>
 
Interspersed among superclusters are large [[Astronomy:Void|voids]] of space where few galaxies exist. Superclusters are frequently subdivided into groups of clusters called [[Astronomy:Galaxy groups and clusters|galaxy groups and clusters]].

Although superclusters are supposed to be the largest structures in the universe according to the [[Astronomy:Cosmological principle|Cosmological principle]], larger structures have been observed in surveys, including the Sloan Great Wall.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nurmi|first1=P.|last2=Heinamaki|first2=P.|last3=Martinez|first3=V. J.|last4=Einasto|first4=J.|last5=Enkvist|first5=I.|last6=Einasto|first6=P.|last7=Tago|first7=E.|last8=Saar|first8=E.|last9=Tempel|first9=E.|date=2011-05-09|title=The Sloan Great Wall. Morphology and galaxy content|journal=[[Astronomy:The Astrophysical Journal|The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=736|issue=1|pages=51|language=en|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/51|arxiv=1105.1632|bibcode=2011ApJ...736...51E|s2cid=119215944}}</ref>

==List of superclusters==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Galaxy supercluster 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Data 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Notes 
|-
|King Ghidorah Supercluster
|
*[[Astronomy:Redshift|z]] = 0.50-0.64
|The most massive galaxy supercluster discovered so far.<ref name=Shimakawa>{{Cite journal|last1=Shimawaka|first1=Rhythm|last2=Okabe|first2=Nobuhiro|last3=Shirasaki|first3=Masat|last4=Tanaka|first4=Masayuki|date=22 November 2022|title=King Ghidorah Supercluster: Mapping the light and dark matter in a new supercluster at z = 0.55 using the subaru hyper suprime-cam|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters|volume=519|issue=1|pages=L45–L50|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article-abstract/519/1/L45/6847752?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-access=subscription|bibcode=2023MNRAS.519L..45S|doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slac150|arxiv=2211.11970|s2cid=253761264|issn=1745-3933}}</ref>
|-
| [[Astronomy:Laniakea Supercluster|Laniakea Supercluster]]
|
* [[Astronomy:Redshift|z]] = 0.000 
* Length = 153 Mpc (500 million light-years)
| The Laniakea Supercluster is the supercluster that contains the [[Astronomy:Virgo Cluster|Virgo Cluster]], [[Astronomy:Local Group|Local Group]], and by extension on the latter, our galaxy; the [[Astronomy:Milky Way|Milky Way]].<ref name=":02"/>
|-
| [[Astronomy:Virgo Supercluster|Virgo Supercluster]]
|
* z= 0.000 
* Length = 33 Mpc (110 million light-years)
| It contains the [[Astronomy:Local Group|Local Group]] with our [[Astronomy:Galaxy|galaxy]], the [[Astronomy:Milky Way|Milky Way]]. It also contains the [[Astronomy:Virgo Cluster|Virgo Cluster]] near its center, and is sometimes called the Local Supercluster. It is thought to contain over 47,000 galaxies.

A 2014 study indicates that the Virgo Supercluster is only a lobe of an even greater supercluster, Laniakea.<ref name="2014arXiv1409.0880T">{{cite journal |author=Tully |first1=R. Brent |last2=Courtois |first2=Helene |last3=Hoffman |first3=Yehuda |last4=Pomarède |first4=Daniel |date=2 September 2014 |title=The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies |journal=Nature |publication-date=4 September 2014 |volume=513 |pages=71–73 |arxiv=1409.0880 |bibcode=2014Natur.513...71T |doi=10.1038/nature13674 |pmid=25186900 |s2cid=205240232 |number=7516}}</ref>
|-
| [[Astronomy:Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster|Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster]] 
| 
| It is composed of two lobes, sometimes also referred to as superclusters, or sometimes the entire supercluster is referred to by these other two names 
*Hydra Supercluster
*Centaurus Supercluster

In 2014, the newly announced [[Astronomy:Laniakea Supercluster|Laniakea Supercluster]] subsumed the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which became a component of the new supercluster.<ref name=2014arXiv1409.0880T/>
|-
| [[Astronomy:Pavo–Indus Supercluster|Pavo–Indus Supercluster]]
| 
|
In 2014, the newly announced [[Astronomy:Laniakea Supercluster|Laniakea Supercluster]] subsumed the Pavo-Indus Supercluster, which became a component of the new supercluster.<ref name=2014arXiv1409.0880T/>
|-
| [[Astronomy:Southern Supercluster|Southern Supercluster]]
|
|
Includes [[Astronomy:Fornax Cluster|Fornax Cluster]] (S373), Dorado and [[Astronomy:Eridanus Cluster|Eridanus]] clouds.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9356-6_65 |last=Mitra |first=Shyamal |title=The World of Galaxies |chapter=A Study of the Southern Supercluster |date=1989 |publisher=Springer, New York, NY. |pages=426–427 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-9356-6_65 |isbn=978-1-4613-9358-0 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609021849/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9356-6_65 |archive-date=9 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Astronomy:Saraswati Supercluster|Saraswati Supercluster]]
|Distance = 4000 Million light years (1.2 Gpc)
Length = 652 Million light-years
|The Saraswati Supercluster consists of 43 massive galaxy clusters such as Abell 2361 and has a mass of about {{Solar mass|2 x 10<sup>16</sup>|link=yes}} and is seen in the Pisces constellation
|}

===Nearby superclusters===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Galaxy supercluster 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Data 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Notes 
|-
| [[Astronomy:Perseus–Pisces Supercluster|Perseus–Pisces Supercluster]]
| 
| 
|-
| [[Astronomy:Coma Supercluster|Coma Supercluster]]
| 
| Forms most of the CfA Homunculus, the center of the [[Astronomy:CfA2 Great Wall|CfA2 Great Wall]] [[Astronomy:Galaxy filament|galaxy filament]]
|-
| Sculptor Superclusters
| 
| '''SCl 9'''
|-
| [[Astronomy:Hercules Superclusters|Hercules Superclusters]]
| 
| '''SCl 160'''
|-
| Leo Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 93'''
|-
| [[Astronomy:Ophiuchus Supercluster|Ophiuchus Supercluster]]
| 
* {{RA|17|10}} {{DEC|-22}}
* cz=8500–9000&nbsp;km/s (centre)
* 18 Mpc x 26 Mpc
| Forming the far wall of the Ophiuchus Void, it may be connected in a filament, with the Pavo-Indus-Telescopium Supercluster and the Hercules Supercluster. This supercluster is centered on the cD cluster Ophiuchus Cluster, and has at least two more galaxy clusters, four more galaxy groups, several field galaxies, as members.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Hasegawa, T. 
 |display-authors=0
 |date=2000
 |title=Large-scale structure of galaxies in the Ophiuchus region
 |journal=[[Organization:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
 |volume=316 |issue=2 |pages=326–344
 |bibcode=2000MNRAS.316..326H
 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03531.x
|doi-access=free
 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Astronomy:Shapley Supercluster|Shapley Supercluster]]
|
* z=0.046.(650 Mly away)
| The second supercluster found, after the Local Supercluster.
|}

===Distant superclusters===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Galaxy supercluster 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Data 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Notes 
|-
| Pisces–Cetus Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Boötes Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 138'''
|-
| Horologium–Reticulum Supercluster
|
:[[Astronomy:Redshift|z]]=0.063 (700 Mly)
:Length = 550 Mly
| 
|-
| [[Astronomy:Corona Borealis Supercluster|Corona Borealis Supercluster]]
| 
:[[Astronomy:Redshift|z]]=0.07<ref name=postman88>{{cite journal |title=The dynamics of the Corona Borealis supercluster |author=Postman, M. |author2=Geller, M. J. |author3=Huchra, J. P. |journal=Astronomical Journal | volume= 95 |date= 1988 |pages= 267–83 |doi=	10.1086/114635 |bibcode=1988AJ.....95..267P}}</ref>
| 
|-
| Columba Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Aquarius Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Aquarius B Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Aquarius–Capricornus Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Aquarius–Cetus Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Bootes A Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Caelum Supercluster
| 
:[[Astronomy:Redshift|z]]=0.126 (1.4 Gly)
|
|-
| [[Astronomy:Draco Supercluster|Draco Supercluster]]
| 
| 
|-
| Draco–Ursa Major Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Fornax–Eridanus Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Grus Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Leo A Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Leo–Sextans Supercluster
| 
| 
|-
| Leo–Virgo Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 107'''
|-
| [[Astronomy:Microscopium Supercluster|Microscopium Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 174'''
|-
| Pegasus–Pisces Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 3'''
|-
| [[Astronomy:Perseus–Pisces Supercluster|Perseus–Pisces Supercluster]]
| 
| '''SCl 40'''
|-
| Pisces–Aries Supercluster
|
| 
|-
| Ursa Majoris Supercluster
|
|
|-
| Virgo-Coma Supercluster
| 
| '''SCl 111'''
|}

===Extremely distant superclusters===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Galaxy supercluster 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Data 
! style="background:#efefef;"| Notes 
|-
| [[Astronomy:Hyperion proto-supercluster|Hyperion proto-supercluster]]
| [[Astronomy:Redshift|z]]=2.45
| This supercluster at the time of its discovery in 2018 was the earliest and largest proto-supercluster found to date.<ref>{{citation |author=Miranda |first=Natalia A. Ramos |title=Scientists in Chile unveil 'A Cosmic Titan' cluster of galaxies |date=October 17, 2018 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-galaxy/scientists-in-chile-unveil-a-cosmic-titan-cluster-of-galaxies-idUSKCN1MR2RS |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=1806.06073|title=The progeny of a Cosmic Titan: a massive multi-component proto-supercluster in formation at z=2.45 in VUDS|last1=Cucciati|first1=O.|last2=Lemaux|first2=B. C.|last3=Zamorani|first3=G.|last4=Le Fevre|first4=O.|last5=Tasca|first5=L. A. M.|last6=Hathi|first6=N. P.|last7=Lee|first7=K-G.|last8=Bardelli|first8=S.|last9=Cassata|first9=P.|last10=Garilli|first10=B.|last11=Le Brun|first11=V.|last12=Maccagni|first12=D.|last13=Pentericci|first13=L.|last14=Thomas|first14=R.|last15=Vanzella|first15=E.|last16=Zucca|first16=E.|last17=Lubin|first17=L. M.|last18=Amorin|first18=R.|last19=Cassara'|first19=L. P.|last20=Cimatti|first20=A.|last21=Talia|first21=M.|last22=Vergani|first22=D.|last23=Koekemoer|first23=A.|last24=Pforr|first24=J.|last25=Salvato|first25=M.|journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics|year=2018|volume = 619|pages = A49|doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201833655|bibcode = 2018A&A...619A..49C|s2cid = 119472428}}</ref>
|-
| [[Astronomy:Lynx Supercluster|Lynx Supercluster]] 
| [[Astronomy:Redshift|z]]=1.27 
| Discovered in 1999<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Rosati, P. 
 |display-authors=0
 |date=1999
 |title=An X-Ray-Selected Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.26
 |journal=[[Astronomy:The Astronomical Journal|The Astronomical Journal]]
 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=76–85
 |arxiv=astro-ph/9903381
 |bibcode=1999AJ....118...76R
 |doi=10.1086/300934
|s2cid=2560006
 }}</ref> (as ClG J0848+4453, a name now used to describe the western cluster, with ClG J0849+4452 being the eastern one),<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Lynx Supercluster
 |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=NAME%20LYNX%20SUPERCLUSTER
 |work=[[Astronomy:SIMBAD|SIMBAD]]
}}</ref> it contains at least two clusters RXJ 0848.9+4452 (z=1.26) and RXJ 0848.6+4453 (z=1.27) . At the time of discovery, it became the most distant known supercluster.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Nakata, F. 
 |display-authors=0
 |date=2004
 |title=Discovery of a large-scale clumpy structure of the Lynx supercluster at z∼1.27
 |journal=[[Astronomy:Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union|Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union]]
 |volume=2004 |pages=29–33
 |publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}
 |bibcode=2004ogci.conf...29N
 |doi=10.1017/S1743921304000080
 |isbn=0-521-84908-X
|doi-access=free
 }}</ref> Additionally, seven smaller groups of galaxies are associated with the supercluster.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Ohta, K. 
 |display-authors=0
 |date=2003
 |title=Optical Identification of the ASCA Lynx Deep Survey: An Association of Quasi-Stellar Objects and a Supercluster at z = 1.3?
 |journal=[[Astronomy:The Astrophysical Journal|The Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume=598 |issue=1
 |pages=210–215
 |arxiv=astro-ph/0308066
 |bibcode=2003ApJ...598..210O
 |doi=10.1086/378690
|s2cid=117171639
 }}</ref> 
|-
| SCL @ 1338+27 at z=1.1
| 
[[Astronomy:Redshift|z]]=1.1

Length=70Mpc
| A rich supercluster with several galaxy clusters was discovered around an unusual concentration of 23 [[Astronomy:Quasar|QSO]]s at z=1.1 in 2001. The size of the complex of clusters may indicate a [[Astronomy:Galaxy filament|wall of galaxies]] exists there, instead of a single supercluster. The size discovered approaches the size of the [[Astronomy:CfA2 Great Wall|CfA2 Great Wall]] filament. At the time of the discovery, it was the largest and most distant supercluster beyond z=0.5 <ref>
{{cite conference
 |author=Tanaka, I.
 |date=2004
 |title=Subaru Observation of a Supercluster of Galaxies and QSOS at Z = 1.1
 |book-title=Studies of Galaxies in the Young Universe with New Generation Telescope, Proceedings of Japan-German Seminar, held in Sendai, Japan, July 24–28, 2001
 |pages=61–64
 |bibcode=2004sgyu.conf...61T
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
 |author=Tanaka, I.
 |author2=Yamada, T.
 |author3=Turner, E. L.
 |author4=Suto, Y.
 |date=2001
 |title=Superclustering of Faint Galaxies in the Field of a QSO Concentration at z ~ 1.1
 |journal=[[Astronomy:The Astrophysical Journal|The Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume=547 |issue= 2|pages=521–530
 |arxiv=astro-ph/0009229
 |bibcode=2001ApJ...547..521T
 |doi=10.1086/318430
|s2cid=119439816
 }}</ref>
|-
| SCL @ 1604+43 at z=0.9
| [[Astronomy:Redshift|z]]=0.91
| This supercluster at the time of its discovery was the largest supercluster found so deep into space, in 2000. It consisted of two known rich clusters and one newly discovered cluster as a result of the study that discovered it. The then known clusters were Cl 1604+4304 (z=0.897) and Cl 1604+4321 (z=0.924), which then known to have 21 and 42 known galaxies respectively. The then newly discovered cluster was located at {{RA|16|04|25.7}}, {{DEC|+43|14|44.7}}<ref>{{cite journal
 |title=A Definitive Optical Detection of a Supercluster at z ≈ 0.91
 |date=2000
 |author=Lubin, L. M.
 |display-authors=0
 |journal=[[Astronomy:The Astrophysical Journal|The Astrophysical Journal]]
 |volume=531 |issue=1 |pages=L5–L8
 |arxiv=astro-ph/0001166
 |bibcode=2000ApJ...531L...5L
 |doi=10.1086/312518
 |pmid=10673401
|s2cid=14588174
 }}</ref>
|-
<!--
| North Ecliptic Pole Supercluster (NEP Supercluster, NEPSC) 
| z=0.88 
| 
|-
-->
| SCL @ 0018+16 at z=0.54 in SA26
| [[Astronomy:Redshift|z]]=0.54
| This supercluster lies around radio galaxy 54W084C (z=0.544) and is composed of at least three large clusters, CL 0016+16 (z=0.5455), RX J0018.3+1618 (z=0.5506), RX J0018.8+1602 .<ref>
{{cite journal
 |title=Superclustering at Redshift z = 0.54
 |date=1996
 |author=Connolly, A. J.
 |display-authors=0
 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters
 |volume=473 |issue=2 |pages=L67–L70
 |arxiv=astro-ph/9610047
 |bibcode=1996ApJ...473L..67C
 |doi=10.1086/310395
|s2cid=17697662
 }}</ref> 
|-
| [[Astronomy:MS 0302+17|MS 0302+17]]
| 
[[Astronomy:Redshift|z]]=0.42

Length=6Mpc
| This supercluster has at least three member clusters, the eastern cluster CL 0303+1706, southern cluster MS 0302+1659 and northern cluster MS 0302+1717.<ref>University of Hawaii, [http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~kaiser/pictures/ms0302/caption.html "The MS0302+17 Supercluster"], Nick Kaiser. Retrieved 15 September 2009.</ref>
|-
|}

==Diagram==
{{wide image|Location of Earth (9x1-English Annot-small).png|1000px|align-cap=center|A diagram of Earth's location in the observable Universe and neighbouring superclusters of galaxies. (''[[:File:Location of Earth (3x3-English Annot-small).png|Alternative image]].'')}}

==See also==
{{Colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Astronomy:Lists of astronomical objects|Lists of astronomical objects]]
* [[Astronomy:List of largest cosmic structures|List of largest cosmic structures]]
* [[Astronomy:Galaxy|Galaxy]]
* [[Astronomy:Galaxy groups and clusters|Galaxy groups and clusters]]
* [[Astronomy:Galaxy cluster|Galaxy cluster]]
* [[Astronomy:Galaxy filament|Galaxy filament]]
* [[Astronomy:Galaxy group|Galaxy group]]
* [[Astronomy:Illustris project|Illustris project]]
* [[Astronomy:Observable universe#Large-scale structure|Large-scale structure of the cosmos]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
*{{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=Freedman |first2=Robert M. |last2=Gellar |first3=William III |last3=Kaufmann |title=Universe |chapter=Galaxies |edition=10th |location=New York |publisher=W.H. Freedman |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-319-04238-7}}

==External links==
* [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/superc.html Overview of local superclusters]
* [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/nearsc.html The Nearest Superclusters]
* [http://aa.quae.nl/en/boom/supercluster.html Universe family tree: Supercluster]

{{Galaxy}}

[[Category:Galaxy superclusters| ]]
[[Category:Large-scale structure of the cosmos]]

{{Sourceattribution|Supercluster}}